Control Effect of UAV Low Volume Spray Technology on Thrips and Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Tobacco Field

[Objectives]The paper was to explore the influence of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)low volume spray technology on the control effect of viruliferous thrips and tomato spotted wilt virus(TSWV)under different pesticide concentrations,and to explore the effective control nodes and methods of thrips and TSWV.[Methods]According to the occurrence characteristics of thrips and TSWV,the field control effects of 4 pesticides on thrips and TSWV were tested by UAV with the thrips number and disease index as indicators,following the principle of regional and periodic control trials.[Results]In the groups of UAV and artificial prevention and control,4 agents were used alternatively,including 1%emamectin benzoate ME,1.7%abamectin imidacloprid ME,5%emamectin benzoate WDG,and 30%pyriproxyfen dinotefuran SL.There was no significant difference in the control effect of thrips and TSWV among treatment 1(recommended dosage of UAV agent),treatment 2(reduction of recommended dosage of UAV agent by 25%)and treatment 4(recommended dosage of artificial control agent),and the control effects on thrips were more than 83.16%in the 3 treatments.The disease index of TSWV in the 3 treatments decreased from 8.64±1.37 in the blank control group to less than 3,which reached the prevention and control threshold.But treatment 3(reduction of recommended dosage of UAV agent by 50%)did not reach the prevention and control threshold.The disease index of TSWV in the blank control area increased with the increase of the number of live nymphs of thrips,and there was a significant positive correlation,with good fitness.[Conclusions]UAV has a significant impact on the control effect of thrips and TSWV under different pesticide concentrations.In the actual flight control application,it is recommended that the amount of the pesticides is about 3/4 and not less than 1/2 of that of the artificial application.The control area should be extended to 100 m of the ridge of the tobacco field,and UAV is used periodically to control thrips and TSWV for 5 times from pre-transplanting stage to pre-squaring stage of flue-cured tobacco.The control effect is significantly different from the traditional artificial application.

Control Effects of Jinggangmycin and Its Compounded Reagents against Rice Sheath Blight

The control effects of six kinds of reagents against rice sheath blight were compared in the test. The results showed that 24% thifluzamide SC 300 mL/hm2 and 20% Jinggangmycin ~ prochloraz WP 750 g/hm2 had good control effect against rice sheath blight, and their control effects after spraying for 7 and 14 d were 72.16%, 77.91% and 66.52%, 71.08%, respectively. The control effects of both reagents were significantly better than other test reagents and control re- agent Jinggangmycin, and they had no adverse effect on growth and development of rice. Considering from the aspects of control effect and economy, 20% Jinggang- mycin ~ prochloraz WP was suggested to be used to control rice sheath blight, its recommended dosage was 600 -750 g/hm2, and the reagent volume was 750kg with coarse spraying.

Sand control effect of HDPE sandbreak nets with different porosity structure

Straw checkerboard sand barriers with a porous structure that consists of a pervious upper portion and a dense lower portion are widely used to achieve great sand control effect.Considering this,and resolving the serious earth surface undercutting problem after HDPE sandbreak net checkboard barriers setting,the authors used HDPE(high-density polyethylene)materials to prepare new sandbreak materials with a similar porous structure.Through wind tunnel simulations and field sand control monitoring,we compared the sand control effect of three HDPE sandbreak nets with different porosity structure.Compared to the sandbreak net with uniform porosity structure,the three types of HDPE sandbreak nets with different porosity structure had poorer effect on reducing sand transport rates,but had longer effective protection distance before sandbreak nets at low wind velocity conditions(<12 m/s),longer effective protection distance at high wind velocity(>14 m/s)and longer effective protection distance between sandbreak nets at all experimental wind velocity conditions.Wind and sand control effect characteristics of HDPE sandbreak nets with different porosity structure provide an ideal material on semiburied checkerboard sand barriers for sand stabilization.By contrast,uniform-type sandbreak nets are used as materials on high upright sand fences for sand blocking.These HDPE sandbreak nets can be used to replace traditional sandbreak materials and have a very high potential for widespread and popular application in aeolian sand disaster control.

