Implementation Regulations for China's Labor Contract Law

1.Introduction On January 1,2008,the Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of China(LCL)became effective,resulting in wide- spread changes in labor policy for all companies and other af- fected organizations.As is the case with legislating in China, many details were left for resolution in implementing regulations,

Study on the Applicable Principle and System Improvement of Contract Law to Liquidated Damages

Based on the applicable principle of liquidated damages in ＂contract law＂, based on the improvement of the system, the article first analyzes the status quo of the development of the default system and secondly puts forward some suggestions for improvement. The final purpose is to perfect the liquidated damages system with the Contract Law, in a bid to enhance the fairness of liquidated damages.

Link China issues regulation to clear labor contract law misunderstanding

China's State Council,the country's Cabinet,issued an implementation regulation for Labor Contract Law on September 18 in an effort to clarify confusion surrounding the law.

Labor Contract Law,Warm or Cold for Migrant Worker?

The new labor contract law has exerted an unprecedented impact on manufacturing industry that has been progressing at much cheaper labor cost over years. The fact is the workers are not born cheap, they are made less costly without necessary welfares by some factory owners who often go to extreme to run sort of "sweatshop", as often reported by local and western media. The new labor rules could not possibly liberate all those sufferers.

Untying the Two “Deadlocks”of Labor Contract Law Is Necessary for the Recovery of Chinese Economy

Labor Contract Law receives mixed evaluations since its implementation.The call for the amendment is hot and even some scholars regard it as the"tiger in the road"which hinders the economic development. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China pays high attention to the construction of harmonious labor relation and the amendment has been a top priority. Labor Contract Law leads to two"deadlocks"of which the entrepreneurs are afraid. The first one is that the non-fixed term labor contract cannot be cancelled and the second one is that they must pay the economic compensation at the expiration of contract. These two rules hinder the employment enthusiasm of entrepreneurs. The current laws have excessive expectation for the non-fixed term labor contract and too strict regulations; as for the economic compensation at the expiration of contract, it increases the enterprise cost. The amendment of these two articles will benefit the recovery of Chinese economy and make the labor relation more harmonious.

Effectiveness of China's Labor Contract Law——Evidence from China Employer-Employee Survey

Using micro-level data from China Employer-Employee Survey(CEES), this paper conducts an empirical analysis of firms' heterogeneous characteristics in the implementation of the Labor Contract Law and its effects on employees. Our findings are as follows: With China's economic development, firms more proactively implement the Labor Contract Law, resulting in a higher percentage of employees with labor contracts. Labor contracts significantly increase the probability of employees in receiving social insurances, such as pension, health, unemployment, work injury and birth insurances, and have a significantly positive effect on wage income. Longer term of labor contract corresponds to stronger employment protection, and such an effect is highly robust. Larger firms with higher capital-labor ratios have better results in implementing the Labor Contract Law. And employees of private and labor-intensive firms have poorer coverage of employment and social protection; such firms should be given focal attention in the law's implementation.

Social insurance for migrant workers in China:impact of the 2008 Labour Contract Law

Using the China Household Income Project(CHIP)2007,2008,and 2009 longitudinal migrant survey data,this article provides new evidence on the effects of China’s 2008 Labour Contract Law(LCL)on migrant workers’social insurance participation,including in pensions,work injury insurance,unemployment insurance,medical insurance,and the housing provident fund.We find consistently strong evidence that migrant workers’labour contract status was significantly associated with their participation in all five types of social insurance.In particular,having or gaining a long-term contract helped promote migrant workers’social insurance participation,while losing one such contract decreased their chance of social insurance participation.Using a difference-in-differences(DID)method and focussing on the panel sample,we find that the implementation of the LCL helped boost migrant workers’chance of social insurance participation consistently and significantly,especially for those who gained a long-term contract.These findings suggest that the LCL at least partly reached its intended policy goal of improving social protection for migrant workers,a disadvantaged group in the Chinese labour market.Future research should use longitudinal data and rigorous methods to track the long-term impact of this important law and help build a strong,unified social insurance system for all Chinese citizens.

