In this study, the initial perturbations that are the easiest to trigger the Kuroshio Extension （KE） transition connecting a basic weak jet state and a strong, fairly stable meandering state, are investigated using ...In this study, the initial perturbations that are the easiest to trigger the Kuroshio Extension （KE） transition connecting a basic weak jet state and a strong, fairly stable meandering state, are investigated using a reduced-gravity shallow water ocean model and the CNOP （Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation） approach. This kind of initial perturbation is called an optimal precursor （OPR）. The spatial structures and evolutionary processes of the OPRs are analyzed in detail. The results show that most of the OPRs are in the form of negative sea surface height （SSH） anomalies mainly located in a narrow band region south of the KE jet, in basic agreement with altimetric observations. These negative SSH anomalies reduce the merid- ional SSH gradient within the KE, thus weakening the strength of the jet. The KE jet then becomes more convoluted, with a high-frequency and large-amplitude variability corresponding to a high eddy kinetic energy level; this gradually strengthens the KE jet through an inverse energy cascade. Eventually, the KE reaches a high-energy state characterized by two well defined and fairly stable anticyclonic meanders. Moreover, sensitivity experiments indicate that the spatial structures of the OPRs are not sensitive to the model parameters and to the optimization times used in the analysis.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate the effect of thienorphine on small intestinal transit in vivo and on guinea-pig ileum (GPI) contraction in vitro . METHODS: The effects of thienorphine on intestinal transit were examined in mice and...AIM: To evaluate the effect of thienorphine on small intestinal transit in vivo and on guinea-pig ileum (GPI) contraction in vitro . METHODS: The effects of thienorphine on intestinal transit were examined in mice and in isolated GPI. Buprenorphine and morphine served as controls. The distance traveled by the head of the charchol and the total length of the intestine were measured in vivo . Gastrointestinal transit was expressed as a percentage of the distance traveled by the head of the marker relative to the total length of the small intestine. The isolated GPI preparations were connected to an isotonic force transducer and equilibrated for at least 1 h before exposure to drugs. Acetylcholine was used for muscle stimulation. RESULTS: Thienorphine (0.005-1.0 mg/kg, ig ) or bu-prenorphine (0.005-1.0 mg/kg, sc ) dose-dependently significantly inhibited gut transit compared with saline. Thienorphine inhibited gut transit less than buprenorphine. The maximum inhibition by thienorphine on the intestinal transit was 50%-60%, whereas the maximum inhibition by morphine on gut transit was about 100%. Thienorphine also exhibited less inhibition on acetylcholine-induced contraction of GPI, with a maximum inhibition of 65%, compared with 93% inhibition by buprenorphine and 100% inhibition by morphine. Thienorphine induced a concentration-dependent decrease in the basal tonus of spontaneous movement of the GPI, the effect of which was weaker than that with buprenorphine. The duration of the effect of thienorphine on the GPI was longer than that with buprenorphine. CONCLUSION: Thienorphine had less influence, but a longer duration of action on GPI contraction and moderately inhibited intestinal transit.展开更多
This article describes the process of institutional transition of contract farming in Shandong Province. The changes in preparatory stage of contract farming express in: One, the information asymmetry of the two sides...This article describes the process of institutional transition of contract farming in Shandong Province. The changes in preparatory stage of contract farming express in: One, the information asymmetry of the two sides of the contract is reducing; Two, the security system of contract farming tends to be perfection; Three, the organizational form of contract farming tends to be simplification. The measures taken in production stage of agricultural product are as follows: The first is investment in means of production; The second is perfection of field management; The third is soundness of quality test. The measures taken in purchase stage of agricultural product are as follows: First, product is developing from preliminary working to intensive processing; Second, leading enterprises develop to large-scale and standard. The changes in profit distribution stage of contract farming are as follows: First, the profit relationship between enterprises and peasant households turns from opposition to mutual benefit. Second, the means of default issues turn from emotional self-discipline to rational self-discipline. Performance of contract farming is analyzed: First is putting forward the transformation of agricultural operational form; Second is reducing the uncertainty; Third is truly realizing the risk sharing and participation of interest. The defect of institutional transition of contract farming is discussed: First is no longer the operational form that benefits many farmers; Second is still the typically incomplete contract; Third is expansion of capability gap of business game between leading enterprises and farmers; Fourth is the still existence of information asymmetry; Fifth is informal institution falling behind formal institutional arrangement. The corresponding countermeasures are put forward: First is developing professional cooperation; Second is completing land circulation system; Third is constructing honest information system; Fourth is building social honesty system.展开更多
Claims over contracts in the building,engineering and construction industry are become common issues in business today.The text aims at presenting the key concepts of construction claim,and construction claim manageme...Claims over contracts in the building,engineering and construction industry are become common issues in business today.The text aims at presenting the key concepts of construction claim,and construction claim management,focusing on the common classifica tion.In addition,it introduces some measures trying to prevent the event of claim.The result from the text can help the contractors im prove their weaknesses and maintain their strengths of their claim management process.Meanwhile,it also gives some measures for owner to prevent the contractor's claim.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41576015, 41306023, 41490644 and 41490640)the Natural Science Foundation Of China (NSFC) Innovative Group (Grant No. 41421005)+1 种基金the NSFC–Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers (Grant No. U1406401)support from the University of Naples Parthenope (Grant No. DSTE315)
文摘In this study, the initial perturbations that are the easiest to trigger the Kuroshio Extension （KE） transition connecting a basic weak jet state and a strong, fairly stable meandering state, are investigated using a reduced-gravity shallow water ocean model and the CNOP （Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation） approach. This kind of initial perturbation is called an optimal precursor （OPR）. The spatial structures and evolutionary processes of the OPRs are analyzed in detail. The results show that most of the OPRs are in the form of negative sea surface height （SSH） anomalies mainly located in a narrow band region south of the KE jet, in basic agreement with altimetric observations. These negative SSH anomalies reduce the merid- ional SSH gradient within the KE, thus weakening the strength of the jet. The KE jet then becomes more convoluted, with a high-frequency and large-amplitude variability corresponding to a high eddy kinetic energy level; this gradually strengthens the KE jet through an inverse energy cascade. Eventually, the KE reaches a high-energy state characterized by two well defined and fairly stable anticyclonic meanders. Moreover, sensitivity experiments indicate that the spatial structures of the OPRs are not sensitive to the model parameters and to the optimization times used in the analysis.
