Characteristics of Contractual English and Its Translation Methods

With the occurrence of economic globalization,the translation of contractual English has played an increasingly important role in China economy.However,as a subject of business English,it is rare to find the research of contractual English,furthermore,the general translation theory including business English is not suited for contractual English translation.It will have both theoretical meanings and practical meanings to analysize contractual English translation.After simple contrast between business English and contractual English,from the characteristic of contractual English,the author discussed in detail about his understanding and research of the standards and mode of contractual English translation.The translation criteria:"faithfulness","exactness"and"customariness"are suggested.In the translation mode,the linguistic analysis is used to translate the contract,namely,vocabulary and syntax.The paper is completed on the basis of the author's knowledge on the linguistic theroy and understandings of contract and contractual English.

Research on the Circulation Problems of Contractual Management Right of Rural Land

Based on the judicial explanation of the contractual management right of land, the thesis elaborates the definition of main body of contractual management right of rural land; right of possession, use right, usufruct of contractual management right of land; autonomy of production and operation; disposition of the products; expropriation and occupation compensation authority of contractual land respectively, in order to demonstrate the connotation of land contractual management. The thesis also analyzes perspicaciously the phenomenon of non-agricultural-use land and proclaiming phenomenon of contractual management right of land. We should establish normalized rural land property rights register system to perfect contractual management right of land. Proclaiming of agriculture land right also should adopt registration effectiveness so as to guarantee the legality of transference of agricultural land to non-agricultural land in terms of system. We should perfect rural land circulation in terms of normalizing land circulation laws and normalizing contractual farmers fees: in terms of the movable agricultural land right, we should further perfect the types and content of circulation and lessen non-legal form restrictions of circulation; in terms of contractual fees, we should normalize contractual fees of land in order to preclude the contradiction between the contractees and contractors arising from blank space of laws.

Disputes over Circulation of Rural Land Contractual Management Right and Control Countermeasures

On the basis of current situations of disputes over rural land contractual management right,this paper analyzes causes of disputes from four aspects. It states that controlling disputes,regulating and strengthening land circulation in accordance with laws are core works of new socialist countryside construction and rural reform. Finally,it presents five control countermeasures,including improving laws and regulations on circulation of rural land contractual management right,strengthening popularization and guidance of relevant laws and regulations,government departments administering in accordance with laws,stressing management of land contractual management right circulation contract,and establishing and perfecting land circulation intermediaries to realize market-oriented circulation.

Conceptual Analysis of Contractual Relationship in Dairy Supply Chain

Dairy industry is the pillar of Heilongjiang Province. The contractual relationship of the dairy supply chain played a vital role in the dairy industry for development. The contractual relationship between the main dairy farming body and the dairy processing enterprise, as well as the impact of this contractual relationship on their cooperation in dairy supply chain were studied. Taking 366 dairy farming bodies in Heilongjiang Province as the main research objects, Likert scale was used to measure the factors affecting the contractual relationship and applied these factors to the correlation construction of dairy farming body and processing enterprise. Then, confirmatory factor analysis was used to collect data and made the conclusion that once dairy farming body perceived the opportunistic behavior and lacking of cooperation, the trust of dairy processing enterprise would be lost. Additionally, the satisfaction of dairy farming body on partnership also had a positive effect on the level of trust and commitment, the relative dependence and the perception of the partnerships, which made it possible to analyze how to strengthen the contractual relationship and provide theoretical basis for dairy industry development in Heilongjiang Province.

Is the Equity Transfer Agreement of a Chinese-Foreign Contractual Joint Venture Valid? A Case Comment on Xianyuan v.Zhongxin

Under Chinese law, when parties have signed an equity transfer agreement of the Chinese-Foreign contractual joint venture, they need to report to the examination and approval authority for approval. However, due to imperfection of and conflicts among laws and regulations as well as misunderstanding of the above system, it is always difficult for judges to determine the validity of such equity transfer agreement under the administrative approval system. Among the three categories of FIEs provided in Chinese law 1, scholars have had a comprehensive discussion over equity transfer agreement involving Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprises, but this case is concerned with the equity transfer agreement of a Chinese-Foreign contractual joint venture. In this case, the People's Supreme Court holds that the equity transfer agreement that has not undergone the approval procedures are not valid but not void. Furthermore, the parties that are bound to submit the agreement to the approval authority shall perform their duties of this kind.

