Power Control Algorithm of Cognitive Radio Based on Non-Cooperative Game Theory

This paper addresses the power con- trol problems of Cognitive Radio （CR） trader transmission power and interference tempera- ture constraints. First, we propose the interfer- ence constraint which ensures that the Quality of Service （QoS） standards for primary users is considered and a non-cooperative game power control model. Based on the proposed model, we developed a logical utility function based on the Signal-to-Interference-Noise Ratio （S/NR） and a novel algorithm network power control. that is suitable for CR Then, the existence and uniqueness of the Nash Equilibrium （NE） in our utility function are proved by the principle of game theory and the corresponding optimi- zations. Compared to traditional algorithms, the proposed one could converge to an NE in 3-5 iterative operations by setting an appropriate pricing factor. Finally, simulation results ver- ified the stability and superiority of the novel algorithm in flat-fading channel environments.

Distributed power control algorithm based on game theory for wireless sensor networks

Energy saving is the most important issue in research and development for wireless sensor networks. A power control mechanism can reduce the power consumption of the whole network. Because the character of wireless sensor networks is restrictive energy, this paper proposes a distributed power control algorithm based on game theory for wireless sensor networks which objects of which are reducing power consumption and decreasing overhead and increasing network lifetime. The game theory and OPNET simulation shows that the power control algorithm converges to a Nash Equilibrium when decisions are updated according to a better response dynamic.

Game Modeling Research for Urbanization and Epidemic Control

To aid in the sustainable development of cities this paper examines methods for urbanization and epidemic control. Using, as a foundation, game theory from modern control theory, a set of strategies for modeling urbanization and epidemic control are examined by analyzing and studying the current condition of China including its population, economy, resources and city management methods. Urbanization and epidemic control solving strategies are probed and the solution to a simulated example is provided. The conclusion from this research is that the speed of Chinese urbanization should be slowed to match the condition of resources and level of city management available.

Size Distributions of Aerosol Sulfates and Nitrates in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games： Impacts of Pollution Control Measures and Regional Transport

For the 2008 Olympic Games, drastic control measures were implemented on industrial and urban emissions of sulfur dioxide （SO2）, nitrogen oxides （NOx） and other pollutants to address the issues of poor air quality in Beijing. To investigate the effects of SO2 and NOx reductions on the particulate sulfate and nitrate concentrations as well as their size distributions, size-segregated aerosol samples were collected using micro-orifice uniform deposit impactors （MOUDIs） at urban and downwind rural sites in Beijing before and after full-scale controls. During the sampling period, the mass concentrations of fine particles （PMI.s） at the urban and rural sites were 94.0 and 85.9 p.g m-3, respectively. More than 90% of the sulfates and 60% of nitrates formed as fine particles. Benefiting from the advantageous meteorological conditions and the source controls, sulfates were observed in rather low concentrations and primarily in condensation mode during the Olympics. The effects of the control measures were separately analyzed for the northerly and the southerly air-mass-dominated days to account for any bias. After the control measures were implemented, PM, sulfates, and nitrates were significantly reduced when the northerly air masses prevailed, with a higher percentage of reduction in larger particles. The droplet mode particles, which dominated the sulfates and nitrates before the controls were implemented, were remarkably reduced in mass concentration after the control measures were implemented. Nevertheless, when the polluted southerly air masses prevailed, the local source control measures in Beijing did not effectively reduce the ambient sulfate concentration due to the enormous regional contribution from the North China Plain.

On the finite horizon Nash equilibrium solution in the differential game approach to formation control

The solvability of the coupled Riccati differential equations appearing in the differential game approach to the formation control problem is vital to the finite horizon Nash equilibrium solution.These equations(if solvable)can be solved numerically by using the terminal value and the backward iteration.To investigate the solvability and solution of these equations the formation control problem as the differential game is replaced by a discrete-time dynamic game.The main contributions of this paper are as follows.First,the existence of Nash equilibrium controls for the discretetime formation control problem is shown.Second,a backward iteration approximate solution to the coupled Riccati differential equations in the continuous-time differential game is developed.An illustrative example is given to justify the models and solution.

Non-cooperative power control game for adaptive modulation and coding

Adaptive modulation and coding （AMC） provides the flexibility to match modulation and coding scheme （MCS） to signal to interference plus noise ratio （SINR） of users. To reduce the transmission power and maintain the transmission quality, power control is normally combined with AMC. While the target SINR of power control is fixed, therefore non-cooperative power control game for AMC （NPGA） algorithm was proposed to adapt to the dynamic target SINR changes according to MCS. In NPGA, we formulate system transmission efficiency via utility, where the utility function is constructed based on the modulation and coding efficiency with non-cooperative game theory. It is demonstrated theoretically that NPGA can satisfy the conditions of the supermodular games, and its solution is optimal. The simulation results show that NPGA can improve system transmission efficiency and signal quality with low transmission power, and the convergence performance of NPGA is more fast-effectiveness compared with geometric programming algorithms.