Control effect of lanthanum against plant disease

Effect of La on emergence, growth and development of Isatis indigotica Fort. and Festuca arundinacea seedlings was researched by pot experiments of inoculating Rhizoctonia solani and with the mixture ofRhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani in disinfected soil after the seeds were soaked in the solution with different concentrations of La^3＋. The results indicated that infection rate decreased and there were significant disease controlling effects on seed rot, bud rot and root rot caused by pathogenic fungi when the seeds were soaked by La^3＋. Thus, the rates of emergence of Isatis indigotica Fort. and turfgrass Festuca arundinacea were increased, When La^3＋ concentration was in a proper range, the growth and development of plant seed/ings were promoted. Spraying La on rice plants showed a significant controling effect on Rhizoctonia solani. Furthermore, the EC50 of La^3＋performed 128.7 and 128.1 mg/L at 1 and 7 d after spraying La in rice plants, respectively. The EC50 of La^3＋ performed in vivo （in rice plant） was lower than that in vitro （171.9 mg/L）.

Evaluation of Control Effects against Sugarcane Pests：A New Sustained-release and Long-lasting Pesticide and Convenient and Efficient Pesticide Application Technology

[Objective]The paper was to screen a new ideal sustained-release,long-lasting and low-toxic pesticide and convenient and efficient pesticide application technology for controlling Ceratovacuna lanigera and Baliathrips serratus. [Method]2% Imidacloprid GR were selected and applied in the soil for field efficacy trial. [Result] The optimum dosage of 2% imidacloprid GR was 30 kg/hm^2（ active ingredient 600 g）,which can be mixed with fertilizer（ 30 kg pesticide and 40-80 kg fertilizer per hm^2） once combined with sugarcane planting management or big ridging during February and June. The control effects against C. lanigera and B. serratus could be more than 98. 2% and 81. 1%,respectively. The actual yield and sugar content in various pesticide treatments were increased by 33 390 kg/hm^2 and 6. 6% respectively compared to blank control. [Conclusion]2% imidacloprid GR has good control effects on C. lanigera and B. serratus. It is a new pesticide with ideal sustained-release,long-lasting and low-toxin effects against C. lanigera and B. serratus. Therefore,it could be used alternatively with other pesticides,to delay production and development of drug resistance.

A Message-array-based Mechanism for Tracking Control Effects in Supervisory Control Software

Supervisory control is a very popular paradigm for computer-controlled systems. Knowledge and tracking the control effect of every control operation is crucial to the control tasks. In the paper, we present a message-array-based mechanism to track control effects in supervisory control software. A novel data type, message array, is designed to efficiently support this tracking mechanism. The operation algorithms, adding algorithm （AA）, removing algorithm （RA）, and scheduler algorithm （SA） are proposed to operate the tracking messages in message array, which forms the special first input X output （FIXO） strategy of message array. Automatically tracking, recording, and rolling back are the characteristics of our tracking mechanism. We implement this messagearray-based mechanism on the famous human machine interface （HMI） software platform-proficy iFix, and construct experiments to evaluate the performance of the mechanism in various cases. The results show our mechanism can be well satisfied with supervisory control software.

Epidemic Regularity and Control Effect of Huanglongbing (HLB) in Different Management Approaches

In order to reveal the epidemic regularity of Huanglongbing （HLB） in different management approaches, different citrus production areas were selected between 2002 and 2012 to compare epidemic regularity of different types and control effects of different management approaches with plant incidence rate. All survey data in 11 years were used to build a mathematical model, and epidemic evolution and control effects were quantitatively analyzed. The results indicated that diffusion and prevalence of HLB generally increased linearly. In naturally growing citrus orchards without artificial control, the annual diseased plant rate was 11.11%, and the epidemic diffusion model was y1 = 12. 24x - 1.382 8 （ n =9, r =0. 976 9 ＊ ＊ ）. Under general prevention and control conditions, the annual diseased plant rate was 4.69%, the epidemic diffusion model was Y2 = 5. 449 8x - 1.603 5 （ n = 11, r =0. 974 9 ＊ ＊ ）, and the control effect was 43.93% （22.93% - 55.04% ）. In citrus orchards with integrated prevention and control, the epidemic diffusion model was Y3 = 0. 366 3x - 0. 342 2 （ n = 11, r = 0. 989 8 ＊ ＊ ）, the control effect was 96.15% （94.95% -97.40% ）, and the annual diseased plant rate was 0.31%. Thus, HLB is preventable and controllable as long as integrated prevention and control work is implemented well.

