A Survey on the Sexual and Contraceptive Behaviors in Chinese Female College Students

To get information in the sexual and contraceptive behaviors in Chinese female college students, a randomized cluster sampling was conducted in colleges and universities in Wuhan Area, China, in terms of types of colleges, subjects （literature, sciences, medicines, art etc）, and grades etc. A total number of 2450 questionnaires were distributed, with 2365 questionnaires returned being valid. The return rate of valid questionnaires was 96.6 %. The questionnaire investigation was conducted on a multiple-choice and anonymous basis. Data were input into computer and SPSS12.0 software package was employed for statistical analysis. Among the female students, 1196 had the experiences of hugging and kissing （50.57 %） and 423 （17.89 %） had sexual experiences （sexual intercourse）. The first sexual intercourse took place at the age of 19.23±1.74 y. There were significant differences in the sexual experiences among the majors of different subjects, with the rate of sexual experiences in art majors （43.17 %） and high-grade students （34.31%） being the highest. The causes of the first sexual intercourse included sexual impulse, curiosity, intention to strengthen the relationship or to show loyalty to boyfriend and sometimes violence. While the motives of the sexual intercourse within the past one year before the investigation were to satisfy the sexual needs and to strengthen the relation with their boyfriends. With both first intercourse and sexual experiences within last one year, the partners of the sexual intercourse were mainly their boyfriends （95.7 % and 97.3 % respectively）, but the partners also included acquaintances, ＂one night stand＂ partners and customers of sex trade. Some of them had multiple sexual partners, with the highest number of the sexual partners being 11. In the first sexual intercourse of the subjects, 44.0 % of them did not take any contraceptive measures; only 16.4 % of them used condoms. In the sexual intercourse within the last one year, only 44.6 % took contraceptive measures every time they had sexual intercourse. Among those who took contraceptive measures, 64.4 % used condoms. Among those who had sexual intercourse, 101 persons got pregnant, with a rate of pregnancy being 4.3 %, accounting for 23.9 % of all who had sexual intercourse. Among those who got pregnant, 78 persons got pregnant once; the others became pregnant more than two times, the highest being 5 times. There were 122 persons who had inflammation of reproductive system, mostly vaginitis. Other conditions included venereal warts and herpes genitalis. It is concluded that the rate of sexual behaviors is high in female college students and there exist promiscuity, unexpected pregnancy and transmission of STD in the students.

Assessment of level of knowledge and utilization of emergency contraception among female students of Hawassa University, south Ethiopia

Introduction: Emergency contraception is used as an emergency procedure to prevent unintended pregnancy secondary to an unprotected se xual intercourse and method failure. Hence, this study assessed the level of knowledge and utilization of emergency contraception among undergraduate regular female students of Hawassa University, south Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among female students of Hawassa University in December 2012. Seven hundred seventy six of the students were sampled by using multistage sampling technique. Pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Results: The majority 719 (92.7%) of female university students ever had sexual intercourse and 17 (2.2%) experienced forced sex. Eight (47%) of these 17 students experienced unintended pregnancy all of which resulted in an induced abortion. Three hundred seventy nine (72.2%) of the respondents had knowledge about emergency contraceptives and only 41 (10.8%) of them had ever used emergency contraceptives;oral contraceptive pills were the most widely used form of all emergency contraceptives 41 (10.8%). Age, marital status and age at menarche were associated with knowledge of emergency contraception;moreover, residence, year of study and experience of forced sex were found to be predictors of emergency contraception utilization. Conclusion: Female university students had been experiencing high rate of unintended sexual practice and pregnancy, low knowledge level and utilization of emergency contraceptives;moreover, they had no youth-friendly access to the services. Therefore, there is a need for collaborated effort to improve service access and scale up their utilization level to prevent unwanted pregnancy.

认知培训联合行为指导在SLE女性避孕中应用

目的:探究认知培训联合行为指导在系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)女性患者避孕中的应用价值;方法:选择2019年3月至2021年3月于本院接受治疗的84例确诊SLE患者为研究对象,将其按照干预方式的差异区分为研究组(42例)与对照组(42例),研究组接受认知培训联合行为指导,对照组接受常规的健康教育指导,对比两组患者避孕状况、避孕效果、避孕依从性、避孕满意度以及不良情绪得分;结果:1)研究组患者避孕状况优于对照组,尤其是口服避孕药、口服避孕药+避孕套、放置宫内节育器等方面(P<0.05);2)干预后5个月时,研究组患者的妊娠率明显低于对照组(P<0.05);3)研究组患者避孕依从性和干预满意度得分均明显高于对照组患者(P<0.05);4)干预6个月后研究组患者的HAMA和HAMD得分均低于对照组患者(P<0.05);结论:对SLE女性开展认知培训联合行为指导有助于提高避孕成功率,改善患者的不良情绪,提高其治疗依从性和干预满意度。

