The prediction of projectile-target intersection for moving tank based on adaptive robust constraint-following control and interval uncertainty analysis

To improve the hit probability of tank at high speed,a prediction method of projectile-target intersection based on adaptive robust constraint-following control and interval uncertainty analysis is proposed.The method proposed provides a novel way to predict the impact point of projectile for moving tank.First,bidirectional stability constraints and stability constraint-following error are constructed using the Udwadia-Kalaba theory,and an adaptive robust constraint-following controller is designed considering uncertainties.Second,the exterior ballistic ordinary differential equation with uncertainties is integrated into the controller,and the pointing control of stability system is extended to the impact-point control of projectile.Third,based on the interval uncertainty analysis method combining Chebyshev polynomial expansion and affine arithmetic,a prediction method of projectile-target intersection is proposed.Finally,the co-simulation experiment is performed by establishing the multi-body system dynamic model of tank and mathematical model of control system.The results demonstrate that the prediction method of projectile-target intersection based on uncertainty analysis can effectively decrease the uncertainties of system,improve the prediction accuracy,and increase the hit probability.The adaptive robust constraint-following control can effectively restrain the uncertainties caused by road excitation and model error.

Study on creep deformation and energy development of underground surrounding rock under four‐dimensional support

There is an urgent need to develop optimal solutions for deformation control of deep high‐stress roadways,one of the critical problems in underground engineering.The previously proposed four‐dimensional support(hereinafter 4D support),as a new support technology,can set the roadway surrounding rock under three‐dimensional pressure in the new balanced structure,and prevent instability of surrounding rock in underground engineering.However,the influence of roadway depth and creep deformation on the surrounding rock supported by 4D support is still unknown.This study investigated the influence of roadway depth and creep deformation time on the instability of surrounding rock by analyzing the energy development.The elastic strain energy was analyzed using the program redeveloped in FLAC3D.The numerical simulation results indicate that the combined support mode of 4D roof supports and conventional side supports is highly applicable to the stability control of surrounding rock with a roadway depth exceeding 520 m.With the increase of roadway depth,4D support can effectively restrain the area and depth of plastic deformation in the surrounding rock.Further,4D support limits the accumulation range and rate of elastic strain energy as the creep deformation time increases.4D support can effectively reduce the plastic deformation of roadway surrounding rock and maintain the stability for a long deformation period of 6 months.As confirmed by in situ monitoring results,4D support is more effective for the long‐term stability control of surrounding rock than conventional support.

Effects of anti-pull ties on the bearing behaviors of shallow tunnel-type anchorages in soft rock

Tunnel-type anchorages(TTAs)installed in human gathering areas are characterized by a shallow burial depth,and in many instances,they utilize soft rock as the bearing stratum.However,the stability control measures and the principle of shallow TTAs in soft rock have not been fully studied.Hence,a structure suitable for improving the stability of shallow TTAs in soft rock strata,named the anti-pull tie(APT),was added to the floor of the back face.Physical tests and numerical models were established to study the influence of the APT on the load transfer of TTAs,the mechanical response of the surrounding rock,the stress distribution of the interface,and the failure model.The mechanical characteristics of APTs were also studied.The results show that the ultimate bearing capacity of TTAs with an APT is increased by approximately 11.8%,as compared to the TTAs without an APT.Also,the bearing capacity of TTAs increases approximately linearly with increasing height,width,length,and quantity of APTs,and decreases approximately linearly with increasing distance from the back face and slope angle of the tie slope.The normal squeezing between the tie slope and the surrounding rock increases the shear resistance of the interface and expands the range of the surrounding rock participating in bearing sharing.Both tension and compression zones exist in the APT during loading.The tension zone extends from the tie toe to the tie bottom along the tie slope.The range of the tie body tension zone constantly expands to the deep part of the APT with an increasing load.The peak tensile stress value is located at the tie toe.The distribution of compressive stress in the tie body is the largest at the tie top,followed by the tie slope,and then the tie bottom.

