Determination of Relationships and Al ocation of Responsibilities——Taking the Adjudication of Household Service Contract Disputes as an Example

The combination of the realistic demand of urban families to raise children and provide for the aged and the employment demand of rural migrant workers will inevitably lead to the continuous growth of the market demand for household care services.The determination of the tripartite legal relationship between household workers,household service agencies,and families(individuals)is an important issue for the normative development of the household service industry.In specific judicial practice,local courts perform differently in the determination of the relationship between“household workers and household service agencies.”The application of law in relevant cases also often swings between the civil law and the labor law.The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter“the Civil Code”)does not retain the concept of“employment relationship”used in the original Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Personal Injury Compensation Cases.Then,what is the relationship between household workers,household service agencies,and families(individuals)after the Civil Code came into force?This article shows the judicial dilemma currently faced by the household workers in the protection of labor rights and interests through an empirical analysis of the victim liability disputes of household workers and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for improving the occupational injury protection mechanism of household workers in China through a comparative study of the occupational injury risk sharing mechanism of household workers and an analysis of the local exploration of the occupational injury protection system of flexible employees in China.

Carbon monoxide contributes to the constipating effects of granisetron in rat colon

AIM To investigate the mechanisms underlying the potential contribution of the heme oxygenase/carbon monoxide(HO/CO) pathway in the constipating effects of granisetron. METHODS For in vivo studies, gastrointestinal motility was evaluated in male rats acutely treated with granisetron [25, 50, 75 μg/kg/subcutaneous(sc)], zinc protoporphyrin IX [Zn PPIX, 50 μg/kg/intraperitoneal(ip)] and hemin(50 μmol/L/kg/ip), alone or in combination. For in vitro studies, the contractile neurogenic response to electrical field stimulation(EFS, 3, 5, 10 Hz, 14 V, 1 ms, pulse trains lasting 10 s), as well as the contractile myogenic response to acetylcholine(ACh, 0.1-100 μmol/L) were evaluated on colon specimens incubated with granisetron(3 μmol/L, 15 min), Zn PPIX(10 μmol/L, 60 min) or CO-releasing molecule-3(CORM-3, 100, 200, 400 μmol/L) alone or in combination. These experiments were performed under co-treatment withor without atropine(3 μmol/L, a muscarinic receptor antagonist) or NG-nitro-L-Arginine(L-NNA, 100 μmol/L, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor).RESULTS Administration of granisetron(50, 75 μg/kg) in vivo significantly increased the time to first defecation(P = 0.045 vs vehicle-treated rats), clearly suggesting a constipating effect of this drug. Although administration of Zn PPIX or hemin alone had no effect on this gastrointestinal motility parameter, Zn PPIX co-administered with granisetron abolished the granisetron-induced constipation. On the other hand, co-administration of hemin and granisetron did not modify the increased constipation observed under granisetron alone. When administered in vitro, granisetron alone(3 μmol/L) did not significantly modify the colon's contractile response to either EFS or ACh. Incubation with Zn PPIX alone(10 μmol/L) significantly reduced the colon's contractile response to EFS(P = 0.016) but had no effect on contractile response to ACh. Co-administration of Zn PPIX and atropine(3 μmol/L) abolished the Zn PPIX-mediated decrease in contractile response to EFS. Conversely, incubation with CORM-3(400 μmol/L) alone increased both the contractile response to EFS at 10 Hz(10 Hz: 71.02 ± 19.16 vs 116.25 ± 53.70, P = 0.01) and the contractile response to ACh(100 μmol/L)(P = 0.012). Co-administration of atropine abolished the CORM-3-mediated effects on the EFS-mediated response. When granisetron was co-incubated in vitro with ZnP PIX, the ZnP PIX-mediated decrease in colon contractile response to EFS was lost. On the other hand, co-incubation of granisetron and CORM-3(400 μmol/L) further increased the colon's contractile response to EFS(at 5 Hz: P = 0.007; at 10 Hz: P = 0.001) and to ACh(ACh 10 μmol/L: P = 0.001; ACh 100 μmol/L: P = 0.001) elicited by CORM-3 alone. L-NNA co-administered with granisetron and CORM-3 abolished the potentiating effect of CORM-3 on granisetron on both the EFSinduced and ACh-induced contractile response.CONCLUSION Taken together, findings from in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that the HO/CO pathway is involved in the constipating effects of granisetron.

