EXTENSION OF THE CATHAYSIAN DIWA-TYPE OROGENSAND CONTINENTAL MARGIN SPREADING IN SOUTHEAST CHINA

A dynamic mechanism, "lower lithospheric delamination and extension of the Cathaysian Diwa-type orogens" , has been put forward to explain the formation of the Cenozoic continental-margin-spreading-belt in Southeast China. The processes of formation and develop-ment for the belt are from the stage of the Cathaysian Diwa-type orogens at which compression and thickening of curstobodies prevailed, to the stage of the basin-and-range-type structures at which the late orogenic crustal extension occurred, and then to the stage of the epicontinental Diwa-type rifts at which the lithospheric extension took place.

Characteristics of crustal variation and extensional break-up in the Western Pacific back-arc region based on a wide-angle seismic profile

The marginal sea and back-arc basins in the Western Pacific Ocean have become the focus of tectonics due to their unique tectonic location.To understand the deep crustal structure in the back-arc region,we present a 545-kmlong active-source ocean bottom seismometer(OBS)wide-angle reflection/refraction profile in the East China Sea.The P wave velocity model shows that the Moho depth rises significantly,from approximately 30 km in the East China Sea shelf to approximately 16 km in the axis of the Okinawa Trough.The lower crustal high-velocity zone(HVZ)in the southern Okinawa Trough,with V_(p) of 6.8-7.3 km/s,is a remarkable manifestation of the mantle material upwelling and accretion to the lower crust.This confirms that the lower crustal high-velocity mantle accretion is developed in the southern Okinawa Trough.During the process of back-arc extension,the crustal structure of the southern Okinawa Trough is completely invaded and penetrated by the upper mantle material in the axis region.In some areas of the southern central graben,the crust may has broken up and entered the initial stage of seafloor spreading.The discontinuous HVZs in the lower crust in the back-arc region also indicate the migration of spreading centers in the back-arc region since the Cenozoic.The asthenosphere material upwelling in the continent-ocean transition zone is constantly driving the lithosphere eastward for episodic extension,and is causing evident tectonic migration in the Western Pacific back-arc region.

Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary characteristics and extension model of the Northwest Sub-basin,South China Sea

Based on the interpretations of three seismic profiles and one wide-angle seismic profile across the Northwest Sub-basin,South China Sea.stratigraphic sequences,deformation characteristics and an extension model for this sub-basin have been worked out.Three tectonic-stratigraphic units are determined.Detailed analyses of extension show that the event occurred mainly during the Paleogene and resulted in the formation of half-grabens or grabens distributed symmetrically around the spreading center.Sediments are characterized by chaotic and discontinuous reflectors,indicating clastic sediments. Farther to the southwest,the sub-basin features mainly continental rifting instead of sea-floor spreading. The rifting would have been controlled by the shape of the massif and developed just along the northern edge of the Zhongsha-Xisha Block,rather than joined the Xisha Trough.After 25 Ma.a southward ridge jump triggered the opening of the Southwest Sub-basin.The NW-directed stress caused by the sea-floor spreading of the Northwest Sub-basin may have prevented the continuous opening of the sub-basin.After that the Northwest Sub-basin experienced thermal cooling and exhibited broad subsidence.The deep crustal structure shown by the velocity model from a wide-angle seismic profile is also symmetrical around the spreading center,which indicates that the Northwest Sub-basin might have opened in a pure shear model.

Mechanism of crustal extension in the Laxmi Basin,Arabian Sea

Continental rifting and magmatism has been extensively studied worldwide as it is believed that continental rifting, break up of continents and associated magmatism lead to genesis of new oceanic crust. However, various regions of the world show that these processes may lead to genesis of other types of crust than the oceanic crust. Laxmi Basin in the western continental margin of the India is one such region with an enigmatic crust.Due to its extreme strategic significance for the palaeogeographic reconstruction of continents during Cretaceous continental breakup of India, this basin has attracted various workers for more than two decades. However, still the issue of nature of crust in the basin remains controversial. In this contribution, in order to identify nature of crust, mechanism of continental extension in the Laxmi Basin has been studied for the first time through newly acquired seismic data from the basin. Here, we propose a plausible mechanism of crustal extension in the Laxmi Basin which eventually constrains the nature of crust of the Laxmi Basin. We have demonstrated that the crust in the Laxmi Basin can be categorised in two zones of stretched and transitional crust. In the stretched zone several fault bounded horst and graben structures are identified which preserve syn- and post-rift sediments along with different periods of hiatus in sedimentations as unconformities. These faults are identified as listric faults in the upper crust which sole out in the detachment faults.Detachment faults decouples the upper brittle and lower ductile crust. The transitional crust is identified as heavily intruded by sills and basaltic volcanic which were emplaced due to melting of subcontinental mantle（SCM） after hyper-stretching of crust and serpentinisation of the SCM. Panikkar Ridge is proposed to be one such basaltic volcanic body derived from melting of lower part of the SCM.

