The Contribution Margin due to a Limiting Factor in the Presence of Several Sales Options: Actuality Is Not Always As It Appears at the Beginning of the Analysis

The analysis of company data useful for economic decisions,if not interpreted in an overall view of the company situation,can lead to wrong conclusions.This is the case when a company has to choose between several sales options for one or more products in the presence of a limiting factor.The continuation of the investigation often denies the initial analysis.Not everything is as it appears,therefore,at the beginning of the deepening of the data useful for economic decisions.As it is well known,the choices of profitability concerning the planning of the sale of company products take place,at least in the majority of cases,through the determination of the contribution margin,i.e.the profitability margin connected to the individual goods/services sold by the companies(selling price net of variable costs).The contribution margin can be determined with four objectives:(1)Determination of the yield of the single product,net of variable costs only.In this case,the margin defines unitary,from net product yield to unitary contribution margin.(2)Determination of the return on total sales of an individual product,net of variable costs.In this hypothesis,reference is made to the first level(or gross)contribution margin.(3)Determination of the ability of the individual product to contribute to the coverage of fixed costs common to the company.This margin is determined net of special product variable and fixed costs.This aggregate is defined as a Level II(or semi-gross)margin.(4)Determination of the useful value in the planning choices in case of presence of scarce productive factors.In this case,it must identify the so-called unitary margin for low factor.Here we will only deal with the problem of the use of the contribution margin in the presence of rare factors.To complete the analysis,below are some very brief considerations regarding,respectively,the unitary,level I,and level II contribution margin in order to better understand where the problem of the most convenient choice of income is located in the event of the presence of rare production factors,especially in an environment characterized by a plurality of sales options.

Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Orthostatic Hypotension in the Cardiology Department of the CHU Ignace Deen in Conakry

Introduction: Orthostatic Hypotension (OH) is a frequent situation during consultation in hypertensive patients. The prevalence in the general population increases with age and it is recommended to systematically search for it in patients with multiple comorbidities. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension;describe their socio- demographic profile, the various clinical and paraclinical aspects and the predisposing factors of orthostatic hypotension in treated hypertensives, controlled or not. Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, from January 2 to June 30, 2022 in the cardiology department of the Ignace Deen National Hospital. Included in this study were all patients who presented with orthostatic hypotension under antihypertensive treatment, regardless of age and sex, and who agreed to participate in the study. The non-inclusion criteria were hypertensive patients without OH and those who had not agreed to participate in the study. Each patient had blood pressure and heart rate measured in the supine position at room temperature and with an empty bladder. Then the measurement is taken again three (3) minutes after the switch to orthostatism. We retained the diagnosis of OH if the SBP drops by at least 20 mmHg and/or the PAD by at least 10 mmHg three (3) min after the transition to orthostatism. Our data obtained were analyzed in the Epi-info 7.4.0 software. Results: During our study period, we investigated 385 presented with OH, 12.2%. The mean age of the patients was 60.83 years ± 10.01 years and hypertensive patients, 47 of whom the M/F sex ratio was 0.81. In our study, blood pressure was not controlled in 36.2% of our patients with a predominance of grade 3 hypertension, a rate of 55.32%. Renal failure, anemia, heart failure and stroke were the main comorbidities associated with the occurrence of HO. The most incriminated factors were age with a frequency of 74.47%, followed by obesity at 44.68% and diabetes at 27.66%. BP was normally controlled with a rate of 68.8% in treated hypertensive patients with OH. It is found much more in patients using triple therapy, a rate of 61.71%. Conclusion: The prevalence of OH is high in our department. It is found much more in patients using triple therapy. The most incriminated factors were age followed by obesity and diabetes.

Contribution Rate of Agricultural Informationization to Growth of Agricultural Economy in Hubei Province and Its Influencing Factors

Agricultural informationization is the objective demand for transforming the traditional agriculture and promoting the development of agricultural modernization. Using the statistical data of the gross agricultural output value of Hubei Province in 2005-2014,based on the C-D production function,it calculated the average contribution rate(2. 48%) of agricultural informationization to the growth of agricultural economy in Hubei Province,indicating that agricultural informationization can promote growth of agricultural economy. This is basically consistent with previous findings. In addition,investment in agricultural informationization and broadband access rate also influenced the growth of agricultural economy in Hubei Province. Therefore,government should further improve the infrastructure of agricultural informationization,strengthen training of farmers’ information skills,establish auxiliary mechanism for achievement feedback of information-based agricultural production,increase the contribution rate of informationization to agricultural operation and management,promote the contribution of informationization to the growth of agricultural economy,so as to increase agricultural income of farmers.