Multi-objective Stability Control Algorithm of Heavy Tractor Semi-trailer Based on Differential Braking

Rollover and jack-knifing of tractor semi-trailer are serious threats for vehicle safety, and accordingly active safety technologies have been widely used to reduce or prevent the occurrence of such accidents. However, currently tractor semi-trailer stability control is generally only a single hazardous condition (rollover or jack-knifing) control, it is difficult to ensure the vehicle comprehensive stability of various dangerous conditions. The main objective of this study is to introduce a multi-objective stability control algorithm which can improve the vehicle stability of a tractor semi-trailer by using differential braking. A vehicle controller is designed to minimize the likelihood of rollover and jack-knifing. First a linear vehicle model of tractor semi-trailer is constructed. Then an optimal yaw control for tractor using differential braking is applied to minimize the yaw rate and lateral acceleration deviation of tractor, as well as the hitch articulation angle of tractor semi-trailer, so as to improve the vehicle stability. Second a braking scheme and variable structure control with sliding mode control are introduced in order to achieve the best braking effect. Last Fishhook maneuver is introduced to the active safety simulation and the active control system effect verification. The simulation results show that multi-objective stability control algorithm of semi-trailer could improve the vehicle stability significantly during the transient maneuvers. The proposed multi-objective stability control algorithm is effective to prevent the vehicle rollover and jackknifing.

Superposed disturbance mechanism of sequential overlying strata collapse for gob-side entry retaining and corresponding control strategies

Gob-area roof rupture movement is a key disturbance factor for gob-side entry retaining.The characteristics of gob-area sequential roof collapse of overlying strata and superposed disturbance mechanism for gob-side entry retaining are obtained via physical simulation and theoretical analysis,in which the scope of disturbed strata is enlarged from main roof to fracture zone.The experiment reveals that as a working face advances,roof strata sequentially collapse from bottom to top and produce multiple disturbances to gob-side entry retaining.Key strata among the overlying strata control each collapse.Main roof subsidence is divided into three stages:flexure subsidence prior to rupture,rotational subsidence during rupture and compressive subsidence after rupture.The amounts of deformation evident in each of the three stages are 15%,55%and 30%,respectively.After the master stratum collapses,main roof subsidence approaches its maximum value.The final span of the key stratum determines the moment and cycling of gob-side entry retaining disturbances.Main roof subsidence influences the load on the filling wall.The sequential roof collapse of overlying strata results in fluctuations in the gob-side entry retaining deformation.Calculation formulae for the final span of the key stratum and the filling wall load are obtained via theoretical analysis.A control method for the stability of the gob-side entry retaining’s surrounding rock is proposed,which includes 3 measures:a“dual-layer”proactive anchorage support,roadside filling with dynamic strength matching and auxiliary support during disturbance.Finally,the gob-side entry retaining of the Xiaoqing mine E1403 working face is presented as an engineering case capable of verifying the validity of the research conclusions.

Stability influence factors analysis and construction of a deep beam anchorage structure in roadway roof

Deep beam anchorage structures based on spatial distribution analysis of the cable prestressed field have been proposed for roadway roof support, Stability and other factors that influence deep beam structures are studied in this paper using mechanical calculations, numerical analysis and field measurements, A mechanical model of deep beam structure subjected to multiple loading is established, including analysis of roof support in the return airway of S1203 working face in the Yuwu coal mine, China, The expression of maximum shear stress in the deep beam structure is deduced according to the stress superposition criterion, It is found that the primary factors affecting deep beam structure stability are deep beam thickness, cable pre-tension and cable spacing, The variation of maximum shear stress distribution and prestressed field diffusion effects according to various factors are analyzed using Matlah and FLAC3DTM software, and practical support parameters of the S1203 return airway roof are determined, According to the observations of rock pressure, there is no evidence of roof separation, and the maximum values of roof subsidence and convergence of wall rock are 72 and 48 mm, respectively, The results show that the proposed roof support design with a deep beam structure is feasible and achieves effective control of the roadway roof,

Spatiotemporal evolution rule of rocks fracture surrounding gob-side roadway with model experiments

A series of plane-strain physical model experiments are carried out to study the spatiotemporal evolution rule of rocks fracture surrounding gob-side roadway, which is subjected to the pressure induced by the mining process. The digital photogrammetry technology and large deformation analysis method are applied to measure the deformation and fracture of surrounding rocks. The experimental results indicate that the deformation and fracture of coal pillars are the cause to the instability and failure of the surrounding rocks. The spatiotemporal evolution rule of the rock deformation and fracture surrounding gob-side roadway is obtained. The coal pillar and the roof near coal pillar should be strengthened in support design. The engineering application results also can provide a useful guide that the combined support with wire meshes, beam, anchor bolt and cable is an effective method.

