Numerical Analysis of Secondary Cooling in Continuous Slab Casting

In the present study, a numerical optimization program has been developed for predicting the optimal secondary cooling patterns in a continuous slab caster. Optimization strategy using Broydon-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno （13FGS） method is carried out by determining the constant heat transfer coefficients in each spray zone, which could satisfy the casting conditions and metallurgical criteria specified by the engineer. From the present results, it is found that even a slight variation in the pouring temperature, allowable surface temperature, and casting speed could give rise to the changes in the cooling pattern throughout the spray zones.

Secondary cooling technology for high-efficiency continuous billet-casting

The mathematical model of high-efficiency continuous billet casting was developed, incorporating the effective spraying water coefficient and the effective specific spraying water flowrate of secondary cooling. To realize uniform cooling in secondary cooling zones, the spraying cooling structure and the arrangement of nozzles were redesigned and optimized, and an additional spraying cooling zone was used. A new secondary cooling model of spraying water was built. It was found that the required spraying water flowrate of a cooling zone was related with the casting speed, the casting temperature, the compositions of liquid steel and the cooling water temperature of secondary cooling. The operation of the reformed caster proved that the spraying cooling structure and the new secondary cooling model were suitable, and the casting speed was greatly enhanced. The highest casting speed was （3.8 to 4.0） m/min for billet with a section of 150× 150 mm^2. The quality And the outout of the billet were imoroved, andthe economical benefit was heightened.

Effect of Cooling Intensity and Position on Solidification in Semi-Continuous Casting of Copper

Cooling heat flux effect in both primary and secondary cooling zone has been studied in semi-continuous casting of copper billet. Sufficient cooling is essential to reduce casting defects and to get high productivity, however low rate of solidification is aimed in order to get coarser grain size and softer metal for less losses in extrusion. A three-dimensional numerical model has been developed including solidification behavior of copper through mushy zone. At steady state and constant casting speed, solid shell thickness is monitored during the reduction of cooling rate at mould region to avoid breaking out. Heat flux intensity at mould plays important role not only in the formation of solid shell thickness. But, pool length and mushy zone thickness can be significantly increased by decreasing primary cooling intensity. Increase intensity of secondary cooling zone for two particular cases of primary cooling is tested. First case is tested at mould inlet water temperature of 38°C, and second case at water temperature of 63°C. Results showed that the combination of increasing secondary cooling intensity and reduction of primary cooling intensity can increase pool length and mushy zone thickness. Also, it is shown that, secondary cooling intensity can be magnified by up to 1.5 times for cooling water temperature of 63°C to get pool length close to that of water temperature of 38°C.

Design and Simulation Test of Advanced Secondary Cooling Control System of Continuous Casting Based on Fuzzy Self-Adaptive PID

To improve billet quality and the trackability and stability of secondary cooling water during continuous casting, the superheat is introduced into the water distribution for secondary cooling to design the relevant control system, based on the water distribution model, superheat and fuzzy self-adaptive PID （process identity） . A spray cooling system is set up for simulation test in laboratory to test the step signal from the conventional, integral sepa rated and fuzzy self-adaptive PID controllers and the simulation casting. And the on-site test is done in some steel plant. The test results show that the fuzzy self-adaptive PID controller＇s performance is better than that of the other two controllers, which provides a basis for further study and application.

Application of Hot Strength and Ductility Test to Optimization of Secondary Cooling System in Billet Continuous Casting Process

By means of Gleeble-1500 dynamic thermomechanical simulator, the continuous casting process for HRB335C steel was simulated using solidifying method and hot ductility and strength of the steel were determined. The test results indicate that there are three temperature regions of brittleness for HRB335C billet in the temperature range from 700 ℃ to solidification point; the first temperature region of brittleness is 1 300 ℃ to solidification point of the billet, the second temperature region of brittleness is 1 200-- 1 000 ℃, and the third temperature region of brittleness is 700-850 ℃ ; the steel is plastic at 850--1 000 ℃. The cracking sensitivity was studied in the different temperature zones of the brittleness for steel HRB335C and the target surface temperature curve for the secondary cooling is determined. With optimized process, the mathematical model of the steady temperature field with two-dimensional heat transfer for 150 mm×150 mm HRB335C steel billet was established to optimize the secondary cooling process. The conic relation of water distribution between secondary cooling water flux and casting speed is regressed. Keeping the surface temperature of billet before the straightening point above 1 000 ℃, the results of billet test indicate that there is free central shrinkage cavity. The billet defect is decreased greatly, and the quality of billet is obviously improved.