Control Effects of 12 Kinds of Insecticides on Sugarcane Pests at Different Periods

[ Objective] The paper was to study control effects of 12 kinds of insecticides on sugarcane pests at different periods. [ Method] By field experiment, the control effects of different insecticides against sugarcane pests at planting stage, seedling stage and tillering stage of sugarcane were studied. [ Result] After seedcane was treated by Chlorantraniliprole, Durivo and Seed soaking, the dead heart seedlings were significantly reduced in fields, and the control effects were 87.13% ± 12.87%, 85.22% ± 14.78%, 82.71% ± 17.29%, respectively ; Durivo （ seedling emergence rate is 63.00% ± 10.30% ） and Seed soaking （ seedling emergence rate is 57.75 % ± 4.50% ） could also significantly enhance seedling emergence rate. After ＂removal-irrigation＂ treatment during seedling stage, the con- tml effects of Flubendiamide （76.26% ±4.31% ） and Chlorantraniliprele （61.66% ±6.65% ） against sugarcane stem borer were significantly higher than Virtako （60.17% ±7.06%）, Deltamethrin（38.75% ±9.88%）, lambda-cyhalothrin （54.06% ±6.83%）, 18% Dimehypo AS （37.98% ±10.31%） and Dipterex （38.64% ±9.34% ）. During tillering stage, with the increased application of 3.6% Dimehypo GR in cultivation and earthing up, the control effect on stem borer was significantly increased, and the control effect reached （72.03%± 17.06% ） as the dosage was 120 kg/hm2 ; when the dosage of phoxim exceeded 30 kg/hm2, the control effect on underground pests reached 44.00% ± 14.80%, and the control effect did not have significant difference as the dosage was ranged from 30 kg/hm2 to 60 kg/hm2. [ Conclusion] The paper provided scientific basis for selection of different control methods, different chemicals and dosages against pests during different periods.

Control Effect of Validamycin against Seedling Blight of Atractylodes macrocephala

[Objective] The paper was to explore the effective agent against seedling blight of Atractylodes macrocephala. [Method] The control effects of 60% validamycin A SP against seeding blight of A. macrocephala were studied in the field, and compared with that of control agent 20% bismerthiazol WP. [Result] At 14 d post the third spraying, the control effect of 60% validamycin A SP at the dose of 495-540 g/hm;was 76.9%,which was equivalent to that of control agent 20% bismerthiazol WP sprayed at the dose of 270 g/hm;（76.7%）. [Conclusion] 60% Validamycin A SP could be used as the ideal agent against seedling blight of A. macrocephala, with good prospects of application and popularization.

Control Effects of Different Doses of MCPA-Na Against Weeds in Foxtail Millet Field

[ Objective] The paper was compare the control effects of different doses of MCPA-Na on weeds in foxtail millet field. [ Method ] Different doses of MC- PA-Na were sprayed on foxtail millet field, while artificial weeding and spraying water was designed as control. The strain control effect and fresh weight control effect were calculated. [Result]The strain control effect and fresh weight control effect of 2 250 g/hm^2 MCPA-Na at 25 and 40 d post spraying were the best, and the fresh weight control effects reached 84.19% and 87.23%, respectively. Compared to CK, the yield increase effect of 1 500 g/hm^2 was the best, and the yield increase rate was 54.31% ; followed by 1 125 g/hm^2. Generally, 1 500 g/hm^2 was the best dosage of MCPA-Na in foxtail millet production. [ Conclusion]The paper provided a theoretical basis for screening the best dose of herbicide in foxtail millet production.

Control Effect Evaluation of 70% Thiamethoxam ZF against Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner and Baliathrips serratus Kobus on Sugarcane

[Objective] The paper was to provide scientific basis for popularization and application of 70% Thiamethoxam ZF. [Method] 70% Thiamethoxam ZF was selected and applied in the soil for controlling Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner and Baliathrips serratus Kobus. [ Result ] 70% Thiamethoxam ZF had good con-rol effect against C. lanigera and B. serratus. The optimum dosage of 70% Thiamethoxam ZF was 450 g/hm^2 （effective ingredients 315 g）. 70% Thiamethoxam ZF （ dosage per hm^2 ） mixed with the regular fertilizer （ dosage per hm^2 ） should be applied together in sugarcane planting and management from February to June. The control effects against C. lanigera and B. serratus were above 98.4% and 82.9% respectively. The actual yield and sugar content were increased by more than 34 290 kg/hm^2 and 6.8% respectively compared to blank control. [ Conclusion] 70% Thiamethoxam ZF was a new ideal pesticide with characteristics of sustained- release, long-lasting and low-toxic for controlling C. lanigera and B. serratus, and should be applied widely in the sugarcane planting area.