Development Model and Characteristics of Rural Land Joint Stock-cooperative System

We introduce and analyze operating mechanism of three major rural land joint-stock cooperative systems in China,including community type(Nanhai model),collective leasing type(Ningxia Pingluo model) and joint operating type(Zhejiang Jiande model).Current rural land joint-stock cooperative system has following characteristics.Firstly,adhere to the collective ownership and household contract responsibility system in rural areas.Secondly,safeguard farmers' land contractual rights and interests.Thirdly,implement large-scale agricultural production and operation.Fourthly,carry out normative operation of farmers' cooperatives.On the basis of these,we point out such problems as backward technology and short of funds in development of rural land joint-stock cooperative system.Finally,we conclude that the development of rural land joint-stock cooperative system should fully draw lessons from foreign advanced experience,actively try new model like securitization of rural land,to explore a road suitable for current national conditions.

Reform of Rural Planting Structure in China since the Reform and Opening-up and Its Main Problems

Based on the oral interview of six different types of rural families in Houdian Village,Longkou City,Shandong Province,combined with the adjustment of rural reform policies,this paper analyzed reasons for the reform of rural planting structure in China since the reform and opening-up and elaborated the general outline of the reform of the planting structure.From the changes in farmers' attitudes,it explored the achievements and shortcomings of rural reform in the past 40 years.It discussed problems such as shortage of labor resources and vacancy of family education of teenagers in the current sustainable development of rural areas.Finally,it came up with some recommendations for the development of rural areas.

Land System Adjustment in Process of Developing Modern Agriculture

Under the premise of unchanging the collective ownership and the mode of family business, China should choose land shares pack system as the goal pattern of farmland system innovation. It is hoped that the pattern is accepted and supported by both sides of the government and the farmers, and then it constructs the land reasonable circulation and the effective centralism mechanism, thus realizing smooth transition from the traditional agriculture to the modem agriculture.

Parallel computation of seismic analysis of high arch dam

Parallel computation programs are developed for three-dimensional meso-mechanics analysis of fully-graded dam concrete and seismic response analysis of high arch dams （ADs）, based on the Parallel Finite Element Program Generator （PFEPG）. The computational algorithms of the numerical simulation of the meso-structure of concrete specimens were studied. Taking into account damage evolution, static preload, strain rate effect, and the heterogeneity of the meso-structure of dam concrete, the fracture processes of damage evolution and configuration of the cracks can be directly simulated. In the seismic response analysis of ADs, all the following factors are involved, such as the nonlinear contact due to the opening and slipping of the contraction joints, energy dispersion of the far-field foundation, dynamic interactions of the dam-foundation- reservoir system, and the combining effects of seismic action with all static loads. The correctness, reliability and efficiency of the two parallel computational programs are verified with practical illustrations.

Serum response factor:Look into the gut

Serum response factor(SRF) is a transcription factor that regulates many genes involved in cellular activities such as proliferation,migration,differentiation,angiogenesis,and apoptosis.Although it has only been known for about two decades,SRF has been studied extensively.To date,over a thousand SRF studies have been published,but it still remains a hot topic.Due to its critical role in mesoderm-derived tissues,most of the SRF studies focused on muscle structure/function,cardiovascular development/maintenance,and smooth muscle generation/repair.Recently,SRF has received more attention in the digestive field and several important discoveries have been made.This review will summarize what we have learned about SRF in the gastrointestinal tract and provide insights into possible future directions in this area.

On the Contract System of Responsibility Linked to Production——A New Form of Cooperative Economy in China’s Socialist Agriculture

surveys the evolution of the contract system of 'responsibility linked to production' in the cooperative economy of China’s socialist agricultural sector and makes a critical analysis of the old model in which labor was deployed in a concentrated way and remuneration paid according to workpoints. He thereby brings to light two specific characteristics of China’s agriculture—the scattered and independent nature of the labor and the unified control and coordination over the process of production by the combination of households—and the two requirements resulting from these. The author holds that the key to the economic nature of the 'contract system of responsibility linked to production' lies in two unique, often puzzling, economic phenomena in the cooperative economy under the system of collective ownership: 1. labor is carried out independently and in a decentralized manner; and 2. remuneration is not based on workpoints but is directly obtained by individuals according to the product. In the process of analyzing these two phenomena, the author differentiates the modes of labor and the relations of production, and clarifies the process of production of the rural contract system’s combination of centralization and decentralization, and the essence of the two-tiered policy. He also formulates the category of 'standard output' to describe a characteristic of the mode of distribution in the rural contract system, that is, the calculation of remuneration according to a standard output. The paper also discusses the rural economy and its development after the institution of the contract system of 'responsibility linked to production' but due to limited space this will be published in a later article.