Four Wheel Independent Drive Electric Vehicle Lateral Stability Control Strategy

In this paper,a kind of lateral stability control strategy is put forward about the four wheel independent drive electric vehicle.The design of control system adopts hierarchical structure.Unlike the previous control strategy,this paper introduces a method which is the combination of sliding mode control and optimal allocation algorithm.According to the driver’s operation commands(steering angle and speed),the steady state responses of the sideslip angle and yaw rate are obtained.Based on this,the reference model is built.Upper controller adopts the sliding mode control principle to obtain the desired yawing moment demand.Lower controller is designed to satisfy the desired yawing moment demand by optimal allocation of the tire longitudinal forces.Firstly,the optimization goal is built to minimize the actuator cost.Secondly,the weighted least-square method is used to design the tire longitudinal forces optimization distribution strategy under the constraint conditions of actuator and the friction oval.Beyond that,when the optimal allocation algorithm is not applied,a method of axial load ratio distribution is adopted.Finally,Car Sim associated with Simulink simulation experiments are designed under the conditions of different velocities and different pavements.The simulation results show that the control strategy designed in this paper has a good following effect comparing with the reference model and the sideslip angle is controlled within a small rang at the same time.Beyond that,based on the optimal distribution mode,the electromagnetic torque phase of each wheel can follow the trend of the vertical force of the tire,which shows the effectiveness of the optimal distribution algorithm.

An Adaptive Nonsingular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control for Yaw Stability Control of Bus Based on STI Tire Model

Due to the bus characteristics of large quality,high center of gravity and narrow wheelbase,the research of its yaw stability control(YSC)system has become the focus in the field of vehicle system dynamics.However,the tire nonlinear mechanical properties and the effectiveness of the YSC control system are not considered carefully in the current research.In this paper,a novel adaptive nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode(ANFTSM)control scheme for YSC is proposed to improve the bus curve driving stability and safety on slippery roads.Firstly,the STI(Systems Technologies Inc.)tire model,which can effectively reflect the nonlinear coupling relationship between the tire longitudinal force and lateral force,is established based on experimental data and firstly adopted in the bus YSC system design.On this basis,a more accurate bus lateral dynamics model is built and a novel YSC strategy based on ANFTSM,which has the merits of fast transient response,finite time convergence and high robustness against uncertainties and external disturbances,is designed.Thirdly,to solve the optimal allocation problem of the tire forces,whose objective is to achieve the desired direct yaw moment through the effective distribution of the brake force of each tire,the robust least-squares allocation method is adopted.To verify the feasibility,effectiveness and practicality of the proposed bus YSC approach,the TruckSim-Simulink co-simulation results are finally provided.The co-simulation results show that the lateral stability of bus under special driving conditions has been significantly improved.This research proposes a more effective design method for bus YSC system based on a more accurate tire model.

Reliability and sensitivity analysis of loop-designed security and stability control system in interconnected power systems

Security and stability control system(SSCS)in power systems involves collecting information and sending the decision from/to control stations at different layers;the tree structure of the SSCS requires more levels.Failure of a station or channel can cause all the execution stations(EXs)to be out of control.The randomness of the controllable capacity of the EXs increases the difficulty of the reliability evaluation of the SSCS.In this study,the loop designed SSCS and reliability analysis are examined for the interconnected systems.The uncertainty analysis of the controllable capacity based on the evidence theory for the SSCS is proposed.The bidirectional and loop channels are introduced to reduce the layers and stations of the existing SSCS with tree configuration.The reliability evaluation and sensitivity analysis are proposed to quantify the controllability and vulnerable components for the SSCS in different configurations.By aiming at the randomness of the controllable capacity of the EXs,the uncertainty analysis of the controllable capacity of the SSCS based on the evidence theory is proposed to quantify the probability of the SSCS for balancing the active power deficiency of the grid.

Experimental studies on active control of a dynamic system via a time-delayed absorber

The traditional passive absorber is fully effective within a narrow and certain frequency band.To solve this problem,a time-delayed acceleration feedback is introduced to convert a passive absorber into an active one.Both the inherent and the intentional time delays are included.The former mainly comes from signal acquiring and processing,computing,and applying the actuation force,and its value is fixed.The latter is introduced in the controller,and its value is actively adjustable.Firstly,the mechanical model is established and the frequency response equations are obtained.The regions of stability are delineated in the plane of control parameters.Secondly,the design scheme of control parameters is performed to help select the values of the feedback gain and time delay.Thirdly,the experimental studies are conducted.Effects of both negative and positive feedback control are investigated.Experimental results show that the proper choices of control parameters may broaden the effective frequency band of vibration absorption.Moreover,the time-delayed absorber greatly suppresses the resonant response of the primary system when the passive absorber totally fails.The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions and numerical simulations.