Formation mechanism of internal cracks in continuously cast slab

In order to make clear the formation mechanism of centerline cracks incontinuously cast slabs, the form, distribution and other characteristics of the cracks wereanalyzed. The final solidification point, surface temperature of the slabs and strain in solidifyingshell were investigated. The results were that: (1) Five relatively low temperature zones exist onslab surface below the three water spraying nozzles and near the two edges, respectively, whichcorresponds to the places of centerline cracks and triangle-zone cracks. (2) Centerline cracks andtriangle-zone cracks occur because of weak secondary cooling, uneven cooling along slab width, andlarge variation of roll gap. (3) After minimizing the variation of roll gap and applying the newsecondary cooling pattern, the occurring frequency of centerline and triangle-zone cracks minimizesto zero.

Application and Numerical Simulation of Electromagnetic Stirring in Secondary Cooling Zone During Continuous Casting of Ultra-Thick Slab

The segregation of solute elements at solidification front could be greatly improved by application of electromagnetic stirring(SEM)in secondary cooling zone.The location of SEM in secondary cooling zone affects the operational effect.In the present study,based on the application of SEM in Ultra-thick slab continuous casting,the shell thickness was calculated by self-programming code and the results were verified by nail-shooting test.A numerical model was established to calculate the fluid flow of molten steel under shell to determine the suitable SEM location in secondary cooling zone.The results shows that the velocity of molten steel increases with increase of stirring current which enhance the circulatory flow of unset steel at solidification front.Whereas,in order to fully develop ability of SEM it is necessary to select suitable stirring current and mode for ultra-thick slab casting.This calculation provides theoretical base for application of SEM in secondary cooling zone during ultra-thick slab casting process.

Calculation of Solidification Process of Continuous Cast Bar

In this paper,it presents the results of calculation of solidification process of copper continuous cast bar by cross section size 120 mm × 70 mm with application of Pro Cast 2010 software. The estimation of mould design effect on solidification process of continuos copper cast bar is completed at various speeds of casting.Profiles of liquid metal cavities and temperature allocations in the cast bar at various casting speeds are defined.The analysis of received liquid metal cavity profiles shows that a new mold construction allows significantly decrease of the length of the liquid metal cavity during continuous copper casting at HAZELETTcasting machine and the increase of maximum casting speed from 10 to 11 m / min. Adequacy of the results of copper continuous cast bar solidification process calculation is confirmed by the experimental data.

鞍钢8m弧半径小方坯连铸机提速实践

针对8 m弧半径小方坯铸机拉速低不能满足生产要求的问题,分析了影响铸机提速的主要原因,采取了增加结晶器长度,更新结晶器供水泵,更新二冷水嘴,增大二冷管径以及优化系统温度等措施,铸机拉速由2.8 m/min提高到3.5 m/min,铸坯质量合格率达到99.95%,实现了小方坯铸机高速稳定生产。

Dynamic Water Modeling and Application of Billet Continuous Casting

The continuous casting process is used for solidifying molten steel into semi-finished steel.The technology of secondary cooling is extremely important for output of the casting machine and billet quality.A dynamic water model was introduced,including solidification model in the secondary cooling,feedforward control strategy based on continuous temperature measurement in tundish,and feedback control strategy based on surface temperature measurement.The mathematical model of solidification process was developed according to the principle of solidification,and the solidification model was validated by measuring billet shell thickness through shooting nail and sulfur print.Primary water distribution was calculated by the solidification model according to procedure parameters,and it was adjusted by the other two control strategies online.The model was applied on some caster and billet quality was obviously improved,indicating that the dynamic water model is better than conventional ones.

Effect of droplet characteristics on liquid-phase distribution in spray zone of internal mixing air-mist nozzle

In continuous casting production,droplet characteristics are important parameters for evaluating the nozzle atomization quality,and have a significant impact on the secondary cooling effect and the slab quality.In order to study the behavior of atomized droplets after reaching the slab surface and to optimize the spray cooling effect,the influence of droplet diameter and droplet velocity on the migration behavior of droplets in the secondary cooling zone was analyzed by FLUENT software.Results show that the droplets in the spray zone and on the slab surface are mainly concentrated in the center,thus,the liquid volume fraction in the center is higher than that of either side.As the droplet diameter increases,the region of high liquid volume fraction on the slab surface becomes wider,and the liquid phase distribution in the slab width direction becomes uneven.Although increasing the droplet velocity at the nozzle exit has little effect on droplet diffusion in the spray zone,the distribution becomes more uneven due to more liquid reaches the slab surface per unit time.A prediction formula of the maximum water flow rate on the slab surface for specific droplet characteristics was proposed based on dimensionless analysis and validated by simulated data.A nozzle spacing of 210 mm was recommended under the working conditions in this study,which ensures effective coverage of the spray water over the slab surface and enhances the distribution uniformity of water flow rate in the transverse direction.