Empirical Analysis on Transfer and Limitation of Land Contractual Management Right

Existing laws have three limitations on transfer of land contractual management right. The survey of 506 farmer households in Zhejiang,Jiangxi and Guangxi provinces indicates that most farmers have the consistent knowledge of limitation on " transfer being approved by the party giving out the contract in advance" with legislative requirements,but it is not effectively implemented in actual operation. As to limitation on transferee,no matter in cognition of farmers,or in real transfer process,the transferee is not totally limited to farmers engaged in agricultural production and management. For the constraint that the transferor should have stable non-agricultural occupation or stable income source, most farmers agree,but more than half of the farmers have not confirmed the transfer action in practice.

Analysis on Mortgage of Farmland Contractual Management Right and Countermeasures

In recent years, a series of pilot projects in mortgage of farmland contractual management right have been carried out in some regions. However, there is considerable dispute over whether the farmland contractual management right can be mortgaged in the practice of China's legislation on land circulation. We firstly introduced current situations of mortgage of farmland contractual management right in China. Then, we analyzed existing problems in mortgage of farmland contractual management right. Finally, we put forward corresponding countermeasures and recommendations, to bring into full play land use efficiency, more rationally distribute land resource, and further promote development of rural economy.

Research on Contractual Model Selection of Farmers' Cooperatives——A Case Study of Production and Marketing Cooperative of Sweet Pomegranate in Mengzi,Yunnan

In the perspective of new institutional economics,we regard farmers' cooperatives as a "contractual set" integrating a series of long-term contractual relations,and transform the selection problem of organization forms into selection problem of contractual model within organization.By the theoretical framework of Transaction Cost Economics,we analyze the formation mechanism and determinant factors of contractual model of different farmers' cooperatives and conduct case study on Production and Marketing Cooperative of Sweet Pomegranate in Mengzi,Yunnan.The results show that selecting contractual forms of cooperatives is the result of weighing many factors;new organization model or contractual arrangement is complementary to the former system arrangement;the selection of cooperatives model is an important factor impacting cooperation efficiency and stability of organization.One organization model with efficiency not only hinges on the transaction characteristic of organization,but also considers the compatibility with exterior transaction environment.In the process of selecting contractual model,we should conform to objective evolving law,but not be in thrall to a certain given form.

Contract System for Circulation of the Right to Rural Land Contractual Management

From the perspective of civil subject theory,law of value,comparative law and history of laws,the thesis expounds that the contract on the transfer of the contractual right of rural lands is in nature a civil contract instead of an administrative one.Then it explores the defects in the contract from the viewpoint of legal value goal,contract law and legal sociology,that is,the relevant provisions in Rural Land Contract Law and Explanations of Supreme People's Court about the Issues concerning the Laws Applicable to the Trial of Cases of Disputes over Rural Land Contracting go against the principle of free contracting and run counter to the legal value goal of justice,so they do not achieve good implementing effect.Finally,the thesis demonstrates and makes some practical legislative proposals to perfect the contract system for circulation of the right to operate constructed rural lands,aiming at improving the circulation rate through perfecting the contract of the right to rural land contractual management,solving the disputes in rural lands circulation and safeguarding the legitimate rights of the farmers.

The Transfer of Land Contractual Management Rights in Ethnic Village--A Case Study of Ya'ergou Village in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

Based on field survey in Ya'ergou Village,Yuanzhou District,Guyuan City,the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,we analyze the status quo of the transfer of land contractual management rights in this village,and study the basic information,form,characteristics,and problems concerning the transfer of land contractual management rights in this nationality village.Then corresponding countermeasures are put forward for promoting the transfer of land contractual management rights in ethnic village as follows:strengthening the publicity of the policy in order to improve farmers' ideological understanding;raising the rent in order to promote the transfer of the land contractual management rights;diverting the governmental investment to the talented people within village;consolidating management and resolving disputes in the transfer timely and effectively.