Control Effects of Three Poisonous Baits on Solenopsis invicta Buren

The field control effects of different concentrations of indoxacarb baits,fipronil baits and chlorfenapyr baits on Solenopsis invicta was evaluated. The results showed that at 21 post administration,the control effects of 0. 04% indoxacarb on nests and worker ants reached 100%; the control effect of 0. 02% and0. 06% indoxacarb on active nests and worker ants were 87. 50% and 100%,respectively; 0. 000 25% and 0. 000 5% fipronil and 0. 05% chlorfenapyr also had significant control effects on active nests and worker ants. At 30 d post administration,the decline rates of ant colony grade treated by 0. 04% and 0. 06% indoxacarb,0. 000 25% fipronil and 0. 05% chlorfenapyr were 100%,100%,91. 44% and 98. 11%,respectively,and the comprehensive control effect reached 97. 18%.

Prevention and Control Effects of New Biological Formulations Sprayed by Different Methods on Proceras venosatus (Walker) and Tryporyza intacta Snellen in Middle and Late Stages

To screen new biological formulations, accurate and efficient application technology, field test was conducted with 72% Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)·monosultap WP, 8% lambda-cyhalothrin·emamectin benzoate SA and 3.6% lambda-cyhalothrin·Bt SA through manual spraying and unmanned aerial vehicle spraying. Test results and comprehensive evaluation analysis demonstrated that 72% Bt·monosultap WP and 8%lambda-cyhalothrin·emamectin benzoate SA by manual spraying and unmanned aerial vehicle spraying had good prevention and control effect on strains and internodes damaged by Tryporyza intacta Snellen in middle and late stage, which were ideal new biological formulations with high effi-ciency and low risk for prevention and control of T. intacta in middle and late stage, and could be popularized in sugarcane area. 72% Bt·monosultap WP at the dose of 3 000 g/hectare and 8% lambda-cyhalothrin·emamectin benzoate SA at the dose of 750 mL/hectare could be sprayed in mid September at the peak occurrence period of the forth and fifth generations of T. intacta and Proceras venosatus. Agents were diluted with 900 kg water per hectare, and manually sprayed with electric knapsack sprayer; or agents were diluted with 15 kg of Haoyang aerial control special addi-tives and water per hectare, and sprayed with unmanned aerial vehicle. The control effect against borer-damaged strain rate was above 81.3% and that against borer-damaged internode rate was above 88.6%.

Control Effect and Application Technology of Mandipropamid on Red Taro Blight

The field experiment results showed that 250 g/l mandipropamid suspension had good control effect on red taro blight,and the 1∶1500 suspension was applied twice continuously during the early period( June 25) and culmination period( July 12) of taro blight; the control effect 23 d after the last application reached 79. 28%,significantly better than that of conventional pesticide,and it was safe,so it had good prospects for the development and application in production.

Field Control Effects of Four Biopesticides on Grape Gray Mold

[Objectives]The paper was to search for biopesticides with good control effect on grape gray mold.[Methods]A randomized field trial was carried out to compare the control effects of 100 million CFU/g Trichoderma harzianum WDG,200 million spores/g Trichoderma WP,24% validamycin AS,0.3% matrine AS on grape gray mold.[Results]Of the 4 biopesticides,200 million spores/g Trichoderma WP had the highest control effect on grape gray mold,with the control effect of 73.38% at 7 d post the second application,significantly higher than those of 100 million CFU/g T.harzianum WG and 0.3% matrine AS;the control effect was 75.77% at 14 d post the second application,significantly higher than those of other 3 biopesticides.[Conclusions]The 200 million spores/g Trichoderma WP shows a good control effect on grape gray mold with a long-lasting control effect,so it is more is for the control of summer black grape gray mold in Jianshui County.

Field Control Effects and Crop Safety Assessment of Triazole Fungicides on Apple Rust

In order to provide a reference basis for efficient prevention and control of apple rust,apple rust(Gymnosporangium yamadai)was used as the test material,the field control effects of six triazole fungicides with different concentrations and different application times on apple rust,and the safety of application in different periods on the crop were investigated in field trials.The results showed that the control effect and safety of myclobutanil were excellent.In the prevention test,the effects of myclobutanil 40%EC 2000 times and 4000 times dilutions in protecting apple leaves from G.yamadai infection reached more than 98%at 10 d after the second spraying in the fruitlet stage,and in the treatment test,the control effects of inhibiting the spread of leaf lesions were 90.89%and 87.17%at 16 d after the fourth spraying in the fruit expansion stage,respectively.The results of the crop safety test showed that when applying the triazole fungicides with different concentrations from the red bud stage to the fruit expansion stage of apple trees,there were no adverse effects on the leaves,branches,flowers and fruit,as well as no rust or deformity on the fruit surface.When spraying the fungicides from the red bud stage to the fruit expansion stage,except that the single fruit weights in the treatment of the 10%difenoconazole DC 2000 times and myclobutanil 40%EC 4000 times dilutions were reduced without a significant difference from the control,and the values of other treatments were all reduced by more than 9%compared with the control.When applying the fungicides during the fruit expansion period,none of the tested fungicide treatments had a significant effect on the fruit growth.