基于凝固过程应力控制的板坯内部质量控制方法研究与应用

为了提高板坯内部质量控制水平,从铸坯凝固过程所受应力对内部质量的影响角度,阐述了铸坯内部缺陷的形成机理,提出铸坯在扇形段内综合受力状态是影响内部质量关键因素的理论。通过开发极限工况下二冷水控制模型,减少铸坯凝固过程中所受应力,最大拉坯阻力由2 500 kN降低至1 850 kN,铸坯低倍中间裂纹问题得到明显改善,低倍检测B类0.5级~C类1.0级中心偏析占比98%,0.5级以下中间裂纹占比85%,铸坯内部质量控制水平得到明显提升。

宝钢1930板坯铸机二冷喷嘴布置方式对铸坯质量的影响

在对宝钢 193 0铸机铸坯质量缺陷类型和形成位置分析的基础上 ,通过喷嘴性能测试和数值模拟计算 ,重点研究了 193 0铸机六、七冷却区喷嘴布置方式对铸坯的冷却均匀性和铸坯质量的影响 ,从解决铸坯角部横裂纹和内部三角区裂纹角度出发 ,提出了宝钢 193

连铸二冷区喷嘴布置方式优化方法

对现有连铸二冷区喷嘴布置进行分析,根据布置优化原则提出采用喷嘴水流密度数值叠加的方法,在拉坯方向和铸坯横断面方向上对喷嘴布置方式进行优化。其中,在铸坯横断面方向上,考虑了横向水流密度分布的不均匀性对铸坯凝固过程的影响,建立二维铸坯传热数学模型,仿真得到不同位置的铸坯断面凝固形貌,并比较了优化前后铸坯温度分布、凝固情况和铸坯质量。结果表明喷嘴布置方式优化后,二冷区铸坯在拉坯方向和断面方向上喷淋水区域内均匀冷却,周期性温度回升变小,表面温度能够均匀下降,保证了较好的铸坯内部质量。

汽车用钢连铸坯的高温力学性能

运用经典热模拟的方法研究石钢电炉生产汽车用钢的连铸坯高温力学性能,获得了五个钢种热塑性曲线和强度曲线．针对不同方向铸坯取样的结果与其他研究结果作了对比．运用扫描电镜对试样拉断后的断口形貌进行观察,得出了相应钢在各温度区域的断裂机理．讨论了连铸坯质量与高温力学性能的关系．

连铸板坯中心裂纹和三角区裂纹的成因及防止

对铸坯表面温度进行测量发现 ,在 3个二冷喷嘴下方和铸坯两侧边角附近存在 5个较低温度区 ,中心裂纹和三角区裂纹绝大多数发生在与表面较低温区相对应的下方铸坯内部。铸坯中心裂纹和三角区裂纹形成的机理为 :由于沿宽度方向冷却不均匀 ,铸坯内部也存在较低温度区域和与之相邻的较高温度区域。在凝固最后阶段 ,当较低温度区已基本凝固或接近完成凝固时 ,相邻的较高温度区尚有部分钢液未凝固 ,未凝固钢液膨胀将较低温度区域刚结束或基本结束凝固的部分拉开 ,因此形成裂纹。鞍钢第二炼钢厂通过严格控制凝固终点附近夹辊开口度、增强二冷后程冷却水量等措施 ,将连铸板坯的中心裂纹和三角区裂纹降低至接近零。

高效板坯连铸铸机的二冷技术

在进行了高效板坯连铸二冷技术相关基础研究的基础上，通过优化二冷配水制度，保证了１－８ｍ／ｍｉｎ 拉速的实现。

连铸二次冷却研究的进展

从连铸坯凝固传热数学模型、二次冷却配水与控制、钢的高温力学性能和二次冷却喷嘴冷态及热态特性等方面综述了连铸二次冷却研究的进展,分析了相关研究对优化二次冷却控制和提高铸坯质量的参考作用。对运用经典方法研究特殊钢连铸的二次冷却控制技术具有借鉴作用。

二次冷却对连铸坯质量的影响

分析了连铸二次冷却铸坯产生的质量缺陷,从喷嘴特性、冷却制度及二冷的控制方式等方面讨论了二次冷却对铸坯质量的影响,提出了控制二次冷却是控制铸坯质量的关键。通过优化喷嘴选型及布置,选择合理的二冷制度和控制方式,可有效提高铸坯质量。

ROKOP高效方坯连铸二冷动态控制算法模型

针对连铸过程中拉速等因素变化,铸坯二次冷却实行静态控制而引起表面温度过大波动的问题,发展了一种针对ROKOP高效方坯连铸的二冷喷水动态控制算法及其相应的二冷动态控制模型。通过在计算机上的仿真实验及对静态和动态结果的对比表明,该种算法对连铸过程中拉速的变化具有良好的适应能力,拉速引起的表面温度波动很小。