Language Features of Contractual English

As contract is a written document in which what the parties are concerned and agree is stated, the simplest way to understand the drafting of the contract is, from the author's point of view, to be well acquainted with contractual language. Therefore, this article is intended to give a brief account of the language features of contractual English.

农业产业化联合体:理论机制及发展趋势

农业产业化联合体是近年来兴起的一种以分工协作为前提,以规模经营为依托,以利益联结为纽带的新型农业产业化组织。但由于发展时间短和组织形态特殊等原因,理论研究和实践探索对农业产业化联合体性质的认识和发展规律的把握尚不清晰。笔者通过对农业产业化联合体组织特征、运行机制、功能作用及发展趋势的剖析认为,农业产业化联合体是具有联盟性质的合作经济组织,其成员异质性程度高,组织架构呈现立体式,治理方式具有关系保障+章程管理+合约约束的多元重叠特征。相较于其他农业产业化组织,农业产业化联合体内部主体联结更为紧密,要素流通效率更高,创新机制更容易与新模式、新技术、新业态相结合,在保障粮食安全、提高食品质量安全水平、推动农业发展方式绿色化转型、促进乡村兴旺和实现共同富裕等方面具有独特功能。针对当前农业产业化联合体发展状况,政府应重点在法人地位落实、小农户偏向机制和针对性政策扶持等方面进一步完善相关法规,以促进农业产业化联合体更好服务农业现代化建设。

罗尔斯是如何证明两个正义原则的?

哲学家需要对自己的哲学理论给与证明,而证明是一件比提出理论更困难的事情。罗尔斯的正义理论对当代政治哲学产生了巨大影响,不仅在于他提出了著名的两个正义原则,而且还在于他对正义原则提供了有力证明。罗尔斯为其两个正义原则提供了两种性质完全不同的证明:在《正义论》中,他主要使用“原初状态”的观念来进行论证,这种证明强调两个正义原则的理想性,并且带有契约主义的性质;在《政治自由主义》中,他更依赖“重叠共识”的观念来提供论证,这种证明重视正义社会的稳定性和可行性,从而带有某种历史主义的性质。罗尔斯的证明不仅对其正义原则给与了有力支持,而且也对当代政治哲学的证明产生了重大影响。

论个人信息处理中合同所必需规则的扩张适用

合同所必需规则与告知同意规则构成企业合法处理个人信息的“两大支柱”。由于合同所必需规则无需取得个人“同意”,其理应成为企业的首选。然而,作为平台企业的一种日常经营行为,个性化营销却被欧盟排除在合同所必需规则的适用范围之外,且该立场为我国学界所普遍认同。从实际看来,限缩解释立场是规则借鉴背景下一种错误的“路径依赖”:其一,合同所必需规则具备独立的适用地位,适度的扩张并不会导致告知同意规则的“消融”;其二,限缩解释路径既不足以从信息自决理论中推导而出,亦与我国个人信息保护的制度目标相违背。借助比较研究及案例分析,可以类型化方式对合同所必需规则的扩张适用路径予以具体阐明。作为争议的核心,个性化营销场景之于合同所必需规则的适用可通过合同目的和比例原则的考量予以单独证成。

合约安排与小农户增收——对“小农户+合作社”体系中三种典型利益联结模式的考察

既有研究独立探讨了小农户与合作社之间多种利益联结模式的各自增收效果,但对于什么样的利益联结模式能够更好地促进小农户增收尚无定论。为此,本文构建了一个集消费与生产于一体的农户模型以分析合约安排与小农户增收的因果关系,并基于CLES(2020—2022年)数据对三种典型利益联结模式的增收效果展开实证检验和比较研究。研究表明:第一,合约安排与小农户增收存在正向因果关系,增收效果从低到高依次为“租地+雇工”模式、合同农业模式和股份合作模式。这一结论在考虑遗漏变量估计偏误、内生性检验、替换样本等一系列稳健性检验之后依然成立。第二,小农户依托合约安排通过土地转出和劳动时间再配置(“租地+雇工”模式)、产品溢价(合同农业模式),以及提升产业价值份额(股份合作模式)等路径实现有效增收。本文研究有效识别了小农户与合作社合约安排的三种典型利益联结模式的增收差异及其作用机制,为实现小农户和现代农业发展有机衔接提供了倾向性增收模式与实现路径的理论支撑。