华南晚中生代大陆变形、深部过程及动力学

受控古太平洋板块俯冲及后撤作用,华南晚中生代经历了强烈大陆再造,并伴随幕式岩浆活动,是研究活动大陆边缘构造-岩浆作用、壳幔过程和板块俯冲动力学的天然实验室。本文系统综述了近年来发表的构造变形、岩浆作用和深部结构等多学科成果,以构造解析为主线,深-浅结合,在华南识别出与古太平洋板块俯冲相关的中晚侏罗世弧背缩短和白垩纪弧后伸展系统,厘定了二者的时空格架和叠加改造关系。弧背缩短系统以扬子中部的隔档-隔槽式褶皱、深部多层滑脱和双重逆冲推覆构造为特征,具SE向NW的逆冲扩展变形规律,与古太平洋板块的前进式俯冲有关。白垩纪主体以大陆伸展为主,经历了伸展和挤压变形交替,并伴随着岩浆活动的爆发、迁移和停止,其可能与板片俯冲动力学变化有关。在此基础上,我们分析了白垩纪岩石圈长距离伸展的深部过程及浅表响应,提出了岩石圈随深度变化的分层差异伸展模式。自下而上,从岩石圈地幔到上地壳,应变近一致地表现为(W)NW-(E)SE伸展,反映了垂向变形一致性。可能的垂向应力传播过程:板片后撤诱发长距离地幔流,其在岩石圈底部形成剪切牵引应力,促进下岩石圈地幔被动拉伸;上岩石圈地幔局部发育强应变剪切带,作为应力传播构造,其可有效加强壳-幔间剪切,促进下地壳韧性拉伸,将下地壳和岩石圈地幔的变形关联。我们认为岩石圈伸展、板片后撤和地幔流形成了三位一体的动力学耦合系统,将华南岩石圈长距离伸展的驱动力归结为:(1)古太平洋俯冲带海沟后撤和板片回卷诱发的远程效应,和(2)地幔流在岩石圈底部施加的剪切牵引应力。

从陆缘伸展探讨新生代南海构造演化

南海的形成和演化是地学界长期争论的问题,前人给出了多种成因模式,目前较流行的模式是海底扩张,但它难以合理解释南海海底扩张中的洋中脊跳跃现象及南海大洋中的大陆残片。基于欧亚东缘的陆缘伸展,从地幔上涌和陆壳沿莫霍面的重力滑移的新大陆漂移模型出发,通过横跨南海的几条地震勘探剖面的地质新解释,研究了南海的形成和演化过程。结果说明,南海的形成是一种“构造被动挤出+微陆块主动漂移”模式。构造被动挤出是指印度-欧亚碰撞造成的欧亚大陆东南缘的微陆块被大规模挤出,而由陆缘伸展形成的微陆块在被挤出后发生了主动裂解漂移,南海的海底扩张现象是诸多微陆块主动漂移的结果。这个新的模式能够合理地解释南海形成过程中的洋中脊跳跃现象及南海中大陆残片的成因机制。进一步恢复了南海演化过程中周边陆块的运动演化历史,说明欧亚东缘在中生代晚期发生的大规模伸展构造运动是南海形成的基础,新生代印度-欧亚碰撞是南海形成的直接动力,微陆块的裂解漂移是南海形成的主要参与者。

