Effects of Continuous Nitrogen Application on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization in Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation System

[Objective] This study aimed to achieve high yield and stable yield of win- ter wheat-summer maize rotation system and provide basis for rational application of nitrogen fertilizer. [Method] Effects of continuous nitrogen application on grain yield, economic profit, nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency, and soil inorganic nitrogen accumulation in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system were investigated. [Re- sult] Nitrogen application could significantly increase the y（eld of the winter wheat- summer maize rotation system, which increased by 17.76%-30.32% and 22.24%- 46.63% in two rotation cycles, respectively. The yield of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system was the maximum in two rotation cycles with nitrogen appli- cation amount of 660.0 kg/hm2, which reached respectively 23 391.19 and 23 444.35 kg/hm2, the yield and economic benefit were the highest, the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency was 22.2% and 30.7%, the agronomic efficiency was 8.3 and 11.3 kg/kg. However, the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and agronomic efficiency between ni- trogen application amount of 540.0 and 660.0 kg/hm2 showed no significant differ- ence. After two rotation cycles, inorganic nitrogen accumulation in 0-40 cm soil with nitrogen application amount of 540.0 kg/hm2 was almost equal to that before experi- ment. [Conclusion] Under the experimental conditions, comprehensively considering the grain yield, economic profit, nitrogen fertilizer efficiency and soil inorganic nitro- gen balance, the optimal nitrogen application amount was 625.3-660.0 kg/hm2 in high-yield winter wheat-summer maize rotation system.

Application of the concept of continuous dopaminergic stimulation for the management of Parkinson's disease

Continuous dopaminergic stimulation（CDS）is a prominent therapeutic concept for the treatment of Parkinson＇s disease（PD）,which proposes that continuous brain dopamine-receptor stimulation,rather than intermittent doses of oral L-dopa,prevents or manages L-dopa-induced dyskinesias（LIDs）.In the normal situation,dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta fire tonically to keep the dopamine receptor stimulation at a steady-state level.But when the dopaminergic pathway is impaired,the dopamine receptor stimulation becomes intermittent or pulsatile.This pulsatile stimulation causes a series of gene and protein changes in striatal neurons,leading to alterations in the firing patterns of basal ganglia neurons that result in LIDs.Studies in animal models and clinical trials of PD have shown that approaches providing CDS,currently including patches,extended-release formulations of L-dopa or dopamine agonists,continuous delivery of apomorphine and duodenal L-dopa infusion,are associated with a decreased risk of LIDs.In this review,we summarize both preclinical and clinical evidence for the five methods that may provide CDS in theory and compare the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.

THE H(?)LDER CONTINUITY OF WESTWATER PROCESS AND ITS APPLICATIONS

In this paper, the Holder continuity of Westwater process X_t is concerned. More precisely,we show that there exists a random variable r_C∈(0,∞) for any C∈(3,∞) such that|X_s-X_t|≤C|(s-t)|^(1/2)|log|t-s||<r_C.As its applications. we give two bounds respectively for the Hausdorff measure function of multipletime set of Westwater process, and the Hausdorff measure of the image X(E) of a Borel set Eby Westwater process.