Factors influencing knowledge contribution:An empirical investigation of social networking website users

Purpose: In the Web 2.0 era,leveraging the collective power of user knowledge contributions has become an important part of the study of collective intelligence. This research aims to investigate the factors which influence knowledge contribution behavior of social networking sites(SNS) users.Design/methodology/approach: The data were obtained from an online survey of 251 social networking sites users. Structural equation modeling analysis was used to validate the proposed model.Findings: Our survey shows that the individuals' motivation for knowledge contribution,their capability of contributing knowledge,interpersonal trust and their own habits positively influence their knowledge contribution behavior,but reward does not significantly influence knowledge contribution in the online virtual community.Research limitations: Respondents of our online survey are mainly undergraduate and graduate students. A limited sample group cannot represent all of the population. A larger survey involving more SNS users may be useful.Practical implications: The results have provided some theoretical basis for promoting knowledge contribution and user viscosity.Originality/value: Few studies have investigated the impact of social influence and user habits on knowledge contribution behavior of SNS users. This study can make a theoretical contribution by examining how the social influence processes and habits affect one's knowledge contribution behavior using online communities.

Distribution of heavy-metals in the Grand Canal(Hangzhou section)and its contributing factors

The Grand Canal (Hangzhou section), People's Republic of China, has been highly contaminated by heavy metals from both industrial and municipal sources since 1950s. This study investigated the distribution of heavy metals including As, Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The results showed that these metals are largely accumulated in the top 0 3 meter layer of the river sediment.Despite the contamination, heavy metal concentrations in solution are increased in some locations only. The only exception is Zn whose concentrations are extremely high both in solution and in the top layer sediment. The top layer sediment appears to have reached almost its sorption capacity with respect to aqueous Zn. The extent of contamination is in the sequence of Zn>Cu>Pb>As>Cd. It is speculated that Cu distribution has been significantly affected by its binding to organic matter in the top layer sediment. Based on Pb distribution in both water and sediment, it is suggested that Pb transport in the canal is associated with colloids or particles suspended in water. The study showed that the top layer sediment in the Grand Canal serves as a sink to anthropogenic contaminants consisting of heavy metals as well as organic compounds.

Factors contributing to clinical picture and progression of Huntington's disease

Huntington’s disease（HD）is an autosomal dominant,monogenic,progressive,neurodegenerative and rare disease with a frequency of10 per 100,000 in the Caucasian population and occurring more rarely in other races（Squitieri et al.,1994）.HD is,nevertheless,one of the most frequently and extensively studied diseases of those caused by a dynamic mutation.The HD mutation is located on the short arm of the 4th chromosome within the HTT gene.

Maternal Mortality in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Service of Regional Hospital Center of Ouahigouya: Epidemiological, Etiological Aspects and Contributing Factors—About 151 Cases Collected in Three Years from 1st January 2013 to 31 December 2015

The objective of our study was to study the epidemiological, etiological and contributory factors of maternal deaths in the obstetrics and gynecology department of the regional hospital center (RHC) of Ouahigouya from 2013 to 2015. We carried out a descriptive and analytical study on maternal deaths in maternity of the RHC of Ouahigouya, including all patients who died in the obstetrics and gynecology department of the RHC of Ouahigouya from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2015, which meets WHO’s definition of maternal death. We recorded 151 maternal deaths and 5481 live births, a maternal mortality ratio of 2755 per 100,000 live births. The most affected women were women aged 20 - 24 years (27.8%), multiparous (25.5%), married women (88.7%) and those without income-generating activities (85.4%). The main causes of death from direct obstetrical complications were hemorrhage (38.3%), infections (21.5%), abortions (16.8%) and complications of hypertension disorders (15.8%) and for indirect obstetrical complications, malaria (36.6%), anemia (29.5%), and HIV/AIDS (9.1%). Contributing factors to maternal deaths prior to admission were delay in referral (33.3%) and delay in transfer (31.5%) and delay in admission (32.8%) and delay in diagnosis (23.4). From our study, it appears elsewhere as well as that most maternal deaths are preventable, hence the need for coordinated actions to effectively fight against maternal mortality.