Labor protection,information disclosure and analyst forecasts:Evidence from China's Labor Contract Law

Labor protection increases employees’stability and strengthens their monitoring role,improving firms’information environment and increasing analysts’earnings forecast accuracy.Using the implementation of China’s Labor Contract Law as a quasi-natural experiment,we find that labor protection significantly improves analyst forecasts.This positive impact is stronger when agency problems are weaker,board independence is greater,corporate reputation is better and industry competition is more intense.Enhanced labor protection significantly reduces firms’business risk and accrual-based earnings management,decreases stock price synchronicity and increases market pricing efficiency.Our findings of significant impacts of China’s Labor Contract Law on analysts’forecasting behaviors offer important guidance for promoting the development of the Chinese capital market and policy making in labor protection.

On the Value Reconstruction and System Innovation of the Labor Contract Law

Since its very release in March 2006, the opinion-soliciting draft of the Labor Contract Law has sparked considerable controversy. Indeed, the whole process of its consideration, promulgation, implementation and amendment has been accompanied by complex questioning and a diversity of views. This has to some extent reduced appreciation of the value of the Labor Contract Law itself. In the economy and society, rational legal construction can minimize the damage done by the failure of private negotiations. The Labor Contract Law is dedicated to changing the action space of workers and enterprises in order to promote efficiency in production and equity in distribution. With the aim of constructing and developing harmonious and stable labor relations, the law seeks to encourage workers and enterprises to forge communities of shared interests, shared undertakings, a common destiny and a joint mission; it is here that the true value of the law lies. In terms of institutional design, in building a system that categorizes workplace employment, the Labor Contract Law makes a breakthrough in workplace labor relations management and sets up an innovative labor relations management system with Chinese characteristics. Faced with the new normal in labor relations, we should make further progress in strengthening democraticenterprise management, optimizing the developmental environment of business, etc.

The Institutional Construction of Collective Contracts under the Labor Contract Law: Dilemma and Solution

The Labor Contract Law classifies collective contracts as special labor contracts, ignoring the fundamental differences between collective contracts and labor contracts. This has plunged it into jurisprudential obstacles and institutional difficulties. In terms of the main entities, efficacy, dispute settlement mechanisms, etc. collective contracts have their own institutional characteristics. They should be incorporated into the legislative framework for collective labor relations in future legislation, and should link up with trade unions, collective consultation and collective dispute settlement to form a complete system of collective labor law.

On Autonomy of Will and the Applicable Law of Labor Contract:From the Perspective of Chinese Legislation

There are so many different opinions on whether the autonomy of will is applied in labor contract.In this paper,the author discusses the application and limitation of autonomy of will in labor contract,and puts forward some suggestions on the application of Article 43 of Law of the Application of Law for Foreign-related Civil Relationships after the introduction of Chinese legislation of the applicable law of labor contract.Autonomy of will is a useful principle in resolving disputes arising from foreign-related labor contract in China.

土地经营权入股立法的反思与展望

自家庭联产承包责任制实施以来,关于农村土地承包经营权能否以入股等方式流转,在政策与法律层面经历了比较复杂的变迁过程。土地经营权入股在立法中得到确认是“三权分置”改革的重要成果之一,有利于在流转中更好地实现土地经营权的价值。土地经营权入股现行立法表达不规范、不统一,且与相关法律规定存在冲突,导致立法预期的实现受阻。以立法的基本原理来审视,立法用语不规范只是表面现象,土地经营权的性质不明才是立法困境的根源,对入股所致不利后果的担忧则进一步导致适用难题。实践中大量存在的“以租代转”、“名为入股、实为出租”现象表明,既有立法并不能有效满足土地经营权入股的需求,反而徒增解释与适用的混乱。为了弥合土地经营权入股的认知分歧,保持相关立法之间的协调,实现“三权分置”的立法目的,有必要在立法中统一相关表述,明确规定土地经营权的性质,移除土地经营权承载的不必要负担,让土地经营权真正成为“可以用货币估价并可以依法转让的非货币财产”,进而以“作价出资”取代“入股”。