甘肃北山地区晚三叠世煌斑岩地球化学特征及构造意义

甘肃北山地区位于中亚造山带南缘,是研究中亚造山带构造演化的关键区域。煌斑岩多为岩石圈地幔在伸展背景下低程度部分熔融形成的碱性岩石,确定其形成时代和岩石成因可为区域构造演化提供新的依据。笔者对北山地区柳园南煌斑岩进行了系统的岩石学、地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素研究。柳园南煌斑岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为(228.2±1.1)Ma(晚三叠世)。煌斑岩中富含金云母和角闪石等富挥发性组分的矿物。岩石地球化学分析表明:柳园南煌斑岩属于超钾质煌斑岩,母岩浆为碱性岩浆系列;全岩微量元素具有明显的Nb-Ta和Zr-Hf负异常,锆石εHf(t)值为0.5~4.9,平均值为+2.8,具俯冲洋壳板片流体交代特征。柳园南煌斑岩中橄榄石Mn/Fe与Ca/Fe值对比表明,柳园南煌斑岩源区为富金云母的方辉橄榄岩地幔;微量元素模拟计算表明,地幔源区具有富集的特征。因此,柳园煌斑岩岩浆源区为被俯冲板片流体交代的岩石圈地幔。结合前人对中亚造山带南缘构造演化的研究,北山南部地区在晚三叠世时已进入陆内伸展阶段,减压作用促使被俯冲流体交代的岩石圈地幔发生低程度部分熔融,形成柳园煌斑岩脉。

1/3 of Antarctica is Not a Continent: Geophysical Evidence for West Antarctica as a Backarc System

Antarctica has traditionally been considered continental inside the coastline of ice and bedrock.In our recent study(Artemieva and Thybo,2020)we reconsider the conventional extent of this continent and demonstrate that 1/3 of Antarctica is not a continent.Here we present a brief summary of our results.

Formation and evolution of the South China Sea since the Late Mesozoic:A review

The existing genetic models of the South China Sea(SCS)include an extrusion model of the Indochina Peninsula,a back-arc extension model,and a subduction and dragging model of the Proto-South China Sea(PSCS).However,none of these models has been universally accepted because they do not fully match a large number of geological phenomena and facts.By examining the regional tectonics and integrating them with measured data for the SCS,in this study,a back-arc spreading-sinistral shear model is proposed.It is suggested that the SCS is a back-arc basin formed by northward subduction of the PSCS and its formation was triggered by left-lateral strike-slip motion due to the northward drift of the Philippine Sea Plate.The left-lateral strike-slip fault on the western margin caused by the Indo-Eurasian collision changed the direction of the Southwest Sub-basin's spreading axis from nearly E–W to NE–SW,and subduction retreat caused the spreading ridge to jump southward.This study summarizes the evolution of the SCS and adjacent regions since the Late Mesozoic.

Mid-Cretaceous Hainan back-arc basin:record of the sustained extension of South China margin

The continued subduction of the Pacific oceanic lithosphere during the Jurassic-Cretaceous time formed a large magmatic province as“Basin and Range”at the South China Block.However,the timing and mechanisms of such a huge rifting and magmatism belt are still controversial.Here we present new petrological,sedimentological and geochemical analyses for the Cretaceous Lumuwan Formation and coeval intruded mafic dykes under the robust age constrain in Hainan Island.Our results show that the midCretaceous Lumuwan Formation was a typical lacustrine stratigraphic sandwich that accumulated in an intracontinental back-arc extensional basin.The Hainan mafic dykes(~108-93 Ma)were probably sourced from asthenospheric and lithospheric mantle which were metasomatized by subducted oceanic sediments in a backarc extension of the continental lithosphere.The timing of the NW-SE-directed back-arc extension in the Hainan Basin has been constrained as 108-93 Ma and played a significant role in the formation of Basin and Range-type tectonics and landscape evolution in the South China.

东秦岭斑岩钼矿带的地质特征和成矿构造背景

东秦岭钼矿带包涵5个世界级超大型(>5×105tMo)、5个大型((5～10)×104tMo)和一些中小型(<5×104tMo)钼矿床,探明钼金属储量超过5×106t,是世界最大的钼矿带。钼矿带的北、南边界分别是三宝断裂和商丹断裂,两条断裂分别为秦岭造山带的反向边界逆冲断裂(RBT)和主中央滑脱断裂(MCT)。矿床类型有斑岩型、斑岩-夕卡岩型、夕卡岩型和碳酸岩脉型,以前两者为主。含钼岩浆岩主要是富硅、钾而贫铁、镁、钙的花岗斑岩,只有黄龙铺和黄水庵矿床为碳酸岩脉。同位素年龄资料显示,黄龙铺形成于220Ma左右,而其余的与花岗斑岩有关的钼矿床形成于160～110Ma。结合秦岭造山带构造演化分析,认为黄龙铺矿床形成于弧后伸展背景,而其他矿床及其成矿斑岩形成于陆-陆碰撞体制。