Understanding the Contributing Factors to Nighttime Crashes at Freeway Mainline Segments

This study investigated the crash contributing factors to the injury outcomes and the characteristics of the night time crashes at freeway mainline segments. Multinomial logit model (MNL) was selected to estimate the explanatory variables at a 95% confidence level. The six-year crash data (2005-2010) were obtained in the State of Florida, USA and five injury level outcomes, no injury, possible injury, non-incapacitating injury, capacitating injury, and fatal injury, were considered. The no injury level was selected as the baseline category.

Vascular dysfunctions and platelet activations by arsenic: two major contributing factors to cardiovascular disease

Arsenic in drinking water is a worldwide health problem that is associated with cardiovascular disease, but the cause is currently unknown. In order to examine whether arsenic affects vasomotor tone in blood vessels, we investigated the effect of arsenic on agonist-induced vasorelaxation and vasoconstriction using the isolated rat aortic rings in in vitro organ bath system. Treatment with inorganic arsenite (AsⅢ) inhibited acetylcholine-induced relaxation of aortic rings by inhibiting production of nitric oxide in endothelium.

Magnitude and Factors Contributing to Erectile Dysfunction among Diabetic Men Attending the Diabetic Clinic at Debre Tabor Comprehensive and Specialized, Hospital in North West, Ethiopia 2020, Institutional Based Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Erectile dysfunction, which is defined as difficult to attain and maintain an erectile function enough to permit sufficient sexual performance, is accepted to be a big problem especially among diabetic patients. Objective To assess the Magnitude and factors contributing to Erectile Dysfunction Among Diabetic men attending the diabetic clinic in Debre Tabor Comprehensive and Specialized hospital, North West Ethiopia. Methods: Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted on 362 participants in Debre Tabor Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital from August - December 2020 using systematic random sampling technique. Data were analyzed with SPSS Version 23. Binary and multivariable logistic regressions were done to identify factors which were contributing to erectile dysfunction. P-value < 0.05 and the corresponding 95% CI of odds ratios were considered to declare the result as statistically significant. Results: Three hundred sixty-two diabetes patients participating in the study with the mean age being 44.4 ± 14.47 (range: 18 - 78) years were interviewed. The majority (59.7% with CI: 54.4:64.6) of the diabetes patients suffered from erectile dysfunction and 13.3% (95% CI 17.8% - 26.8%) were found to have severe erectile dysfunction. Bi-variable analysis showed duration of diabetes (>10 years), type of diabetes (type II), physical exercise, drinking alcohol, BMI, blood glucose, and blood pressure were associated with erectile dysfunction at 5% level (p ≤ 0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that duration of diabetes 10 years (AOR = 6.2, 95% CI: 2.78 - 13.85, p = 0.001), co-existing hypertension (AOR: 3.59, 95% CI: 1.58 - 8.19, p = 0.002), physically inactive (AOR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.53 - 8.31, p = 0.003), unsafe level alcohol intake (AOR: 3.09;95% CI 1.45 - 6.59*, p = 0.003) and raised blood glucose (AOR: 15.26, 95% CI: 7.82 - 29.77, p = 0.004) were independent risk factors but no association was found with other variables. Conclusion: The magnitude of erectile dysfunction in this study population was 59.7% and associated with the type of diabetes;duration of diabetic, physical exercise, alcohol drinking, increase in blood pressure, and elevated blood glucose level were independently correlated with erectile dysfunction.

A Study of New Consumption from the Perspective of Mediatization:Essence, Contributing Factors, and Reinvention of Rules

Most of the existing literature on the emergence of new consumption and its essence is based on the discussion of micro consumption phenomena. This paper takes new consumption phenomena in the digital media-dominated polymedia environment as the object of study to review the theoretical history of “mediatization,” and explores new consumption’s emergence, essence, and related issues systematically through deductive reasoning. More specifically, this paper is to first interpret the mediatization theory and then analyze two dimensions(i.e., the formation of mediatized consumption and the resultant reinvention of practice rules) from the perspective of media affordances. On this basis, we conclude mediatized consumption’s essence, forms, and practice rules. This study indicates that new consumption is essentially mediatized consumption, which concerns “media-shaped consumption” and “consumption-shaped media,” and that new consumption has two representations;consumption-oriented media and banal consumption. Media affordances make new consumption fields human-oriented, connecting “people” and “things,” and are becoming a major contributor to the formation of mediatized consumption. Thus, the practice rules concerning “people, goods, and fields” in the new consumption sector are reinvented;the social interactions in the “middle region” are highlighted;the imaginative, narrative, and social characteristics of goods are emphasized;and the cross-field integration of consumption is realized.