A Novel Distributed Optimal Adaptive Control Algorithm for Nonlinear Multi-Agent Differential Graphical Games

In this paper, an online optimal distributed learning algorithm is proposed to solve leader-synchronization problem of nonlinear multi-agent differential graphical games. Each player approximates its optimal control policy using a single-network approximate dynamic programming(ADP) where only one critic neural network(NN) is employed instead of typical actorcritic structure composed of two NNs. The proposed distributed weight tuning laws for critic NNs guarantee stability in the sense of uniform ultimate boundedness(UUB) and convergence of control policies to the Nash equilibrium. In this paper, by introducing novel distributed local operators in weight tuning laws, there is no more requirement for initial stabilizing control policies. Furthermore, the overall closed-loop system stability is guaranteed by Lyapunov stability analysis. Finally, Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Game-theoretic approach to power and admission control in hierarchical wireless sensor networks

Power efficiency and link reliability are of great impor- tance in hierarchical wireless sensor networks （HWSNs）, espe- cially at the key level, which consists of sensor nodes located only one hop away from the sink node called OHS. The power and admission control problem in HWSNs is comsidered to improve its power efficiency and link reliability. This problem is modeled as a non-cooperative game in which the active OHSs are con- sidered as players. By applying a double-pricing scheme in the definition of OHSs＇ utility function, a Nash Equilibrium solution with network properties is derived. Besides, a distributed algorithm is also proposed to show the dynamic processes to achieve Nash Equilibrium. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the effec- tiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Game theory approach to optimal capital cost allocation in pollution control

This paper tries to integrate game theory, a very useful tool to resolve conflict phenomena, with optimal capital cost allocation issue in total emission control. First the necessity of allocating optimal capital costs fairly and reasonably among polluters in total emission control was analyzed. Then the possibility of applying game theory to the issue of the optimal capital cost allocation was expounded. Next the cooperative N person game model of the optimal capital cost allocation and its solution ways including method based on Shapley value, least core method, weak least core methods, proportional least core method, CGA method, MCRS method and so on were delineated. Finally through application of these methods it was concluded that to apply game theory in the optimal capital cost allocation issue is helpful to implement the total emission control planning schemes successfully, to control pollution effectively, and to ensure sustainable development.

A CONNECTION ADMISSION CONTROL SCHEME BASED ON GAME THEORETICAL MODEL IN ATM NETWORKS

In this paper, the main schemes of connection admission control (CAC) in ATM networks are briefly discussed especially the principle of dynamic bandwidth allocation. Then the fair share of the bandwidth among different traffic sources is analyzed based on cooperative game model. A CAC scheme is proposed using the genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the bandwidth-delay-product formed utilization function that ensures the fair share and accuracy of accepting/rejecting the incoming calls. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme ensures fairness of the shared bandwidth to different traffic sources.

QoS awared power and admission controls based on non-cooperative game theory in wireless networks

In order to better accommodate heterogeneous quality of service (QoS) in wireless networks, an algorithm called QoS-aware power and admission controls (QAPAC) is proposed. The system is modeled as a non-cooperative game where the users adjust their transmit powers to maximize the utility, thus restraining the interferences. By using adaptive utility functions and tunable pricing parameters according to QoS levels, this algorithm can well meet different QoS requirements and improve system capacity compared with those that ignore the QoS differences.

A Trading Execution Model Based on Mean Field Games and Optimal Control

We present a trading execution model that describes the behaviour of a big trader and of a multitude of retail traders operating on the shares of a risky asset. The retail traders are modeled as a population of “conservative” investors that: 1) behave in a similar way, 2) try to avoid abrupt changes in their trading strategies, 3) want to limit the risk due to the fact of having open positions on the asset shares, 4) in the long run want to have a given position on the asset shares. The big trader wants to maximize the revenue resulting from the action of buying or selling a (large) block of asset shares in a given time interval. The behaviour of the retail traders and of the big trader is modeled using respectively a mean field game model and an optimal control problem. These models are coupled by the asset share price dynamic equation. The trading execution strategy adopted by the retail traders is obtained solving the mean field game model. This strategy is used to formulate the optimal control problem that determines the behaviour of the big trader. The previous mathematical models are solved using the dynamic programming principle. In some special cases explicit solutions of the previous models are found. An extensive numerical study of the trading execution model proposed is presented. The interested reader is referred to the website: http://www.econ.univpm.it/recchioni/finance/w19 to find material including animations, an interactive application and an app that helps the understanding of the paper. A general reference to the work of the authors and of their coauthors in mathematical finance is the website:?http://www.econ.univpm.it/recchioni/finance.

The Relationship between College Students’ Online Game Addiction, Family Function and Self-Control

Objective: To study the status of online game addiction, self-control ability and family function, analyze the influence factors and the relationship between them. Methods: The questionnaire of online game addiction, family function and self-control ability was used to investigate some college students. Results: 1) The detection rate of college students’ online game addiction is 40%. There are significant differences in sex, grade and only child in online game addiction. 2) There are significant differences in self-control ability and family function between online game addicts and non-addicts. 3) Self-control ability and family function have a significant predictive effect on online game addiction. Conclusion: College students’ online game addiction is affected by their self-control ability and family function, and it can be alleviated by improving their self-control ability and family function.

