Recent Developments of Modulation and Control for High-Power Current-Source-Converters Fed Electric Machine Systems

The pulse-width-modulated(PWM)current-source converters(CSCs)fed electric machine systems can be considered as a type of high reliability energy conversion systems,since they work with the long-life DC-link inductor and offer high fault-tolerant capability for short-circuit faults.Besides,they provide motor friendly waveforms and four-quadrant operation ability.Therefore,they are suitable for high-power applications of fans,pumps,compressors and wind power generation.The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively review recent developments of key technologies on modulation and control of high-power(HP)PWM-CSC fed electric machines systems,including reduction of low-order current harmonics,suppression of inductor–capacitor(LC)resonance,mitigation of common-mode voltage(CMV)and control of modular PWM-CSC fed systems.In particular,recent work on the overlapping effects during commutation,LC resonance suppression under fault-tolerant operation and collaboration of modular PMW-CSCs are described.Both theoretical analysis and some results in simulations and experiments are presented.Finally,a brief discussion regarding the future trend of the HP CSC fed electric machines systems is presented.

Novel control scheme for 3-phase PWM current-source converters under unbalanced source voltage conditions

Under unbalanced source voltage supply, considerable output second harmonics and input low-order harmonics in 3-phase PWM current-source converters (PWM-CSC) are generated. This paper proposes a new deadbeat controller based on compensation for unbalanced source voltage and current. With the proposed scheme, the second harmonics of the output current are eliminated and low-order harmonics of the source current are reduced effectively. Simulation and experimental results con- firmed the feasibility of the proposed method.

Model Predictive Control Circuit of the Current Source Matrix Converter

In this paper, a new predictive control strategy for current source matrix converter (CSMC) is presented. Proposed predictive control strategy allows for creating output voltages with boost type voltage transfer ratio and desired frequency. The description of predictive control circuit of the CSMC is presented. Furthermore the simulation test results to confirm functionality of the proposed control strategy and converter properties under this strategy are shown.

Loop-Shaping Based Control for Switch Mode DC-DC Power Converters

Renewable energy sources require switching regulators as an interface to a load with high efficiency, small size, proper output regulation, and fast transient response. Moreover, due to the nonlinear behavior and switching nature of DC-DC power electronic converters, there is a need for high-performance control strategies. This work summarized the dynamic behavior for the three basic switch-mode DC-DC power converters operating in continuous conduction mode, i.e. buck, boost, and buck-boost. A controller was designed using loop-shaping based on current-mode control that consists of two feedback loops. A high-gain compensator with wide bandwidth was used in the inner current loop for fast transient response. A proportional-integral controller was used in the outer voltage loop for regulation purposes. A procedure was proposed for the parameters of the controller that ensures closed-loop stability and output voltage regulation. The design-oriented analysis was applied to the three basic switch-mode DC-DC power converters. Experimental results were obtained for a switching regulator with a boost converter of 150 W, which exhibits non-minimum phase behavior. The performance of the controller was tested for voltage regulation by applying large load changes.

Comparisons and Improvements of Key Operating Characteristics of Current Source Converter Applied in HVDC System

Because of its controlled power factor and no commutation failure,current source converter(CSC)made up of reverse-blocking IGCTs(RB-IGCTs)offers broad application prospects in the field of HVDC system.Valve voltage and power operating range as the most important operating characteristics should be paid attention to but they are always contradictory.First,the relationship between valve voltage and modulation index is obtained.In particular,valve voltage of converter under the three typical modulation methods is compared,analyzed,and verified.Second,with the help of the independent control strategy and coordinated control strategy of both ends,power operating ranges of the three modulation methods are comprehensively analyzed and compared.Third,in order to solve power coupling at a low active power,the improved coordination control strategy at both ends in this paper is proposed and the relationships among active power,reactive power,DC current and phase angle difference are given in detail.Finally,a 500 kV/3 kA simulation system was built in PSCAD/EMTDC to obtain comparison results of the key operating characteristics of CSC under different modulation methods and the converter can realize unity power operation under random active power after adopting the improved coordinated control strategy,and DC current does not decrease to zero,verifying effectiveness of the coordinated control strategy.

Robust current control design of a three phase voltage source converter

In this paper,a robust design method for current control is proposed to improve the performance of a three phase voltage source converter(VSC)with an inductorcapacitor-inductor(LCL)filter.The presence of the LCL filter complicates the dynamics of the control system and limits the achievable control bandwidth(and the overall performance),particularly when the uncertainty of the parameters is considered.To solve this problem,the advanced H?control theory is employed to design a robust current controller in stationary coordinates.Both control of the fundamental frequency current and suppression of the potential LC resonance are considered.The design procedure and the selection of the weight functions are presented in detail.A conventional proportional-resonant PR controller is also designed for comparison.Analysis showed that the proposed H∞ current controller achieved a good frequency response with explicit robustness.The conclusion was verified on a 5 kW VSC that had a LCL filter.