Factors driving surface deformations in plain area of eastern Zhengzhou City,China

With the rapid socio-economic development and urban expansion,land subsidence has emerged as a major environmental issue,impeding the high-quality development of the plain area in eastern Zhengzhou City,Henan Province,China.However,effective prevention and control of land subsidence in this region have been challenging due to the lack of comprehensive surface deformations monitoring and the quantitative analysis of the factors driving these deformations.In order to accurately identify the dominant factor driving surface deformations in the study area,this study utilized the Persistent Scattered Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar(PS-InSAR)technique to acquire the spatio-temporal distribution of surface deformations from January 2018 to March 2020.The acquired data was verified using leveling data.Subsequently,GIS spatial analysis was employed to investigate the responses of surface deformations to the driving factors.The findings are as follows:Finally,the geographical detector model was utilized to quantify the contributions of the driving factors and reveal the mechanisms of their interactions.The findings are as follows:(1)Surface deformations in the study area are dominated by land subsidence,concentrated mainly in Zhongmu County,with a deformation rate of−12.5–−37.1 mm/a.In contrast,areas experiencing surface uplift are primarily located downtown,with deformation rates ranging from 0 mm to 8 mm;(2)Groundwater level,lithology,and urban construction exhibit strong spatial correlations with cumulative deformation amplitude;(3)Groundwater level of the second aquifer group is the primary driver of spatially stratified heterogeneity in surface deformations,with a contributive degree of 0.5328.The contributive degrees of driving factors are significantly enhanced through interactions.Groundwater level and the cohesive soil thickness in the second aquifer group show the strongest interactions in the study area.Their total contributive degree increases to 0.5722 after interactions,establishing them as the primary factors influencing surface deformation patterns in the study area.The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis and scientific support for precise prevention and control measures against land subsidence in the study area,as well as contributing to research on the underlying mechanisms.

Factors contributing to myasthenic crisis after thymectomy-a multivariate analysis study

Objective To evaluate the risk factors of myasthenic crisis (MC) after thymectomy for myasthenia gravis (MG) . Methods A retrospective study was conducted in 84 patients with MG from July 1995 to December 2009. The following factors were evaluated: sex,age,history of preoperative myasthenic crisis,Ossermen classification, steroid hormones use and anticholinesterase drugs before operation,operation methods,operation time,thymoma,

唐山市大气颗粒物和O_(3)多尺度变化及影响因素

采用KZ滤波法、多元逐步回归法和小波相干性分析法,从不同时间尺度探究了唐山市2015~2022年间PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_(3)的演变特征,并有效区分和定量估算了污染源排放和气象因素对污染物浓度的贡献,揭示了气象因素对污染物不同尺度的影响,以及颗粒物和O_(3)之间的协同作用机制.结果表明:研究期间唐山市颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的浓度长期分量均呈现显著下降趋势,季节分量和短期分量均呈现不同程度的周期波动.O_(3)浓度长期分量变化幅度较小,其季节分量和短期分量均在每年5~7月之间有明显变化趋势.颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度的长期分量变化主要由源排放因素控制,且源排放贡献占90%以上,而O_(3)浓度的长期分量变化则由源排放和气象因素共同控制,且其贡献比例约为2:3.气象因素温度、相对湿度、地表垂直风速和降水量对PM_(2.5)主要表现为小时间尺度的正向作用和大时间尺度的负向作用.温度和短波辐射强度对O_(3)主要呈正向影响,而PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和O_(3)之间存在小时间尺度的正向影响和大时间尺度的负向作用.

古诗中的“衬托”手法——以宋前诗歌为考察对象

衬托手法在诗歌写作中应用极为广泛,它以次要物象映衬主要物象,使之特点更鲜明。衬托物经由兴、比喻、对比、踵事增华、渲染氛围等思维方式与被衬托物联系在一起,它可能是与被衬托物共处于特定环境的自然存在,也可能是作者引入的物象或者典故。因为事物间的天然联系,诗歌按照自然状态反映外物,即可能采用衬托手法。写作对象不易摹写、对诗歌对仗之美的追求等,都可能促成衬托手法的使用。景物作为烘托物进入诗歌,经历了一个由简单到复杂的进化过程,这一过程与诗歌写作艺术的发展密切相关。衬托手法运用得宜,是诗歌创作的极大助力,但诗歌创作亦不必一味拘泥于衬托。