中国东南陆区岩石圈结构与大规模成矿作用

本文以区域地质、矿产地质为基础,与地球物理和岩石圈深部地质的研究成果相结合,对中国东南陆区的地块、造山带、古板块结合带、隆起带、坳陷带和断陷盆地的地壳厚度变化与物质结构、莫霍面形态、岩石圈地幔的厚度变化与结构进行了研究与构造区划。论述了燕山期陆内造山与喜马拉雅期大陆伸展及其导致的岩石圈物质结构调整作用,建立了隆坳构造分异与壳幔物质结构调整模式,探讨了本区地壳减薄的深部地质过程,分析了燕山期陆内造山的动力机制以及大规模成矿作用与岩石圈物质结构构造的相关关系。

论鄂尔多斯盆地及其周缘侏罗纪变形

侏罗纪是东亚大地构造发展的重要转折时期,在鄂尔多斯盆地及其周缘可划分为两个性质不同的构造变形阶段。早中侏罗世,盆地处于弱引张应力环境,引张方向近N-S至NNE-SSW向,伸展变形主要发生在盆地周边地带,其发生与晚三叠世华南-华北地块沿秦岭造山带碰撞后的陆内应力场调整作用有关。中晚侏罗世,盆地遭受多向挤压应力作用,挤压方向近W-E、NW-SE和NE-SW,在盆地周缘形成展布方向不一、构造样式不同的边界挤压构造带,盆地轮廓基本定型。西缘近N-S向逆冲-推覆构造带的形成与阿拉善地块和陇西地块向东挤出作用有关;东缘及东南缘总体呈“S”形展布的挤压边界带表现为反向逆冲断裂及其相关褶皱,推测发生在山西台褶带深部滑脱系统的前锋上盘断坡。盆地北侧大青山地区近东西向大型推覆构造和早中侏罗世伸展断陷盆地构造挤压反转,表明阴山造山带在中晚侏罗世时期强烈的N-S向缩短变形和再生造山。鄂尔多斯盆地周缘边界构造带记录了中晚侏罗世强烈的陆内多向内挤压作用和大陆地壳增厚过程,其发生的动力学背景与周邻不同板块(古太平洋、西伯利亚、特提斯)同时向东亚大陆汇聚产生的远程效应有关。中晚侏罗世多向挤压变形加速了鄂尔多斯盆地生烃过程,对多种能源矿产富集和成藏定位产生重要影响。

大陆克拉通早期构造演化历史探讨:以华北为例

大陆早期构造演化的研究一直是大陆地质学研究的焦点问题.在华北克拉通基底构造1∶200万编图研究基础上,本文开展基底断裂边界、构造样式及后期叠加关系的研究,借鉴比较大地构造理论,对华北克拉通基底重新进行了构造区划.结合标志性构造单元及其时代、同位素年龄数据库的综合研究,提出华北早期构造格局演化及其重大构造热事件.华北克拉通基底主要由大面积的新太古代TTG杂岩及表壳岩系组成,新太古代涉及活动陆缘环境的大规模陆壳增生及不同微陆块的碰撞聚合过程,造成新太古代末期陆壳迅速增生和克拉通化.古元古代初期开始伸展裂解和早期盖层发育阶段,古元古代晚期发生微陆块碰撞缝合,形成超级克拉通,并在克拉通西北边缘发生强烈改造作用.1.84Ga前后,华北克拉通经历最强烈的一次伸展裂解过程,从超级克拉通裂解,开始了独立的构造演化,在伸展构造背景下,克拉通基底被强烈隆升冷却,经历风化剥蚀,发育沉积盖层.以上构造格局及其构造热事件提供了早期超级大陆再造研究的构造制约条件.