Vehicle path tracking by integrated chassis control

The control problem of trajectory based path following for passenger vehicles is studied. Comprehensive nonlinear vehicle model is utilized for simulation vehicle response during various maneuvers in MATLAB/Simulink. In order to follow desired path, a driver model is developed to enhance closed loop driver/vehicle model. Then, linear quadratic regulator(LQR) controller is developed which regulates direct yaw moment and corrective steering angle on wheels. Particle swam optimization(PSO) method is utilized to optimize the LQR controller for various dynamic conditions. Simulation results indicate that, over various maneuvers, side slip angle and lateral acceleration can be reduced by 10% and 15%, respectively, which sustain the vehicle stable. Also, anti-lock brake system is designed for longitudinal dynamics of vehicle to achieve desired slip during braking and accelerating. Proposed comprehensive controller demonstrates that vehicle steerability can increase by about 15% during severe braking by preventing wheel from locking and reducing stopping distance.

Failure mechanism and control technology of longwall coalface in large-cutting-height mining method

The stability control of longwall coalface is the key technology of large-cutting-height mining method.Therefore,a systematic study of the factors that affect coalface stability and its control technology is required in the development of large-cutting-height mining method in China. After the practical field observation and years of study,it was found that the more than 95% of failures in coalface are shear failure. The shear failure analysis model of coalface has been established,that can perform systematic study among factors such as mining height,coal mass strength,roof load,support resistance,and face flipper protecting plate horizontal force. Meanwhile,sensitivity analysis of factors influencing coalface stability showed that improving support capacity,cohesion of coal mass and decreasing roof load of coalface are the key to improve coalface stability. Numerical simulation of the factors affecting coalface stability has been performed using UDEC software and the results are consistent with the theoretical analysis. The coalface reinforcement technology of large-cutting-height mining method using the grouting combined with coir rope is presented. Laboratory tests have been carried out to verify its reinforcement effect and practical application has been implemented in several coal mines with good results.It has now become the main technology to reduce longwall coalface failure of large-cutting-height mining method.

Study on gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized longwall with top-coal caving and its application

Based on the engineering background of gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized longwall with top coal caving(GER-FLTC) on N2105 working face of Yuwu coal mine, by adopting the methods of theoretical analysis and numerical calculation, the control techniques of surrounding rocks in GER-FLTC working face are studied in this paper. The two main difficulties of stability of surrounding rocks at gob-side retained entry in fully-mechanized longwall working face are the stability control of top coal and control of large deformation of GER-FLTC working face. Interaction mechanical model between roofing and roadside backfilling in GER-FLTC is established and the equations for the calculation of roof-cutting resistance of roadside backfilling are derived. Results of numerical calculation show that the damage zones of top coal can be categorized into the delaminating zone of top coal above the backfilling, tensile damage zone of top coal above the retained roadway and shear damage zone of the upper rib of the solid coal. Stability control of top coal is the critical part to success of GER-FLTC. With consideration of large deformation of surrounding rocks of gob-side retained entry in fully-mechanized longwall, the support technique of‘‘roofing control and wall strengthening'' is proposed where high strength and highly prestressed anchor rods and diagonal tensile anchor cables support are used for top coal, high strength and highly prestressed yielding anchor rod support is used for solid coal and roadside prestressed load-carrying backfilling is constructed by high-water material, in order to maintain the integrity of the top coal, transfer load, high resistance yielding load-carrying of solid coal, roof-cutting of roadside backfilling and support,and to achieve GER-FLTC. Results from this study are successfully applied in engineering practice.

Mechanics criterion and factors affecting overburden stability in solid dense filling mining

The effect of controlling strata movement in solid filling mining depends on the filling rate of the goal. However, the mechanical property of the overburden in the backfill stope and the designed size of the backfill mining workface should also be considered. In this study, we established a main roof strata model with loads in accordance with the theory of key strata to investigate the stability of the overburden in solid dense filling mining. We analyzed the stress distribution law of the main roof strata based on elastic thin plate theory. The results show that the position of the long side midpoint of the main roof strata failed more easily because of tensile yield, indicating that this position is the area where failure is likely to occur more easily. We also deduced the stability mechanics criterion of the main roof strata based on tensile yield criterion. The factors affecting the stability of the overburden in solid dense filling mining were also analyzed, including the thickness and elasticity modulus of the main roof strata, overlying strata loads, advanced distance and length of workface, and elastic foundation coefficient of backfill body. The research achievements can provide an important theoretical basis for determining the designed size of the solid dense filling mining workface.