The "Two Leaps" and Chinese Agricultural Modernization

The "Two Leaps" put forward by Deng xiao-ping on agriculture are expounded in the paper. The first leap is from the people's commune to family land contract operation system. The weaknesses of people's commune and innovation of family land contract operation system are analyzed. It is pointed out that the family contact operation system is the expansion and development of collective economy. The second leap is to develop appropriate scale operation and collective economy. The shortages of family contract system are analyzed. It is put forward that realizing scale operation of agriculture is the necessary demand for production development and collective economy road is the inevitable way for realizing Chinese agricultural appropriate scale operation. "Two leaps" gives clears way of agricultural modernization:consolidating the thoughts of starting from the reality, insisting the guidance of the fundamental position of agriculture and further promoting agricultural development; persistently stabilizing and perfecting rural basic operation system and timely promote rural system innovation; stimulating the thought that science and technology is the prior productiveness and developing agricultural modernization in a better and faster way.

Living in a Bottomless Pit: Households’ Responses to Land Subsidence, an Example from Indonesia

Land subsidence has severe physical and economic implications for both areas and people. Numerous scholars have shown that land subsidence has had massive impacts at global, national and regional levels, and that the impacts were usually responded to by the government. However, little attention has been paid to what land subsidence means to people’s daily lives and how much it costs them. To fill that gap, this article draws on empirical research carried out in three areas in Indonesia to provide a better understanding of what land subsidence means to households, and how they respond to the consequences and how much it costs them to do so. An analysis of a survey of 330 households shows that they have been suffering from various severities of impacts of land subsidence for an extended period. Whereas some of the households respond to the impacts by making small preparations or adapting to the damages, others can do nothing due to a lack of money and their continuously declining earning capacity. Thus, the affected households are effectively throwing money into a bottomless pit. We argue that these households must escape the vicious circle caused by land subsidence by increasing their income capacity or even abandoning the affected areas.

Influence of Building Information Modelling (BIM) on Engineering Contract Management in Nairobi, Kenya

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a technology and a process that has brought changes in the construction’s traditional procurement system. Kenya lacks contractual guidelines on implementation of BIM;this makes the adoption of BIM slow and difficult. Previous research has identified a gap in contractual relationships, roles and resulting risks. The objectives of this study were to investigate BIM adoption in Nairobi and to investigate the influence of BIM on Engineering Contract Management (ECM) in Nairobi Kenya. The survey research was a descriptive study with 175 responsive questionnaires. Respondents comprised of Civil Engineers, Construction Project Managers, Architects, Quantity Surveyors, Contractors and Facility Managers. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaire and in-depth interview. Descriptive analytics, correlation and Exploratory factor analysis methods were used to analyse quantitative data. Qualitative data was analysed thematically. It emerged that adoption level was at 56.6% and shallow understanding of BIM capabilities remains to be a barrier to its adoption and implementation. It also emerged that BIM improves ECM;when time, cost, quality, collaboration and return on investment improve, ECM becomes easier. Latent factors found in BIM and ECM relationship were Legal Implications, awareness and knowledge, efficiency, versatility, mandate and leadership, and competitiveness. Further, the study found out that BIM influence on ECM demands for establishment of standards, guidelines, policy, legal framework, and regulations, which can be achieved by amending the public procurement act which dictates the operation of all the other standard forms of contract. Further research should be conducted to measure whether the understanding of BIM had positively improved.

农业社会化服务与小农户的组织化:不同服务模式的比较

本研究通过对比政府主导型、市场主导型和村集体经济组织主导型社会化服务模式,讨论了小农户如何被组织起来以及组织成本由谁承担的问题。在由政府主导的社会化服务模式中,小农户因受到政府补贴的吸引而达成了临时的合作,但这种组织化具有暂时性。在市场主导型社会化服务模式中,小农户或被整合到规模经营主体的种植模式中,或被服务组织重塑。在这两种服务模式中,小农户都是被动的参与者,其组织化程度并未提高。村集体经济组织可能通过重建与小农户的双向权责均衡关系,通过收取服务费用的方式来解决组织成本问题。这种双向的权责均衡关系使村集体经济组织与小农户之间建立起有机的利益联结,从而使该组织对小农户的组织和动员成为可能。