自动弹力线痔疮套扎器联合硬化剂注射治疗女性混合痔的临床效果

目的探讨自动弹力线痔疮套扎器联合硬化剂注射治疗女性混合痔的临床效果。方法选取2021年6月至2023年6月兴义市人民医院收治的235例混合痔女性患者,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(117例)和观察组(118例)。对照组采用传统外剥内扎术治疗,观察组采用自动弹力线痔疮套扎器联合硬化剂注射治疗,比较两组治疗效果、术后并发症发生情况。结果观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组术后并发症总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论女性混合痔患者采用自动弹力线痔疮套扎器联合硬化剂注射治疗效果较好,可提升治疗有效率,降低术后并发症发生率。

Constraints in the development of contraceptives for men

Considerable efforts have been made to develop a male contraceptive and the studies have provided very useful infor-mation in this field. At least five different strategies to develop a male contraceptive have been pursued, namely: inhi-bition of sperm production, interference with sperm function, interruption of sperm transport, prevention of sperm de-position, and prevention of sperm-egg interaction. Of all these approaches, inhibition of sperm production by using an-drogens either alone or in combination with progestins have given the most encouraging results. A nmnber of clinicaltrials substantiate that it is indeed possible to have a reversible, effective and safe hormonal method of contraception. Apostmeiotic and epididymal approach to interfere with sperm function or the secretory and metabolic processes of theepididymis is another attractive option of male contraceptive development. A number of chemical compounds have beenidentified which interfere with sperm function in the epididymis without affecting sperm production, however, the com-pounds evaluated so far were found to be toxic. Interruption of sperm transport through the vas either by vasectomy orpercutaneous intmvasal injection of liquids which form cure-in-place plugs is also an attractive option. However, re-versibility of the methods is of concern in their wide scale use. The major constraint in developing a long-acting male contraceptive seems to be the need for greater investment forproduct development. The clinical trials for evaluating the efficacy and safety of the new products and formulationsstretch over several years and require enormous financial commitment. Nevertheless, the long-term gain of having along-acting reversible contraceptive for men is far greater than the financial commitments over few years. Male attitudetowards using methods of family planning is much more favourable than originally believed. The pharmaceutical indus-try as well as the health care providers therefore have a greater responsibility. For early development of a contraceptivefor men, it is essential to increase investment and simplify the drug regulatory procedures. The advent of newer tech-nologies coupled with the convergent efforts of scientists will certainly make it possible to have an effective, safe andreversible male contraceptive in the near future.

Perception and Practice of Emergency Contraception among Female Undergraduates of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria

Objective To assess perception and level of proper utilization of emergency contraception （EC） among female undergraduates. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire study was performed on 383 female undergraduates in Nigeria in June 2006. Data analysis was with Z-square test and logistic regressions （P 〈O. 05）. Results One hundred and five （48.2%） had been sexually exposed. Only 32 （30.5%） used regular contraception. Seventy-three （24.3%）female undergraduates were aware of EC. Only 29 （7.6%） had used EC before. Most would not use emergency contraceptive drugs in future due to lack of awareness （64.8%）, and fear for future fertility and of drugs being injurious to health. Use of EC was associated with awareness of correct interval for use （OR=9.1; 95%CI： 2.1-39.9）. Conclusion There is poor knowledge about EC and poor use, while significant need remains. Most knowledge was acquired from peers and inaccurate. Peer educators are important and professionals＇ knowledge needs improvement.

Characteristics of Contraceptive Use in So Paulo State,Brazil

Objective To know the characteristics of contraceptive use in Sao Paulo State collected by the Demographic and Health Survey （DHS） conducted in 1996. Methods Data of Sao Paulo in 1996 were analyzed compared with the previous DHS carried on in 1986focusing on Sao Paulo State. Contraceptive use among married or cohabiting women by age, number of children and schooling was closely examined. Age and timing of female sterilization were also analyzed. Results The results showed that unlike Brazil there was a stability of female sterilization in Sao Paulo State during 1986 and 1996. There was a pattern in Sao Paulo： up to 30 years old the pill was the most used contraceptive, after 30 there was a predominance of female sterilization, which increased with the number of children and decreased with schooling. The use of male methods had also increased in the 1986 and 1996 period, being greater in Sao Paulo than in Brazil. Sao Paulo also presented more diversity in the use of reversible contraceptives. Conclusions The predominant two contraceptive methods in Brazil and Sao Paulo changed from 1986 to 1996, i.e..from pill to female sterilization.