Optimal Control of a Vaccinating Game toward Increasing Overall Coverage

In this paper, we study an asymmetric game that characterizes the intentions of players to adopt a vaccine. The game describes a decision-making process of two players differentiated by income level and perceived treatment cost, who consider a vaccination against an infectious disease. The process is a noncooperative game since their vaccination decision has a direct impact on vaccine coverage in the population. We introduce a replicator dynamics (RD) to investigate the players’ optimal strategy selections over time. The dynamics reveal the long-term stability of the unique Nash-Pareto equilibrium strategy of this game, which is an extension of the notion of an evolutionarily stable strategy pair for asymmetric games. This Nash-Pareto pair is dependent on perceived costs to each player type, on perceived loss upon getting infected, and on the probability of getting infected from an infected person. Last but not least, we introduce a payoff parameter that plays the role of cost-incentive towards vaccination. We use an optimal control problem associated with the RD system to show that the Nash-Pareto pair can be controlled to evolve towards vaccination strategies that lead to a higher overall expected vaccine coverage.

Optimal Adaptive Control of a Class of Stochastic Systems Using Game Theory

This paper attempts to study a optimal adaptive con tr ol problem using game theory, and proposes an important practical result that an adaptive processes is a set of sufficient conditions under which pure strategy is essentially complete, and thus the fact that yield a very useful desirable pu re optimal control rule.

无线传感网络拥塞控制中节点选择强制博弈方法

无线传感网络中节点数据流量较大,分布范围较广,节点选择寻优计算复杂,导致浪费大量算力在节点选择上,拥塞控制效果不佳。提出一种无线传感网络拥塞控制中节点选择强制博弈方法,计算单条网络链路传输成本,依据传输数据耗费能量,计算传输节点可用能量比值,在传输变量权重值基础上,求得传输节点实际拥堵指数,完成节点选择。计算网络连接层的数据包丢弃概率,确定网络拥塞程度,汇聚节点数据流建立节点选择强制博弈模型,明确传感网络稳态传输条件,利用流量正态分布算法,在节点选择博弈中做出强制选择。经仿真分析证明:所提方法分组递交率保持在83%以上,丢包数量保持在100 pkt/s之内,网络传输节点端到端的延迟在0.3 s以内。

THE OPTIMAL CONTROL FOR PROMOTING THE COOPERATION IN EVOLUTION GAME GENERATED BY PRISONER'S DILEMMA

Natural selection opposes the evolution of cooperation unless specific mechanisms are at work in Prisoner＇s Dilemma. By taking advantage of the modern control theory, the controller design is discussed and the optimal control is designed for promoting cooperation based on the recent advances in mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation. Two con- trol strategies are proposed： compensation control strategy for the cooperator when playing against a defector and reward control strategy for cooperator when playing against a coop- erator. The feasibility and effectiveness of these control strategies for promoting cooperation in different stages are analyzed. The reward for cooperation can＇t prevent defection from being evolutionary stable strategy （ESS）. On the other hand, compensation for the coopera- tor can＇t prevent defection from emerging and sustaining. By considering the effect and the cost, an optimal control scheme with constraint on the admissible control set is put forward. By analyzing the special nonlinear system of replicator dynamics, the exact analytic solution of the optimal control scheme is obtained based on the maximum principle. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by examples.

基于Stackelberg博弈的停车场管理策略

为了解决城市停车难问题,基于Stackelberg博弈论提出了停车场运营者与交通管理者共同决策的城市停车场管理策略。针对停车者、停车场运营者和交通管理者的交互关系,从博弈论角度分析了这三方参与者之间的影响,并建立了这三方参与者的相应效用函数;以交通管理者与停车场运营者利益主体矛盾最小化为目标,基于Stackelberg博弈建立了这三方的博弈模型,确定了实时停车场进出管理原则;基于数值仿真将差分进化算法与Kriging代理模型进行联立对博弈模型进行求解,得到相应停车预约管理方案及三方效用;通过数值仿真将基于Stackelberg博弈得到的方案与停车场运营者利益最大化方案进行对比分析。研究结果表明:在主线流量大、中、小三种情景下,基于Stackelberg博弈方案是各方利益矛盾最小的方案。

基于博弈的Web应用程序中访问控制漏洞检测方法

针对工业互联网中程序的访问控制策略隐藏在源码中难以提取,以及用户的访问操作难以触发所有访问路径而导致逻辑漏洞的通用化检测难以实现的问题,将博弈思想应用于访问控制逻辑漏洞检测中,通过分析不同参与者在Web应用程序中对资源页面的博弈结果来识别漏洞,使得不同用户的访问逻辑能被有针对性地获取。实验结果表明,所提方法在开源的11个程序中检测出31个漏洞,其中8个为未公开的漏洞,漏洞检测覆盖率均超过90%。