中国进口天然气运输脆弱性分析

随着“双碳”战略的推进,中国对天然气的需求与日俱增,天然气对外依存度逐渐升高,为保证中国进口天然气的稳定供应,对其运输进行脆弱性分析极为必要。基于VSD评估框架,从暴露度、敏感性、适应能力3个维度建立脆弱性评价指标体系,结合SERV模型构建改进后的计算方程,定量分析中国进口天然气运输脆弱性,并建立因子贡献度模型识别主要影响因子。研究结果表明:中国进口天然气运输脆弱性大致经历了高速增长、小幅下降、小幅上升和波动下降4个阶段;脆弱性的3个维度随时间变化呈现不同的变化趋势;从指标体系中识别出10项指标对中国进口天然气运输脆弱性影响较大。为降低中国进口天然气运输脆弱性,应加强管网建设,做好海运航线规划;加快储气调峰设施建设;深化合作,优化天然气进口来源结构;加速能源结构调整,提升应对进口价格波动能力。

西北六省区农田地膜残留特征与关键影响因素

为了探明西北六省区农田地膜残留特征与关键影响因素,本研究于2020—2022年在新疆维吾尔自治区、内蒙古自治区、青海省、宁夏回族自治区、陕西省、甘肃省布设共计160个农田地膜残留监测点,利用典型样点采集的方法进行农田地膜残留监测,同时对农田农户背景资料进行问卷调查。结果表明:2020—2022年西北六省区160个农田地膜残留监测点的农田地膜残留量介于0.46~369.29 kg·hm^(-2)之间,平均残膜量70.30 kg·hm^(-2),处于接近国家标准限值75 kg·hm^(-2)的水平。不同省份之间残膜量差异显著(P<0.05),残膜污染较严重的农田主要分布在新疆和内蒙古,陕西、青海、甘肃和宁夏地区残膜污染较轻。农田地膜残留量与覆膜年限呈显著正相关、与地膜厚度呈负相关关系,在不同作物类型及覆膜比例条件下差异显著,受不同回收方式、不同种植户类型及其距村庄的距离、不同土壤类型影响显著。残膜量主要影响因素及其贡献度分别为回收方式30.8%、作物类型15.2%、覆膜比例13.8%、覆膜年限10.8%;种植户类型、地块距村庄距离、土壤类型、地膜标识厚度对农田地膜残留量的贡献度较小,均不足10%。研究表明,西北六省区存在较大的地膜污染隐患,建议因地制宜地加强防治力度、改良防治方案,改进和推广地膜污染防治技术,在充分考虑农民利益的基础上完善地膜防治政策。

变应性鼻炎发病相关危险因素分析

变应性鼻炎是常见的鼻部疾病,在全世界范围内的的患病率逐年上升,且已严重影响了患者的生活质量并加重了社会及个人的经济负担。了解其发病相关危险因素有助于临床医师对疾病进行早期干预并改善患者生活质量。因此,本文就变应性鼻炎发病相关危险因素做一综述,为临床诊治提供依据。

考虑因素异质影响的直升机事故严重性分析

提取美国国家运输安全委员会(National Transportation Safety Board, NTSB)数据库1241起直升机事故记录的关键信息,分析通用航空直升机事故后果严重性的影响因素及其影响异质性问题。首先,将事故记录中各项信息梳理为时间、飞行过程、飞行员、直升机和气象条件类因素,同时,采用卡方检验分析各因素在无伤事故、轻伤事故和重伤死亡事故分类下的分布差异;而后,基于不同先验概率分布的随机系数构建若干混合Logit模型,拟合事故严重性;最后,通过对比不同模型的拟合效果,根据最优模型的参数估计,分析不同事故严重性对应因素的影响机理和影响的异质性问题。结果表明:直升机事故严重性的统计建模存在明显的因素影响异质性问题;基于独立正态和多元正态分布的相关随机系数混合Logit模型拟合效果优于其他模型;影响因素中,出现仪表气象条件、空中失去控制、燃油问题、低空运行及挂载(含撞线/树)、运动及作业、进近、老年驾驶员、飞行员具有直升机仪表能力以及直升机起火爆炸等因素时,将显著增加重伤死亡事故的概率;异质性分析中,周末、老年飞行员和三点式座椅安全带等因素存在显著的影响异质性。