多元理性:家户制传统下的农户一家两制实践

怎样在实践中把握农户在食物生产上的一家两制?本文在家户制传统下提出多元理性框架,和单一理性的农业经济理论假定展开对话。本文认为,农户理性包含多元向度且相互联系:既依循差序责任,区分“自家人”和“外部人”,进行内外有别的食物生产,“让自家人吃自家饭”,带来“个体自保”,也能进行推己及人的价值权衡,在场域约束与道义反思的互构中,将“外部人”视同为“自家人”,从而“让有条件的自家人吃上自家饭”,促进“社会共保”。基于东亚家户制传统的多元理性,与基于西方农业经济理论的单一经济理性假定的对话,有助于更新农民学研究的认识基础,构建基于中国实践的理论,发现能够促进食物体系可持续发展的小农路径。

农户分化对农户林地承包经营不履责行为的影响

依据2021年南方集体林区4个省400个样本农户的调查数据,分别采用Logit模型及中介效应模型研究农户分化对农户林地承包经营不履责行为的现实影响。研究表明:农户分化对农户林地承包不履责行为的发生及规模具有显著正向影响;高分化程度农户与较低分化程度农户相比,农户林地承包不履责行为受户主特征及林地特征因素影响更为显著;农户分化能够通过提高村内林业生产资本投资对农户林地承包经营不履责行为产生抑制性影响。故此,应在建立农户林地承包经营履责约束机制以及差异化激励机制以促进农户林地承包责任制落实的同时,通过强化引导和扩大林业资本投资的林业财政金融支持政策来抑制和克服农户分化对农户林地承包经营不履责行为的影响。

基于“寒主收引”理论探讨温肾通络法对肾阳虚型糖尿病肾病患者肾纤维化的影响

【目的】基于“寒主收引”理论探讨温肾通络法对肾阳虚型糖尿病肾病(DN)患者肾纤维化的影响。【方法】通过便利抽样法,选取西安交通大学医院2020年12月至2022年12月接诊的116例肾阳虚型DN患者进行回顾性研究,根据治疗方法的不同将其分为观察组和对照组,每组各58例。对照组给予常规西药治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上给予温肾通络方治疗,疗程为8周。观察2组患者治疗前后中医证候积分、血糖指标[空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、餐后2 h血糖(2hPG)]、肾纤维化指标[Ⅳ型胶原(IV-C)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PCIII)、透明质酸(HA)、层粘连蛋白(LN)]、血清炎性因子指标[肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)]、肾功能指标[血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)]以及24 h尿蛋白定量(24h Upro)值的变化情况,比较2组患者的临床疗效和不良反应总发生率。【结果】(1)疗效方面,治疗8周后,观察组的总有效率为94.83%(55/58),对照组为75.86%(44/58),组间比较(χ^(2)检验),观察组的疗效明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。(2)中医证候积分方面,治疗后,2组患者的腰膝酸冷、肢体浮肿、神疲畏寒、夜尿增多等中医证候积分均较治疗前下降(P<0.05),且观察组的下降幅度均明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。(3)血糖指标方面,治疗后,2组患者的FPG、HbA1c、2hPG水平均较治疗前下降(P<0.05),且观察组的下降幅度均明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。(4)肾纤维化指标方面,治疗后,2组患者的血清Ⅳ-C、PCⅢ、HA、LN水平均较治疗前下降(P<0.05),且观察组的下降幅度均明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。(5)血清炎性因子方面,治疗后,2组患者的血清TNF-α、hs-CRP、IL-1β水平均较治疗前下降(P<0.05),且观察组的下降幅度均明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。(6)肾功能指标方面,治疗后,2组患者的血清Scr、BUN水平和24h Upro值均较治疗前明显下降(P<0.05),且观察组的下降幅度均明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。(7)安全性方面,观察组的不良反应总发生率为3.45%(2/58),对照组为8.62%(5/58),组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。【结论】基于“寒主收引”理论的自拟方温肾通络方可有效缓解肾阳虚型DN患者腰膝酸冷等症状,改善肾纤维化及肾功能,降低血糖值,减轻炎症反应,且治疗期间患者未出现严重不良反应,安全有效。

农村承包经营户破产能力证成与实现路径

我国“三农”领域基础法律制度是“三农”法治化发展的重要支撑和保障,但在回应建设高效农村市场、健全统一市场规则和制度体系方面仍显不足。农村承包经营户作为我国农村市场中占据绝对多数的生产经营主体,其市场退出机制至今仍处于缺位状态,一旦陷入债务危机,则难以顺利退出市场。因而,有必要对农村承包经营户破产能力问题进行证成,探讨其破产能力的实现路径。对此,一方面应从经济学理论维度、国家政策维度与法学维度,论证农村承包经营户的破产能力;另一方面,应在公法视域下,确定赋予农村承包经营户破产能力的基本遵循,探寻农村承包经营户破产的立法模式,明确《个人破产法》中农村承包经营户破产适用规则的特殊性以及农户破产后的土地经营权处置,全面保障我国农村承包经营户的合法权益。