全面禁止抑或严格限制:我国竞业限制制度的模式选择与规范进路

竞业限制涉及用人单位的商业秘密权与劳动者的就业权,并对公共利益产生影响,相关制度设计及其司法适用应当平衡好各方权益。立法的不完善和司法审查的宽松标准助长了用人单位滥用竞业限制。在大力发展新质生产力的背景下,虽然我国不能移植美国最新的“全面禁止”规则,但可以借鉴美国审理竞业限制可执行性的司法经验,在竞业限制领域建立起较为严格的二重审查基准,并配套以预防“事实竞业限制”的相关措施。

服务期协议法律效力的判定与扩张

服务期协议法律效力的判定具有重要的法律意义,其为一种高度关涉当事人利益得失的法律操作。在判定服务期协议法律效力时,应确立和遵循一套合理并可操作的判定标准并秉持效力认定的基本态度。服务期协议效力具否之判定应分别考察主体、内容、形式和意思表示四大要素。如果可以同时满足主体适格性、内容合法性、形式完备性和意思表示真实性,则一般可判定服务期协议具备法律效力。对于形式欠缺完备性和意思表示欠缺真实性的服务期协议,在个案研判中不应机械和刚性地一味确认服务期协议无效,宜更加灵活和变通地处理这两种瑕疵情况下的效力问题,以充分体现和践行契约效力规则所应秉持的“尽量有效”的基本立法态度。服务期协议的时间效力和对人效力更具复杂性,需要在兼顾劳资双方利益的基础上适度突破契约相对性,肯认服务期效力在对人和时间层面上的适度扩张并加以必要的限制。

家哲学在德国古典哲学中的转型及其当代意义

现代家庭以亲密关系为基础并与公共领域相对分离。其法规范地位在近代早期并未确立,因为启蒙和自然法传统主要只破坏了旧家庭结构及父权制。费希特提出了非契约论的反干涉家庭法以维护亲密关系,康德则给出了一种契约论式的家哲学以维护身体-财产结合。综合二者的思路,黑格尔认为家庭法是一种包含契约论要素的商谈性规范,其重要特征是拥有一种“居间特性”,并且将家庭作为国家的“第一重根”。在黑格尔家哲学中包含着效用论和幸福论考虑,在当代,它被霍耐特用于修正罗尔斯的正义原则,并更新民主实践。

论清偿型以物抵债协议产生的选择权——以《合同编通则解释》第27条为中心

《合同编通则解释》第27条规定的“债务履行期限届满后所达成的以物抵债协议”属于“清偿型以物抵债协议”。该条在总结司法实践经验的基础上,围绕对债权人的保护,将以物抵债协议规定为诺成合同,确立了清偿型以物抵债协议生效后新旧债并存的规则。在解释当事人之间达成的以物抵债协议时,应当采取两步走的方式:第一步是确定当事人是否有以新债代替旧债的合意,第二步是在不能确定合同发生变更时,出现新旧债并存的局面。在新旧债并存时,该条并未明确债务人的选择权,但该条规定与民法典第515条选择之债的规定是一致的,该条规定内容可以解释为在新旧债并存时,债务人享有选择权。同时,该条也确认了,在债务人不履行新债务时债权人的选择规则,并与民法典第515条规定保持了一致。债务人不履行新债时债权人有选择权。债权人一旦行使选择权,债务人就应当履行相应的债务。通过选择权的行使将使选择之债变成简单之债。

论横琴粤澳深度合作区规则衔接的示范法路径:以合同法为例

从粤港澳大湾区到横琴粤澳深度合作区,在“一国两制”原则下构建统一营商环境的过程中,民商事法律制度及规则的衔接已经成为区域经济一体化发展的现实需求和必然趋势。在践行法律衔接的过程中,除了灵活使用冲突法规则、加强跨境司法合作等方式外,通过起草示范法来推进不同法域间民商事规则的趋同对国家区域法治的发展具有长远的意义。本文以合同法领域为例,通过梳理、比较及归纳内地与澳门特别行政区法律制度中的“同类项”,探索通过示范法路径实现琴澳民商事规则衔接的可能性。