使用化学杂交剂SX-1采用多母一父方式配制油菜杂交种的高效育种方法

通过使用化学杂交剂SX-1诱导型雄性不育系(CIMS),采用多母一父方式配制多个油菜杂交种并从中筛选强优势组合,以期快速培育成新品种并应用于生产。应用多个综合农艺性状优良的高代自交系为亲本,利用化学杂交剂SX-1诱导母本自交系为不育系,与一个父本在隔离区内完成授粉结实,并按照杂交种的生产要求进行组合制种。2007-2015年,用该方法累计配置杂交组合248个,依据综合抗性、产量、品质、生育期及适宜机械化收获等性状,最终筛选培育出7个适宜不同生态区种植的优质杂交种。用CIMS两系法育成品种7个,平均含油量47.70%,制种平均单产2385.00 kg/hm^(2),而用细胞质雄性不育三系法育成品种1个,平均含油量45.80%,制种平均单产1503.00 kg/hm^(2)。与同期细胞质雄性不育的三系法育成的品种相比,采用CIMS两系法育成的品种数量多、含油量和制种产量高,而且该方法亲本选择范围广、一次配制组合多、操作简单便捷、省时省工高效,可实现当年制种当年使用(春制冬用),从而有效缩短育种周期、提高育种效率、节约生产成本、促进示范推广,是一种新型高效的育种方法,具有重要的科学价值和生产应用价值。

中重度宫腔粘连分离术后三种方式预防复发的对比

目的针对中重度宫腔粘连分离术后患者,比较宫腔扩张术与放置宫内节育器(IUD)、IUD联合防粘连剂这三种方式预防粘连复发的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析196例因中度及重度宫腔粘连行宫腔镜下粘连分离术(TCRA)患者,其中A组为宫腔扩张组(50例),B组为IUD组(42例),C组为IUD联合防粘连剂组(104例)。使用AFS评分评价宫腔粘连程度。所有患者均行第二次宫腔镜检查,比较三组患者AFS改善值、宫腔粘连复发率及随访1年内的妊娠率。结果TCRA术后三组患者AFS改善值分别为(5.58±2.17)分、(5.29±2.62)分、(5.95±2.22)分,比较差异无统计学意义(F=1.374,P>0.05)。三组患者术后宫腔粘连复发率分别为42.0%、42.9%、30.8%,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=2.861,P>0.05)。三组患者术后1年内妊娠率分别为48.1%、40.5%、31.7%,三组妊娠结局比较差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=2.890,P>0.05)。结论中重度宫腔粘连分离术后,宫腔扩张术可替代传统的IUD及IUD联合防粘剂治疗方法,是预防宫腔粘连复发的一种新方法。

4770名女大学生生殖生理及避孕知识调查

目的:了解女大学生生殖生理及避孕知识的知晓状况。方法:在武汉地区,采用整群抽样方法,对女大学生进行了抽样调查。结果:共调查了4 770名女大学生,85.64%的女大学生对性和生殖生理及避孕知识有一定了解,以艺术类专业(知晓率92.84%)、四年级学生(知晓率92.15%)、有性行为学生(知晓率96.99%)这几个特征的学生群体知晓率为高。在生殖生理知识上,对怀孕早期症状的知晓率最高(80.40%),而对每月经周期分期的知晓率最低(31.43%)。在避孕方法上,对避孕套和紧急避孕药的知晓率最高(知道用的人分别为:23.92%和12.31%,知道有这些方法的人分别为:66.40%和50.56%),总体上对避孕方法知道用的人均较少,大多只知道有这些方法。无论是生殖生理知识还是避孕知识,均以性行为较高的艺术类专业、高年级(四年级)学生及有性行为的学生知晓率为高,提示性行为可能是女大学生获取相关知识的一个动因。76.92%的学生认为未婚怀孕会造成心理伤害。女大学生获取性和生殖生理及避孕知识的途径主要是书刊杂志和朋友。88.53%学生希望在学校开展生殖生理及避孕知识的教育。结论:女大学生有一定的生殖生理及避孕知识,性行为可能是女大学生获取相关知识的一个因素。