Screening of Dominant Species of Triehogramma sp. and Evaluation of Field Control Effect

[Objective]The paper was to screen out the dominant species of Trichogramma sp.parasitized on Osirinia nub ilalis eggs and to evaluate the field control effect of Trichogramma sp..[Method]Six kinds of fresh egg masses of Trichogramma sp.parasitized on O.nubilalis were used to screen out three dominant species of Trichogramma sp.,and the single factor experimental design was used to evaluate field control effect.The dominant species were determined by combining yield,recovery yield loss rate and yield increase rate.[Result]T.osiriniae had the highest parasitic rate on O.nub ilalis;the parasitic rate of egg masses was 74.0%,and the parasitic rate of egg granules was 65.4%.The second was T.dendrolimi;the parasitic rate of egg masses was 62.0%,and the parasitic rate of egg granules was 59.5%.The parasitic rates of egg masses and egg granules of T.chilonis were 58.0%and 47.1%,respectively.The three Trichogramma sp.were the dominant bee species parasitized on O.nubilalis eggs.The average control effect of T.osirinae parasitized on O.nubilalis in the field was 73.86%;the average control effect of T.dendrolimi was 68.47%;and the average control effect of T.chilonis was 47.97%.The recovery yield loss rates was 9.58%,7.02%and 4.02%,and the yield increase rates were 9.65%,7.47%and 4.52%,respectively.[Conclusion]Considering the control effect and cost control comprehensively,T.dendrolimi should be used to control O.nubilalis in actual production.

Control Effects of Different Agents on Tobacco Mosaic Virus Disease

[Objectives] This study was conducted to screen out suitable agents for controlling tobacco mosaic virus disease and the best control period in Zhangzhou tobacco area, providing a theoretical basis for the control of virus diseases, thereby improving the quality of flue-cured tobacco and the income of tobacco farmers. [Methods] The effects on tobacco mosaic virus disease under the interaction between different agents and different application periods were investigated. The incidence of tobacco mosaic virus disease was investigated, and its control effect was analyzed. [Results] Different agents and different application periods had different control effects on tobacco mosaic virus disease. The incidence of tobacco mosaic virus disease: At 30 and 45 d after transplanting, the incidences of A2B1 treatment were the lowest, at 0.85%, 1.71%, respectively;and at 60 d after transplanting, the incidence of A3B1 treatment was the lowest, only 10.68%. The control effect: At 30 and 45 d after transplanting, A2B1 treatment had better control effects, reaching 79.39% and 73.06%, respectively. [Conclusions] 3% hypersensitive protein sprayed at 1 d before transplanting and 7 and 15 d after transplanting achieved the best effect, followed by 10% ningnanmycin sprayed at 1 d before transplanting and 7 and 15 d after transplanting. In tobacco production, it is recommended to apply 1 000 times dilution of 3% supersensitive protein microgranules for three times(at 1 d before transplanting and 7 and 15 d after transplanting), which can effectively prevent tobacco mosaic virus disease.

Control Effect of Zinc Fertilizer Application Against Apple Little Leaf

In order to provide a theoretical basis for apple cultivation techniques and to provide a reference for preparation of scientific management measures,the occurrence and damage status of apple little leaf in northern Guizhou was investigated,and fertilizer control test against the disease was also conducted.（1）Apple little leaf occurred from April to October in apple producing areas in northern Guizhou every year,with heavy incidence from April to May,light incidence from June to July,and the lightest incidence from August to October.（2） Effectiveness test showed that application of zinc sulfate fertilizer 135 g ＋ cow dung 10 kg received the best control effect,followed by zinc sulfate fertilizer 165 g ＋ cow dung 10 kg,then zinc sulfate fertilizer 105 g ＋ cow dung 10 kg and zinc sulfate fertilizer 150 g ＋ cow dung 10 kg.（3） Based on local environmental conditions,occurrence and damage situation,incidence conditions and fertilizer efficacy test,comprehensive prevention and control technology with rational supplement of zinc fertilizer could be used to control apple little leaf.