胶东中生代金成矿系统

胶东是我国最重要的金矿集区,其内已发现金矿床150余处,探明金资源储量4000余吨。虽然其金矿床数量众多、资源储量巨大、分布地域广泛、产出空间各异、矿化类型多样,但它们的成矿地球动力学背景、赋矿围岩环境与产出条件及其成矿作用特征总体一致：（1）胶东是一个主要由前寒武纪基底岩石和超高压变质岩块组成、中生代构造-岩浆作用发育的内生热液金矿集区,约130~110Ma的金成矿事件比区域变质作用晚约2000Myr;（2）区域金成矿系统形成于早白垩世的陆缘伸展构造背景,大规模金成矿事件发生在区域NW向伸展转换为NE向伸展后的NEE向挤压变形作用过程中,对应于中国东部岩石圈大规模减薄、华北克拉通破坏和大陆裂谷作用的高峰;（3）金矿床群聚于NNE向玲珑、鹊山和昆嵛山变质核杂岩周边,主要沿前寒武纪变质岩与中生代花岗岩体接触带形成的区域NE-NNE向拆离断层带分布;（4）控矿断裂带经历了早期的韧-脆性变形和晚期的脆性变形构造叠加,在三维空间上呈舒缓波状延展,控制了金矿体的侧伏和分段富集;（5）矿化样式以破碎带蚀变（砾）岩型、（硫化物-）石英脉型和复合脉带型为主,矿石普遍发育压碎、晶粒状和填隙结构,浸染状、细脉浸染状、网脉状、脉状、团块状和块状构造,反映其形成于韧-脆性→脆性变形环境;（6）矿石中金属矿物以黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿为主,非金属矿物以石英、绢云母、钾长石、斜长石和方解石为主;金矿物以银金矿和自然金为主、含少量金银矿,主要以可见金的形式赋存于黄铁矿和石英裂隙中、含少量晶隙金和包体金;热液蚀变主要为黄铁矿化、硅化、钾长石化、绢云母化和碳酸盐化;成矿元素为Au-Ag（-Cu-Pb-Zn）;呈现出中-低温蚀变矿化组合特征;（7）成矿流体为壳-幔混合来源,以壳源变质流体为主;成矿物质总体来源于中生代活化再造的前寒武纪变质基底岩石,并混入了少量浅部地壳和地幔组分。这种区域成矿特征的一致性,表明胶东金矿集区早白垩世大规模金成矿作用受控于统一的地质事件,属于后生的中-低温热液脉金成矿系统。这些金矿床具有明显的时空群聚分布特征,主要沿三个变质核杂岩周边的岩相接触带产出,且自西向东,金成矿作用年龄由老变新。据此,可划分为胶北隆起蚀变岩-石英脉型、苏鲁超高压变质带硫化物-石英脉型和胶莱盆地北缘蚀变砾岩型三个金成矿子系统。其矿化样式由浸染-细脉、细脉-网脉型和石英脉型→硫化物-石英脉型→蚀变（角）砾岩型变化,矿石结构、构造以细脉浸染状构造为主→环带结构与梳状构造→角砾状构造为特色,反映其成矿作用分别发生于脆-韧性转换带（约15km）→脆性张剪性断裂带→脆性角砾岩带（约5km）环境;矿化、蚀变规模和强度逐渐减弱,成矿物质中浅部壳源组分逐渐增多,可能与其矿床定位空间越来越远离源区有关;成矿温度和压力依次降低、成矿流体中大气降水和/或盆地卤水贡献逐渐增大,与其成矿深度越来越浅、成矿构造环境越来越偏张性的变化趋势一致。这种成矿特征的区域规律性变化反映至少在拆离断层韧-脆性转换带附近→脆性角砾岩带之间的地壳剖面中、在不同的垂向深度上连续成矿。胶东中生代金成矿系统的上述特征明显区别于典型的＂与侵入岩有关的金矿＂和＂造山型金矿＂,也不同于全球其它已知的金矿床类型,不能被已有成矿模式所涵盖。为合理解释胶东中生代金成矿系统独特的地质与成矿特征,我们提出新的＂胶东型金矿＂成矿模式,指出古太平洋Izanagi俯冲板片的回转作用可能是引起区域前寒武纪变质基底岩石中成矿物质大规模活化再造的主要驱动机制,成矿流体主体来源于俯冲板片变质脱水,金可能主要以Au（HS）2-络合物的形式在流体中沿拆离断层系输运,在韧-脆性转换带附近→脆性角砾岩带,由于构造空间急剧增大、成矿流体的温度和压力突然降低,CO2、H2S逸出和硫化作用导致Au（HS）2-等金络合物失稳分解,金大规模沉淀富集成矿。