女大学生口服避孕药的调查

为了解在校女大学生对口服避孕药(COC) 的认知情况, 我们对长春市部分女大学生进行问卷调查。问卷内容包括: ①基本信息; ②有关COC的背景信息(如药物的剂型、使用副作用、药物的安全性等); ③服用药物的信息(服用方法、副作用等)。结果显示, 现在大学生不具备足够的避孕药物知识或在服用避孕药过程中没有得到相关的专业人士指导, 使其有效的服用药物。

TCu380A和带铜宫型节育器与TCu220C的临床效果比较

采用顺序随机分配法观察了３００例农村经产妇放置ＴＣｕ３８０Ａ和带铜宫型节育器（ＵＣＤＣｕ３００ＩＵＤ）的避孕效果、副反应和可接受性，并与目前较为理想的ＴＣｕ２２０Ｃ作对照．使用２４个月，随访率为１００％．结果表明：ＴＣｕ３８０Ａ和ＵＣＤＣｕ３００ＩＵＤ累积妊娠率分别为１．０％和２．０％，对照组（ＴＣｕ２２０Ｃ）为１．０％；脱落率顺序为２．０％、０．０％和１．０％；因症取出率依次为２．０％、３．０％及１．０％；继续存放率分别为９５．０％、９５．０％和９７．０％，上述各组间结果均无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）．证实三种ＩＵＤ均符合ＷＨＯ标准，易于农村推广使用．

未婚女青少年生殖健康状况调查

目的:了解未婚女青少年对性、避孕、生殖健康知识的认知情况及对生殖健康服务的需求,寻求更好地方法为她们提供相应的服务。方法:对1436份有效自填式调查问卷进行分析。结果:调查对象的年龄、职业及文化程度和生殖健康知识水平比较有统计学差异(P<0.05),调查对象更希望从医院专业人员那里获得性及避孕知识。结论:未婚女青少年的性和生殖健康知识贫乏,医院的专业人员应通过各种途径加强对她们进行性、生殖知识的健康教育,才能维护她们的身心健康。

Low dose gossypol for male contraception

Aim: To ascertain whether the side effects of gossypol, hypokalemia and irreversibility, could be avoided on dose re-duction. Methods: Seventy-seven male volunteers were divided into 3 groups: control (22 cases), 10 mg gossypol(29 cases) and 12.5 mg (26 cases). Serum levels of testosterone, FSH and LH were measured by RIA and potassiumby flame photometry. Spema counts and motility were examined before and regularly after treatment for the evaluationof contraceptive efficacy. Results: The average sperm density and motility started to decrease significantly by theend of month 2 of medication and gradually reached the infertility levels ( < 4 million /mL) in both treated groups. Af-ter that the 10 mg group was asked to take the same dose every other day for up to a total observation period of 16-18months for the maintenance of infertility. Subjects in the 12.5 mg group did not take gossypol any more so as to ob-serve the length of the loading dose required, but in a few, a maintenance dose of 12.5 mg every other day was insti-tuted for a few more months. In both treated groups, none of the spouses was pregnant during the maintenance dose pe-riod. Serum levels of potassium, FSH, LH and testosterone were not significantly changed and not a single volunteercomplained of myoasthenia. After cessation of drug administratioin, the semen data returned to pretreatment levels.Conclusion: A regimen with 10 or 12.5 mg of gossypol as the daily loading dose and 35 or 43.75 mg as the week-ly maintenance dose could induce infertility in male volunteers without developing hypokalemia or irreversibility.(Asian J Androl 2000 Dec; 2: 283-287)

昆明山海棠提取物TH5对雄性大鼠的抗生育活性

为了开发避孕新药，作者对昆明山海棠提取物ＴＨ５的抗生育活性进行了研究。５批Ｗｉｓｔａｒ成年雄性大鼠灌服ＴＨ５（１１６ｍｇ／ｋｇ）３０天后的雄性抗生育有效率平均为９７％（８６／８９）。停服ＴＨ５２０天后的大鼠附睾尾部三项精子参数统计值明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）；停服ＴＨ５５０天后，９０％的受试大鼠恢复生育，其附睾尾部的三项精子参数值与对照组相比无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。ＴＨ５对大鼠体重、睾丸重量与大小等无影响。认为ＴＨ５具有发展为男用避孕药的良好前景。