An Adaptive Wireless Power Sharing Control for Multiterminal HVDC

Power sharing among multiterminal high voltage direct current terminals(MT-HVDC)is mainly developed based on a priority or sequential manners,which uses to prevent the problem of overloading due to a predefined controller coefficient.Furthermore,fixed power sharing control also suffers from an inability to identify power availability at a rectification station.There is a need for a controller that ensures an efficient power sharing among the MT-HVDC terminals,prevents the possibility of overloading,and utilizes the available power sharing.A new adaptive wireless control for active power sharing among multiterminal(MT-HVDC)systems,including power availability and power management policy,is proposed in this paper.The proposed control strategy solves these issues and,this proposed controller strategy is a generic method that can be applied for unlimited number of converter stations.The rational of this proposed controller is to increase the system reliability by avoiding the necessity of fast communication links.The test system in this paper consists of four converter stations based on three phase-two AC voltage levels.The proposed control strategy for a multiterminal HVDC system is conducted in the power systems computer aided design/electromagnetic transient design and control(PSCAD/EMTDC)simulation environment.The simulation results significantly show the flexibility and usefulness of the proposed power sharing control provided by the new adaptive wireless method.

虚拟同步机电流受限暂态电压支撑机理与改进故障穿越控制研究

针对虚拟同步机在电网低、过电压故障下所面临的无功电压支撑不足、特性差等问题,建立考虑电流限幅特性的虚拟同步机等效电路模型,并基于拓扑同伦原理,给出不同无功电压控制在等效电路相量图上的几何表征方法。利用该方法,揭示几种常见无功电压控制下的虚拟同步机电流受限暂态电压支撑机理,并由此提出一种改进的故障穿越控制策略,有效改善电网低电压、过电压故障下的暂态电压控制能力和支撑特性,进而缓解故障期间的暂态功角稳定问题。基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真对所提机理和故障穿越控制方法进行详细验证,最后,在3机9节点系统中对其在近、远区电网故障下的支撑特性进行仿真验证。

一种体现构网型控制特征的柔性直流机电暂态改进建模方法

总结柔性直流采用构网型控制呈现的新特性并提出相应的机电暂态建模方法。通过分析,提出构网型控制替代跟网型控制给柔性直流带来的主要变化是:电压源支撑,故障穿越切换措施以及电流限幅方法。相对应的,构网控制型柔性直流机电暂态模型是对跟网控制型柔性直流模型的改进,包括将换流器与交流网络的接口由传统的一个交流仿真步长内的平均功率改为平均电压;增加故障穿越措施切换逻辑以及增加基于用户自定义的电流限幅措施。通过交直流间接口方法仿真对比,以及机电、电磁暂态模型故障模拟验证所提模型的有效性。该模型能高精度模拟构网控制型柔性直流在交流电网中的动态行为,具有良好的应用价值。

一种空间用高性能恒流源技术

半导体激光器性能优异,目前在空间领域受到了广泛关注,由于其是一种电流敏感型器件,对于驱动电源提出了高性能的要求。这里基于空间应用需求,提出了一种基于三电平Buck变换器的高性能恒流源驱动电源,通过反逻辑控制电路既满足大占空比应用,同时实现软启动功能;采用改进隔离变压器驱动电路实现开关管大占空比隔离驱动;结合2型补偿器的电流内环和PI补偿器的电压外环满足恒流源的稳态精度和动态特性。最后,通过Saber仿真软件和硬件实物样机进行验证,结果表明,该设计方案的恒流源效率可达98.2%,且无上电浪涌电流,证实了该设计的合理性和可行性。

可控电流源型换流器功率解耦控制策略

可控电流源型换流器(current source converter,CSC)是高压直流输电技术重要研究方向,随着逆阻型IGCT器件的发展,推动其应用技术上已经可行。但由于其电流源特性,大部分研究主要考虑定直流电流策略,针对定直流电压下的功率控制策略研究较少,严重制约其工程化发展。该文首先建立可控CSC的数学模型,获得有功、无功的影响变量。接着,对电容电压的d-q轴分量进行解耦,提出换流器内环和外环控制策略。然后,以直流电压和调制比为约束条件,对换流器的功率运行范围进行分析。最后,搭建基于常规直流和可控电流源的混合输电系统,对所提的控制策略进行分析,重点对单位功率因数运行和定直流电压时策略下功率调节特性进行仿真分析,对CSC在单相接地故障下抵御换相失败能力和向孤岛系统送电进行仿真。研究结果表明:所提的功率控制策略,能够实现有功、无功的解耦控制,以及对功率的有效调节,具备抵御换相失败的能力。

构网型VSC暂态稳定机理及改进限幅策略

针对构网型变流器(grid-forming voltage source converter,GFM-VSC)系统在大扰动下暂态稳定问题,现有研究未能充分考虑电力电子电源暂态快速响应与控制可塑的特点。为此,以GFM-VSC为对象,借助等面积法原理与相平面图法,从能量角度揭示了其暂态响应机制与传统同步机系统的差异,分析了控制塑造下GFM-VSC系统的暂态稳定机理;然后,针对大扰动下易于触发的限幅环节,分析了系统无法自主退出限幅而失稳的机制,并提出了附带电流分配系数的改进限幅策略,有效增强了系统暂态稳定性。最后,通过仿真验证了理论分析与改进方法的正确性。