南海南北共轭边缘伸展模型探讨

通过对南海南北边缘地震剖面的对比,结合周边构造分析,提出南海大陆边缘的裂离经历了两期伸展作用,即早期的简单剪切和晚期的纯剪切伸展作用。简单剪切发生在晚白垩世—早始新世,其动力与太平洋板块俯冲带的后撤、太平洋板块与欧亚板块之间汇聚速率的降低、以及先存北倾缝合带等密切相关。纯剪切发生在中始新世—渐新世/早中新世。

大洋岛弧的前世今生

根据板块构造理论,板块的边界是地质作用最为强烈的地区,因而它们是当今固体地球科学研究的重点。依据应力性质的不同,地球上板块的边界类型有扩张的洋中脊、汇聚的俯冲带和调节板块运动差异的转换断层三种。就汇聚型板块边界而言,它又可进一步划分为洋-洋俯冲的大洋或洋内岛弧带(Intra-oceanic arc)、洋-陆俯冲的安第斯型活动大陆边缘带和陆-陆接触的大陆碰撞带三种。相对而言,大洋岛弧的研究程度最低。传统认为最典型的大洋岛弧——日本诸岛,已不再被认为是洋-洋俯冲的产物,因为已有研究显示它是从亚洲大陆裂解的碎块。根据目前的调查,现今的大洋岛弧主要集中在西太平洋地区,以太平洋与菲律宾板块间的Izu-Bonin-Mariana弧和太平洋-澳大利亚间的西南太平洋岛弧为代表。大洋岛弧研究的最重要问题是,洋洋之间如何产生了俯冲。目前多倾向于认为:大洋中的转换断层可使不同时代的大洋岩石圈相互接触,在这种情况下,较老的岩石圈由于冷却时间较长而密度相对较大,因而可下沉而俯冲到较年轻的岩石圈之下。这一模型也被誉为蛇绿岩形成的初始俯冲定律(Subduction Initial Rule,简称SIR)。但存在的问题是,目前全球还没发现有转换断层转变为俯冲带的实例。更何况,全球大洋中发育如此众多的转换断层,但为何只在西太平洋发育大洋岛弧?本文通过对资料的总结还发现,这些大洋岛弧基本都是从亚洲或者澳大利亚大陆东部边缘裂解的碎块,只是后期的弧后扩张作用使裂解的碎块发生强烈的改造,形成具有类似大洋岩石圈的特点。目前提出的洋-洋自发形成俯冲带的模型并没有理论基础,也没有实际地质事实的支持。但在加勒比海、斯科舍海和阿留申地区,大洋岛弧的出现与洋底高原诱发的俯冲带跃迁或俯冲极性反转有关。因此,板块构造理论中的洋洋初始俯冲模式需要进一步资料的验证。