企业社会责任与员工情感承诺——基于酒店兼职员工的研究

服务企业尤其是旅游企业中兼职员工已经呈现出常态化与规模化发展,兼职员工逐渐从关注薪酬的经济人向注重自我发展的社会人转变,这一群体日益增长的非经济需求成为企业内部社会责任实践与研究所面对的重要问题。文章以酒店企业兼职员工为研究对象,在501份调查问卷数据基础上,围绕酒店兼职员工感知的企业内部社会责任对其情感承诺的影响作用,同时引入心理契约破裂与工作年限等变量展开实证研究。研究结果表明:酒店企业内部社会责任与兼职员工情感承诺之间存在倒U形关系,心理契约破裂在其间起到中介作用,工作年限正向调节酒店企业内部社会责任与心理契约破裂的正U形关系,拓展了对兼职员工这一特殊群体的研究,揭示了企业内部社会责任与情感承诺之间的作用机制。在此基础上进一步提出了提供良好的内部社会责任环境、关注员工心理变化状态、精细化管理不同细分员工群体等人力资源管理优化措施建议。

公众气候关注可以促进家庭能源消费结构低碳化转型吗

随着城镇化的推进和收入水平的提升,家庭能源消费在中国能源消费体系中占比不断增加,推进家庭能源消费低碳化转型成为中国如期实现“双碳”目标的重要途径之一。注意力资源的配置是影响经济主体行为决策的重要因素,近年来公众气候关注的显著上升可能成为推动家庭能源消费低碳化转型的重要力量。基于中国家庭能源消费调查数据和百度搜索指数,实证考察了公众气候关注对家庭能源消费结构的影响。研究发现,公众气候关注显著提高了优质能源在家庭能源消费中的比重,促进了家庭能源消费结构低碳化转型。这种转型主要源于家庭的“主动式参与”,而非“引导式参与”。机制检验发现,公众气候关注主要是通过改变个体气候变化态度、增强个体气候问题认知及其低碳责任意识,从而驱动家庭主动改善能源消费结构。异质性分析发现,公众气候关注对家庭能源消费结构的影响在受教育程度较高的家庭、公职人员家庭中更为显著。从社会环境来看,积极的社会参照规范可以正向调节公众气候关注与家庭能源消费结构之间的关系。本文为从家庭视角加快建立健全绿色低碳循环发展的经济体系提供重要参考。

基于区块链的负荷聚合商及居民用户多方共治交易模式

居民用户以负荷聚合商为中介参与需求响应,在交易中往往不具有话语权和选择权,由此产生信息不透明、第三方权力过大等信任问题;同时,居民用户因信息获取能力差以及负荷实时控制能力弱,难以在聚合响应中享受平等决策权、知情权和话语权。因此,基于区块链技术设计负荷聚合商及居民用户多方共治交易模式,针对包含3类柔性负荷的居民用户及聚合商的区块链节点,以自治共享为基本原则建立区块链节点模型和配置方法;基于负荷聚合商及居民用户节点间的聚合响应新模式,构建了基于聚合商非合作博弈、居民用户间演化博弈及聚合商与居民用户间主从博弈的激励机制,设计了激励相容的智能合约算法和区块数据结构,并提出响应标识因数和激励理性系数来评估所提交易模式的有效性;最后,经算例仿真验证表明,所提交易模式在保证各交易节点效用的基础上,可确保聚合服务高效可信,有利于唤醒海量需求侧沉睡资源。

土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响

【目的】探究土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响,为进一步推进土地承包经营权有偿退出政策提供决策参考。【方法】基于国家农村改革试验区的718个农户调研数据,采用内生转换回归模型(endogenous switching regression model,ESRM),在“反事实”框架下分析土地承包经营权退出对农户增收效应的影响。【结果】基于“反事实”假设,退出土地承包经营权的农户若没有选择退出,家庭年均总收入会下降41.9%,即土地承包经营权退出能够显著促进农户增收;此外,土地承包经营权退出对东部地区农户的增收效应最高,对新生代农户的增收效应相比于老一代更强。【结论】在充分保障农民土地权利的基础上,审慎推进土地承包经营权有偿退出,优化农村土地资源配置,并为具备离农条件农民提供土地权利价值的实现通道。