避孕药具不良事件报告计算机自动审核效果的评估与探讨

目的:对避孕药具不良事件报告的计算机自动审核效果进行评估,并提出改进建议。方法:从本中心2017年1—5月收集并由计算机自动审核的6 520例避孕药具不良事件报告表中抽取5%进行评分。结果:本次评估工作中,由系统自动审核的报告数占总报告数的45.83%。被抽取纳入评估的各种类型的不良事件报告表有339例,平均得分为(97.01±4.20)分,其中不良事件评价部分失分的报告表最多。结论:针对日益增多的避孕药具不良事件报告表开发并应用系统自动审核功能是必要的,运行效果良好,功能完善后可推广使用。

Differences in reproductive endocrinology between Asian men and Caucasian men——a literature review

This review provides an overview of the literature on aspects of reproductive endocrinology wherein Asian menmay differ from Caucasian, notably, prostatic nioplasm and the sensivity to pharmacological regimens of male contra-ception. Both genetic and environmental factors, such as nutrition, might be relevant. Asian men residing in Asia seemto be relatively protected from clinical prostatic nioplasm while the prevalence of preclinical prostatic nioplasm is notdifferent. Migration to an area with a higher prevalence reduces this difference but does not undo it. With regard toprostatic nioplasm the following factors have been considered as relevant in Asian men: 1) a reduction in 5α-reductaselevel, 2) decreased levels of androgenic ketosteroid precursors of 5α-reduced androgen metabolites, 3) the decreasedpresence of a P53 mutation, 4) a higher CAG-repeat length of the androgen receptor, 5) a possible higher level ofphysical activity, 6) differences in sexual activity. Furthermore, Asian men respond to a higher degree with azoosper-mia in response to contraceptive steroids. Possible explanations offered for the more pronounced response to contracep-tive steroids are: 1) differences in testicular structure and decreased spermatogenic potential, 2) an earlier and moremarked suppression in LH secretion by exogenous androgens. The differences may be due to genetical and/or environ-mental factors influencing the peripheral testosterone metabolism. Dietary factors such as the higher intake of phytoe-strogens in Asians might exert effects on 5α-reductase activity and/or on sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels,thus having an impact on the biological efficay of circulating androgens. ( Asian J Androl 2000; 2: 13 - 20)

少数民族女大学生性与避孕行为调查

目的:了解少数民族女大学生性与避孕行为状况。方法:在武汉地区,对各大学的少数民族女大学生进行了抽样调查。结果:调查了286名少数民族女大学生,其性行为率为14.68%,不同专业和不同年级的女大学生性行为率有统计学差异。女大学生性行为的原因以一时感情冲动、好奇、为了加强与男友的关系、生理需要为主,还有迫于暴力等原因。性伴侣以自己的男朋友为主(占95.23%以上),但也有一般熟人和一夜情对象;另有多性伴现象存在。发生性行为者中,初次性行为有42.85%未采取任何避孕措施;在近1年内有性行为者中,有54.54%的人每次性行为都采取了避孕措施。在性行为者中,有23.81%的学生怀孕,另有19.05%的学生患生殖系统炎症或性病。结论:少数民族女大学生中的性行为发生率较高,她们中存在性滥、怀孕和性传播疾病等问题。

上海市嘉定区外来未婚女工避孕知识现状与意愿调查分析

目的:了解上海郊区外来未婚女工避孕知识现状与需求,探索外来人口中促进生殖健康的策略与方法。方法:通过流行病学整群抽样调查,对某镇两个公寓内外来未婚女工2188例进行问卷调查,对他们的生殖避孕知识、可能的影响因素及保健服务需求进行分析。结果:调查对象避孕知识认识不高,相关问题回答正确率较低。来沪时间短、年龄<20岁、来自农村的、文化程度在高中以下的知识得分比较低。他们希望得到正确的知识、医生的咨询和提供避孕药具等服务。希望得到服务的方式依次为发放资料、举办讲座、面对面咨询及开通热线电话等。结论:外来未婚女工生殖健康知识缺乏,有关部门应加强对该人群的健康教育,提供安全有效、可及性强的生殖保健服务,减少意外妊娠,避免生殖道感染,促进生殖健康。

阴道微生态研究进展

女性阴道是一个独特、动态变化的微生态体系,其中存在多种正常的微生物群落,其与宿主、环境之间构成了相互制约、相互协调的微生态平衡,对维持健康的阴道微生态发挥着重要的作用。随着非培养方法在阴道微生态研究中的应用,研究者对阴道菌群有了更加全新的认知,对"正常菌群"的概念进行不断的修订。乳酸菌是阴道优势菌群,其随着内源性和外源性因素的改变而不断发生变化,且不同地域、不同种族女性阴道内的优势菌群存在差异。