东亚大陆新生代构造演化

东亚大陆的新生代构造演化受两大地球动力系统所控制：印度-欧亚板块的碰撞及陆内汇聚体系、西太平洋-印度尼西亚板块俯冲消减体系.从晚白垩纪到古新世期间,温暖宽阔的新特提斯洋分割着欧亚大陆和印度次大陆,并且向北俯冲消减于欧亚板块之下.与此同时,太平洋板块继续向西俯冲消减于欧亚板块之下,随着俯冲速率的大幅度降低,俯冲边界发生海沟后撤（trench rollback）,使得欧亚大陆东边界开始形成一系列NNE走向的弧后拉张盆地.尽管印度与欧亚大陆碰撞的起始时间仍有争议,但至少强烈碰撞发生在距今45～55Ma期间.陆-陆碰撞及印度板块持续的楔入作用导致了新特提斯海的退出,青藏高原南部和中部的地壳增厚,并隆起形成“原青藏高原”.碰撞及其强烈的楔入作用还导致了青藏高原南部岩石圈块体向SE方向的大规模挤出.青藏高原南部块体的挤出时间与西太平洋-印度尼西亚海洋俯冲消减带的加速后撤是一致的,表现为沿消减带上盘弧后盆地的快速拉张和裂陷,构成具有成因联系的“源-汇关系”.距今20～30Ma期间,随着青藏高原大规模南东挤出的减弱,碰撞和楔入引起了向NE方向挤压的增强,导致了青藏高原本身向S和向NE方向的扩展.构造变形向南迁移到主边界逆冲推覆带,向北扩展到昆仑山断裂,造成柴达木盆地、河西走廊、陇西盆地开始接受最初的新生代沉积,形成青藏高原东北缘的大规模晚新生代沉积盆地群.西太平洋-印度尼西亚板块的海沟后撤大幅度减速或停止,直接导致了日本海扩张的停止,华北盆地裂陷期终止,进入整体热下沉阶段.大约距今10Ma以来,青藏高原内部的高海拔地区晚中新世以来开始出现近SN向的拉张,形成一系列SN向裂谷以及NW向右旋和NE向左旋的共轭走滑断裂系.与此同时,青藏高原向周边生长扩展,祁连山快速隆起形成高原北边界,龙门山也第2次加速隆升,与四川盆地形成近4 000m的地貌高差.在东部,沿西太平洋-印度尼西亚板块俯冲消减带的运动开始加速,不仅弧后拉张作用停止,一些早新生代的拉张盆地还发生反转而遭受到挤压缩短作用.

南海西北陆坡火成岩体地震识别及分布规律

本文根据南海西北陆坡西沙海区及周缘地球物理资料，分析了火成岩体的形态特征及识别特征，并结合南海及周缘地区岩石学测年数据，对该区火成岩进行了期次划分，总结了各期分布规律。研究发现，本区火成岩体代表性产状主要有平柱状、锥状的喷出型，及星状刺穿侵入型。利用地震反射特征通过火成岩体与围岩接触总结了三个判断火成岩形成时代的标准分别为：接触关系、上覆地层沉积厚度及两侧地层对比，从而识别出同扩张期火成岩，并将本区火成岩形成时代分为三期：南海扩张期（32~16 Ma），岩浆活动主要集中在西北次海盆和西沙隆起边界，琼东南盆地及中建盆地也有零星分布；扩张结束后的早期（16~5.5 Ma），岩浆活动规模小、数量少，只零星分布在西沙隆起内，研究区的其他地方并不存在该期岩浆活动；扩张结束后的晚期（5.5 Ma至今），火成岩体个体面积较小、数量众多、分布广泛，几乎在全区都有分布，并可见部分该期火成岩与南海扩张期的火成岩呈明显的继承关系。本研究证实南海扩张期间，陆坡虽有岩浆活动，但较之火山型张裂边缘其规模较小，没有形成大火成岩省，也没有发现火山型张裂边缘中典型的向海倾斜反射（SDR），为南海北部陆缘是岩浆匮乏型张裂陆缘这一观点提供了坚实的依据。扩张结束后的晚期，即自5.5 Ma以来岩浆活动剧烈，与莺歌海盆地、琼东南盆地及西沙海区异常热沉降直接相关，并推测该期岩浆活动可能与海南地幔柱有关。

大陆岩石圈伸展与斑岩铜矿成矿作用

华南地区自古生代以来一直属于陆内构造演化环境。华南陆内伸展型斑岩铜矿主要形成于早侏罗世、晚侏罗世和早白垩世3个时期,其中晚侏罗世成矿期与华南中生代大规模钨锡成矿作用的形成基本属于一个时期。这些斑岩型矿床的时空分布与同时期的俯冲带在时间上和空间上具有明显不协调的关系,且与俯冲有关的、后俯冲伸展背景以及陆陆碰撞有关的斑岩铜矿的线性分布特点明显不同,尤其是早白垩世斑岩铜矿的分布明显呈面状分布,与华南中生代地壳明显减薄的区域基本一致。虽然这3个时期的斑岩型铜矿在地球化学上显示出弧岩浆岩的特点,但是地质事实证明在这3个时期,华南岩石圈发生了明显的伸展作用,尽管每个时期华南不同地区岩石圈伸展的程度可能不同。因此,我们把华南这种类型的斑岩铜矿归称之为"陆内伸展型"斑岩铜矿。陆内伸展型斑岩铜矿的成矿机制可能是岩石圈伸展背景下软流圈上涌导致陆下岩石圈地幔或者下地壳被改造有关。