光伏场经柔直并网振荡稳定性分析与抑制方法研究

光伏场经柔直送出是未来电力系统发展的一个重要趋势,但是光伏与柔直系统之间的相互作用存在引发系统振荡失稳的风险。为此,文中建立光伏场经柔直并网的开环和闭环互联模型,基于开环模式谐振理论,分析光伏场子系统与柔直子系统之间的动态交互作用。当二者发生强交互作用时,可能会使相应的闭环振荡模式进入复平面右侧,进而引发系统振荡失稳。针对光伏场子系统与柔直子系统之间的交互失稳风险,可以通过调整主导环节的控制参数进行抑制;当控制参数无法调整时,文中提出一种对光伏单元附加阻尼控制器的抑制措施,调整光伏场子系统的开环振荡模式,使其在复平面远离柔直子系统的开环振荡模式,从而破坏模式谐振,使闭环系统稳定。文中通过仿真算例,验证了上述理论分析结果的正确性以及所提阻尼控制器的有效性。

一种新能源经柔直并网的故障穿越策略研究

大规模风电、光伏等新能源经柔直并网是实现双碳的关键途径。为实现新能源柔直送出系统安全可靠运行,在交流电网故障时应具备故障穿越能力。文章针对新能源经柔直并网系统提出了一种基于故障电流限幅的故障穿越控制方法。首先,介绍新能源经柔直并网示范工程概况,并设计了定电压控制、VF下垂控制、直流变压器电流控制算法的控制策略。其次,详细设计了包含无功-电压下垂控制器、有功-频率下垂控制器、限流控制器等环节的完整故障穿越控制策略。然后,在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台中搭建示范工程模型并开展新能源端换流站VSC2的故障穿越策略仿真验证。最后,在示范工程现场开展验证试验。仿真和现场试验结果表明单相接地故障发生后,站控及阀控保护均未动作,故障对VSC1站影响较小。虽然故障期间VSC2站的传输功率急剧下降,但在故障清除后功率、直流电压、交流电压都逐渐恢复到正常运行状态。

复合型功率同步逆变器:序阻抗建模与并网特性

分布式能源通常借助逆变器接入电网,但基于锁相环的传统电流控制策略在弱电网并网场景下易引发失稳现象。因此,文中提出“复合型功率同步逆变器”概念,通过有功功率与无功功率相结合的复合功率同步方法替代传统锁相环,以改善逆变器在弱电网条件下的并网暂态响应,并有效提升并网稳定性。基于谐波线性化方法,推导建立复合型功率同步逆变器的序阻抗模型,并针对同步系数及稳态工作点对并网逆变器稳定性影响机理展开理论分析。阻抗分析结果表明,所提出的复合型功率同步逆变器的输出阻抗基频段幅值在宽工作范围内主要受同步系数影响。同时,搭建实验样机,硬件实验结果证明了所提复合功率同步方法的有效性与阻抗分析的正确性。

受控电压/电流源型变流器混合多机暂态电压支撑策略

以新能源为主体的新型电力系统暂态电压问题极大地影响电网稳定运行及大规模新能源消纳,发掘新能源场站多机变流器的动态无功补偿能力是适应新型电力系统暂态电压控制需求的关键。因此该文提出受控电压/电流源型变流器混合多机暂态电压支撑策略,首先分析了暂态电压支撑需求和混合多机暂态电压主动支撑的关键因素;然后研究混合多机暂态电压支撑控制模式,将两变流器控制模式特性进行互补,重点对变流器暂态控制策略进行改进,提出柔性限幅结合暂态有功阻尼控制提高混合多机的动态无功补偿能力及可靠性,自适应补偿控制提高混合多机动态无功输出准确度,共同实现暂态电压的可靠支撑,并进一步分析了参数整定方法;最后通过全面的仿真和实验分析验证所提策略的有效性和实用性。

新型串联混合型模块化多电平变换器及其控制策略研究

近年来,模块化多电平变换器(modularmultilevel converter,MMC)因具有模块化的结构特点,在柔性直流输电领域受到广泛关注。随着电压等级的提升,传统MMC拓扑的子模块数成倍增加,装置成本及体积大幅提高。为实现MMC的轻型化设计目标,提出一种串联混合型MMC(series hybridMMC,SHMMC)拓扑,对其工作原理进行介绍,并推导其数学模型。同时,针对相单元内部所存在的释能过电流问题展开讨论,设计适用于SHMMC拓扑的控制策略。MATLAB/Simulink仿真及样机实验研究结果表明该拓扑正确可行,且具有较好的输出特性及内部特性。在直流侧电压相同的情况下,所提SHMMC拓扑相较于传统MMC拓扑子模块数更少,在保障良好输出特性的前提下损耗更低,且无需设置桥臂电抗器,有利于降低装置体积,有效实现了轻型化设计目标。