Stabilization control of a hovering model insect:lateral motion

Our previous study shows that the lateral disturbance motion of a model drone fly does not have inherent stability （passive stability）,because of the existence of an unstable divergence mode.But drone flies are observed to fly stably.Constantly active control must be applied to stabilize the flight.In this study,we investigate the lateral stabilization control of the model drone fly.The method of computational fluid dynamics is used to compute the lateral control derivatives and the techniques of eigenvalue and eigenvector analysis and modal decomposition are used for solving the equations of motion.Controllability analysis shows that although inherently unstable,the lateral disturbance motion is controllable.By feeding back the state variables （i.e.lateral translation velocity,yaw rate,roll rate and roll angle,which can be measured by the sensory system of the insect） to produce anti-symmetrical changes in stroke amplitude and/or in angle of attack between the left and right wings,the motion can be stabilized,explaining why the drone flies can fly stably even if the flight is passively unstable.

Stability of coal pillar in gob-side entry driving under unstable overlying strata and its coupling support control technique

Considering the situation that it is difficult to control the stability of narrow coal pillar in gob-side entry driving under unstable overlying strata, the finite difference numerical simulation method was adopted to analyze the inner stress distribution and its evolution regularity, as well as the deformation characteristics of narrow coal pillar in gob-side entry driving, in the whole process from entry driving of last working face to the present working face mining. A new method of narrow coal pillar control based on the triune coupling support technique (TCST), which includes that high-strength prestressed thread steel bolt is used to strain the coal on the goaf side, and that short bolt to control the integrity of global displacement zone in coal pillar on the entry side, and that long grouting cable to fix anchor point to constrain the bed separation between global displacement zone and fixed zone, is thereby generated and applied to the field production. The result indicates that after entry excavating along the gob under unstable overlying strata, the supporting structure left on the gob side of narrow coal pillar is basically invalid to maintain the coal-pillar stability, and the large deformation of the pillar on the gob side is evident. Except for the significant dynamic pressure appearing in the coal mining of last working face and overlying strata stabilizing process, the stress variation inside the coal pillar in other stages are rather steady, however, the stress expansion is obvious and the coal pillar continues to deform. Once the gob-side entry driving is completed, a global displacement zone on the entry side appears in the shallow part of the pillar, whereas, a relatively steady fixed zone staying almost still in gob-side entry driving and present working face mining is found in the deep part of the pillar. The application of TCST can not only avoid the failure of pillar supporting structure, but exert the supporting capacity of the bolting structure left in the pillar of last sublevel entry, thus to jointly maintain the stability of coal pillar.

Hopf bifurcation control of a Pan-like chaotic system

This paper is concerned with the Hopf bifurcation control of a modified Pan-like chaotic system. Based on the Routh-Hurwtiz theory and high-dimensional Hopf bifurcation theory, the existence and stability of the Hopf bifurcation depending on selected values of the system parameters are studied. The region of the stability for the Hopf bifurcation is investigated.By the hybrid control method, a nonlinear controller is designed for changing the Hopf bifurcation point and expanding the range of the stability. Discussions show that with the change of parameters of the controller, the Hopf bifurcation emerges at an expected location with predicted properties and the range of the Hopf bifurcation stability is expanded. Finally,numerical simulation is provided to confirm the analytic results.

Stabilization control of a bumblebee in hovering and forward flight

Our previous study shows that the hovering and forward flight of a bumblebee do not have inherent stability （passive stability）. But the bumblebees are observed to fly stably. Stabilization control must have been applied. In this study, we investigate the longitudinal stabilization control of the bumblebee. The method of computational fluid dynamics is used to compute the control derivatives and the techniques of eigenvalue and eigenvector analysis and modal decomposition are used for solving the equations of motion. Controllability analysis shows that at all flight speeds considered, although inherently unstable, the flight is controllable. By feedbacking the state variables, i.e. vertical and horizontal velocities, pitching rate and pitch angle （which can be measured by the sensory system of the insect）, to produce changes in stroke angle and angle of attack of the wings, the flight can be stabilized, explaining why the bumblebees can fly stably even if they are passively unstable.

Stability control of multi-parameter adaptive wireless communication systems based on multi-Lyapunov function

With the occurrence of burst interference,bit error rate( BER) stability of the wireless communication system( WCS) always degrades significantly. To cope with it,a stability control algorithm is proposed,utilizing the stability theory of switched systems,which is specifically applicable for multi-parameter adaptive WCS with spectrum sensing ability,and it is capable of stabilizing BER within a reasonable range. Firstly,WCS is modeled as a switched system. Then,based on the multi-Lyapunov function,controlling rules are presented to enable the switched system to satisfy stable condition asymptotically. Finally,analysis and numerical simulation results demonstrate that the switched WCS with the proposed controlling rules is superior to conventional power-controlled WCS with or without state feedback control in terms of stability performance.