资本主义政治文明形态话语逻辑的解析、批判与超越

政治文明形态是人类文明形态的重要组成部分,是特定政治文明结构与发展水平的系统性呈现。作为政治文明核心的政治权力是理解政治文明形态的钥匙。权力来源、授权形式、权力结构和运行方式是政治权力系统的基本话语构成,以此为视角,社会契约、选举授权、分权制衡与资本主义民主法治的“契约型”话语逻辑构成资本主义政治文明形态基本理论叙事。理论上的契约权遮蔽事实上的资本权、周期性选举积弊、分权制衡治理低效、资本主义民主法治内生缺陷等,导致资本主义政治文明形态实践面临诸多困境。超越资本主义政治文明话语逻辑的理论叙事是建构技术权、双向授权与整合性权力相统一的话语逻辑。

超级智能:进路及其应对

目前人工智能发展中超级智能的现实性与日俱增,这从实现超级智能的三条进路,即通用智能、具身智能和交互智能可以看出,对于人类来说,超级智能本身有失控的风险。因此,作为应对方案的对齐工作显得尤为重要。在对齐理解中,存在两种对齐概念的普遍误解亟待纠错。其中,价值化误解将讨论引入到“价值嵌入陷阱”里,技术化误解实质是技术主义,不仅遮蔽真正的问题甚至还会带来更大的危害。当超级智能来临,我们不仅要考虑人类的未来,还要考虑机器的命运。合约伦理学是一个很好的选择。人与超级智能的“签约”不仅是建立边界的约束关系,更是在共存中相互塑造、互相理解的协同关系。在这种关系中,人类不仅通过超级智能的镜像照见自我,也能更好地理解和塑造自我。

略论交易习惯的功能和适用——以《合同编司法解释》第2条为中心

交易习惯作为一种“活法”和“软法”,是调整交易关系的重要依据。交易习惯与作为法律渊源的习惯并不完全等同,需要在适用中加以区别。在合同解释中,交易习惯的作用主要表现为认定合同的成立、澄清条款文义、使附随义务具体化,基于交易习惯的合同解释也兼顾了当事人信赖保护。交易习惯也是填补合同漏洞的重要方式。在适用中,系列交易习惯优先于行业习惯和地域习惯,与此同时,交易习惯劣后于合同优先于合同法任意性规定。主张适用习惯的当事人须证明是否存在交易习惯及其具体内容,同时法院负担交易习惯合法性与公平合理性的审查职责。

论公司合规治理与市场交易安全的理性博弈:以公司对外担保决议制度的漏洞解释为中心

为规范公司对外担保与投资等重大决策,遏制法定代表人越权签约风险,增强公司风险防控能力,维护动态交易安全,促进经济高质量发展,必须激活公司民主治理规则的公示公信效力,重构公司合规治理基础之上的市场交易安全新秩序。彰显公司真实意思表示的载体是公司决议,而非法定代表人签字盖章。代表权源于公司决策权,而非越权者的自我赋权。《公司法》第15条是效力性规范。法定代表人越权签署的担保合同无效,除非公司决议予以追认或构成表见代表。合同无效或对公司不生效时,公司无过错,不对相对人负缔约过错责任,相对人只能请求法定代表人履行债务或赔偿损害。公司“为他人提供担保”中的“他人”应解释为债务人,而非债权人。若法律对决议机关有规定,从法律;若法无规定,从章程;若章程无规定,相对人应核查股东会决议。公司在为股东或实控人的关联方提供担保前也要获得股东会授权。上市公司对外担保的公司前置决议要遵守公司决议规则、信息披露规则与先合同义务规则。《公司法》第59条第3款规定股东全员一致同意签字规则是效力性规范。建议废止《担保制度解释》第8条越权创设的2/3股东签字同意规则。公司自益担保、公司向双控人提供反担保、一人公司为股东提供担保、营业担保、非公众公司为全资子公司作保都享受例外豁免。公司对外转投资纳入公司前置决议程序的规定亦为效力性规范。