The offshore pipeline network in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is the largest and most transparent system in the world. A review of deepwater projects in the region provides insight into construction cost and installation m...The offshore pipeline network in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is the largest and most transparent system in the world. A review of deepwater projects in the region provides insight into construction cost and installation methods and the evolution of contract strategies. Pipeline projects are identified as export systems, infield flowline systems, and combined export and infield systems, and three dozen deepwater pipeline installations from 1980–2014 are described based on Offshore Technology Conference(OTC) and Society of Petroleum Engineers(SPE) industry publications and press release data. Export lines and infield flowlines are equally represented and many projects used a combination of J-lay, S-lay and reel methods with rigid steel, flexible line, and pipe-in-pipe systems. The average 2014 inflation-adjusted cost for pipeline projects based on OTC/SPE publications was $2.76 million/mi and ranged from $520 000/mi to $12.94 million/mi. High cost pipelines tend to be short segments or specialized pipeline. Excluding the two cost endpoints, the majority of projects ranged from $1 to $6 million/mi. The average inflation-adjusted cost to install deepwater pipelines in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico based on available public data is estimated at $3.1 million/mi.展开更多
Claims over contracts in the building,engineering and construction industry are become common issues in business today.The text aims at presenting the key concepts of construction claim,and construction claim manageme...Claims over contracts in the building,engineering and construction industry are become common issues in business today.The text aims at presenting the key concepts of construction claim,and construction claim management,focusing on the common classifica tion.In addition,it introduces some measures trying to prevent the event of claim.The result from the text can help the contractors im prove their weaknesses and maintain their strengths of their claim management process.Meanwhile,it also gives some measures for owner to prevent the contractor's claim.展开更多
基金provided through the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
文摘The offshore pipeline network in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is the largest and most transparent system in the world. A review of deepwater projects in the region provides insight into construction cost and installation methods and the evolution of contract strategies. Pipeline projects are identified as export systems, infield flowline systems, and combined export and infield systems, and three dozen deepwater pipeline installations from 1980–2014 are described based on Offshore Technology Conference(OTC) and Society of Petroleum Engineers(SPE) industry publications and press release data. Export lines and infield flowlines are equally represented and many projects used a combination of J-lay, S-lay and reel methods with rigid steel, flexible line, and pipe-in-pipe systems. The average 2014 inflation-adjusted cost for pipeline projects based on OTC/SPE publications was $2.76 million/mi and ranged from $520 000/mi to $12.94 million/mi. High cost pipelines tend to be short segments or specialized pipeline. Excluding the two cost endpoints, the majority of projects ranged from $1 to $6 million/mi. The average inflation-adjusted cost to install deepwater pipelines in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico based on available public data is estimated at $3.1 million/mi.
文摘Claims over contracts in the building,engineering and construction industry are become common issues in business today.The text aims at presenting the key concepts of construction claim,and construction claim management,focusing on the common classifica tion.In addition,it introduces some measures trying to prevent the event of claim.The result from the text can help the contractors im prove their weaknesses and maintain their strengths of their claim management process.Meanwhile,it also gives some measures for owner to prevent the contractor's claim.