基金Supported by National New Drugs Foundation of China, No.2011ZX09101-005-01"Integrated Drug Discovery Technology Plat form" of National Science and Technology Major Projects for "Major New Drugs Innovation and Development", No.2012ZX09301003-001
文摘AIM: To evaluate the effect of thienorphine on small intestinal transit in vivo and on guinea-pig ileum (GPI) contraction in vitro . METHODS: The effects of thienorphine on intestinal transit were examined in mice and in isolated GPI. Buprenorphine and morphine served as controls. The distance traveled by the head of the charchol and the total length of the intestine were measured in vivo . Gastrointestinal transit was expressed as a percentage of the distance traveled by the head of the marker relative to the total length of the small intestine. The isolated GPI preparations were connected to an isotonic force transducer and equilibrated for at least 1 h before exposure to drugs. Acetylcholine was used for muscle stimulation. RESULTS: Thienorphine (0.005-1.0 mg/kg, ig ) or bu-prenorphine (0.005-1.0 mg/kg, sc ) dose-dependently significantly inhibited gut transit compared with saline. Thienorphine inhibited gut transit less than buprenorphine. The maximum inhibition by thienorphine on the intestinal transit was 50%-60%, whereas the maximum inhibition by morphine on gut transit was about 100%. Thienorphine also exhibited less inhibition on acetylcholine-induced contraction of GPI, with a maximum inhibition of 65%, compared with 93% inhibition by buprenorphine and 100% inhibition by morphine. Thienorphine induced a concentration-dependent decrease in the basal tonus of spontaneous movement of the GPI, the effect of which was weaker than that with buprenorphine. The duration of the effect of thienorphine on the GPI was longer than that with buprenorphine. CONCLUSION: Thienorphine had less influence, but a longer duration of action on GPI contraction and moderately inhibited intestinal transit.
基金Supported by Research Program of Soft Science in Shandong Province-Research of Development and Countermeasures of Contract Farming in Shandong Province ( B2006033)
文摘This article describes the process of institutional transition of contract farming in Shandong Province. The changes in preparatory stage of contract farming express in: One, the information asymmetry of the two sides of the contract is reducing; Two, the security system of contract farming tends to be perfection; Three, the organizational form of contract farming tends to be simplification. The measures taken in production stage of agricultural product are as follows: The first is investment in means of production; The second is perfection of field management; The third is soundness of quality test. The measures taken in purchase stage of agricultural product are as follows: First, product is developing from preliminary working to intensive processing; Second, leading enterprises develop to large-scale and standard. The changes in profit distribution stage of contract farming are as follows: First, the profit relationship between enterprises and peasant households turns from opposition to mutual benefit. Second, the means of default issues turn from emotional self-discipline to rational self-discipline. Performance of contract farming is analyzed: First is putting forward the transformation of agricultural operational form; Second is reducing the uncertainty; Third is truly realizing the risk sharing and participation of interest. The defect of institutional transition of contract farming is discussed: First is no longer the operational form that benefits many farmers; Second is still the typically incomplete contract; Third is expansion of capability gap of business game between leading enterprises and farmers; Fourth is the still existence of information asymmetry; Fifth is informal institution falling behind formal institutional arrangement. The corresponding countermeasures are put forward: First is developing professional cooperation; Second is completing land circulation system; Third is constructing honest information system; Fourth is building social honesty system.
文摘Claims over contracts in the building,engineering and construction industry are become common issues in business today.The text aims at presenting the key concepts of construction claim,and construction claim management,focusing on the common classifica tion.In addition,it introduces some measures trying to prevent the event of claim.The result from the text can help the contractors im prove their weaknesses and maintain their strengths of their claim management process.Meanwhile,it also gives some measures for owner to prevent the contractor's claim.
