Using Automation Controller System and Simulation Program for Testing Closed Circuits of Mini-Sprinkler Irrigation System

The field experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of Faculty of agricultural, southern Illinois University SIUC, USA. The project makes the irrigation automated. With the use of low cost sensors and the simple circuitry makes currently project a low cost product, which can be bought even by a poor farmer. This research work is best suited for places where water is scares and has to be used in limited quantity and this proposal is a model to modernize the agriculture industries at a mass scale with optimum expenditure. In the field of agricultural engineering, use of sensor method of irrigation operation is important and it is well known that closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system are very economical and efficient. Closed circuits are considered one of the modifications of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system, and added advantages to Mini-sprinkler irrigation system because it can relieve low operating pressures problem at the end of the lateral lines. In the conventional closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system, the farmer has to keep watch on irrigation timetable, which is different for different crops. Using this system, one can save manpower, water to improve production and ultimately profit. The data could be summarized in following: Irrigation methods under study when using lateral length 60 mcould be ranked in the following ascending order according the values of the predicted and measured head losses CM1M-SIS CM2M-SIS.The correlation (Corr.) coefficients were used to compare the predicted and measured head losses along the lateral lines of all the closed circuits designs. Generally, the values of correlation analysis were (>0.90) were obtained with 0% field slope60 mlength (experimental conditions) for all closed circuits.The interaction between irrigation methods: at the start there are significant differences between CM2M-SIS and CM1M-SIS.

Model Identification and Control of Evapotranspiration for Irrigation Water Optimization

Water conservation starts from rationalizing irrigation,as it is the largest consumer of this vital source.Following the critical and urgent nature of this issue,several works have been proposed.The idea of most researchers is to develop irrigation management systems tomeet the water needs of plants with optimal use of this resource.In fact,irrigation water requirement is only the amount of water that must be applied to compensate the evapotranspiration loss.Penman-Monteith equation is the most common formula to evaluate reference evapotranspiration,but it requiresmany factors that cannot be available in many cases.This leads to a trend towards behavior model estimation.System identification with control is one of the most promising applications in this axis.The idea behind this proposal depends on three stages:First,the estimation of reference evapotranspiration(ET0)by a linear ARX model,where temperature,relative humidity,insolation duration and wind speed are used as inputs,and ET0 estimated by Penman-Monteith equation as output.The results show that the values estimated by thismethodwere in good agreement with the measured data.The second part of this paper is tomanage the quantity of water.For this purpose,two controllers are used for testing,lead-lag and PID.To adjust the first controller and optimize the choice of its parameters,Nelder-Mead algorithm is used.In the last part,a comparative study is done between the two used controllers.

Design and Implementation of Automatic Control Drip Irrigation Device in Macadamia Digital Management

Macadamia has the highest economic value and has always enjoyed the reputation of"king of dried fruits".In the process of digital management,irrigation is the most widely used.This paper designs the automatic control drip irrigation device in the digital management of macadamia nuts,including drip irrigation pipe,soil moisture sensor,motor,water storage chamber,water pump and central controller,and then gives an implementation scheme.The device is not only convenient for laying and positioning,but also convenient for controlling the overall irrigation water consumption during each drip irrigation and accurate use and improving the level of digital management.

Green Control Measures of Weeds in Wheat Fields in Hetao Irrigation Area along the Yellow River

This study was conducted to solve the problem of green weed control in wheat fields in Hetao irrigation area among the Yellow River.Based on the observation of the competition between wheat and weeds in areas where weeds occurred seriously in wheat fields in Hetao irrigation area among the Yellow River,we measured the effects of green weed control measures and wheat yield using different wheat varieties,planting densities,different organic fertilizers,different ploughing times,and different mulching methods.The results showed that the emergence of weeds in wheat fields dominated by Chenopodiaceae weeds,grain amaranth and barnyard grass was more than 10 d later than wheat.Weeds were mainly distributed between rows(holes),and the number of plants accounted for 66.6%(drill seeding)and 97.6%(hole seeding),respectively.And the growth of weeds in rows(holes)was weaker,and the fresh weight of individual plants was 39.3%-41.9%lower than that between rows(holes).The ecological weed inhibitory effect was significant in the early stage of wheat growth;and among the green weed control measures,except that different varieties and planting densities caused no significant difference in weed control effect,other measures had obvious weed control effects.Comprehensive comparison showed that the control effects of plant number in black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding,increasing ploughing times,and applying organic fertilizer free of weed seed pollution were 82.3%,71.7%,22.0%,and 8.6%,respectively;the fresh weight control effects of black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding,increasing ploughing times,and applying organic fertilizer free of weed seed pollution were 98.0%,97.1%,23.9%,and 9.6%,respectively;and the fresh weight control effects of black film full-covered hole seeding,conventional film-covered hole seeding and increasing ploughing times increased wheat yield by 69.4%,56.4%and 21.1%,respectively.The technologies in this study can realize the purposes of mechanized green weed control in organic wheat production and low-cost,high-yield,large-scale production.

Design of Automatic Irrigation System for Small Farmers in Rwanda

In Rwanda, agricultural industry depends on seasonal rain, and this has been a great challenge to agriculture in Rwanda. The designed sample of Photovoltaic pumping system is for irrigation on a piece of land, with 100 m2 field fed by underground water tank of 8 meters of elevation collected during rainy seasons. The adapted 100 m2 field is based on the fact that Rwanda is a densely populated country, also is adapted to be used especially in horticulture to increase exportation. In this system, a photovoltaic system is used as a power source;a pump is coupled with electric motor to drive it and hosepipe to convey water to the storage tank. A sensor is used to send a signal to the driver section at the same time sending a signal to the microcontroller that controls the driver unit and the corresponding relay, which switches off the motor when the water level reaches the lowest level.

Dosage Screening and Effect Evaluation of Biological Agents against Cotton Verticillium Wilt through Drip Irrigation

Drip irrigation of biological agents is an important green pathway to prevent diseases in Xinjiang cotton fields, especially soil-borne diseases. In order to clear the suitable dosage of different biological agents for controlling cotton Verticillium wilt, field split plot experiment was designed to research the control effects of Bacillus subtilis WP (15, 30 and 45 kg/hm^2), Shibeijian Trichoderma harzianum (15, 18 and 24 kg/hm^2), Yufeng“99”(15, 22.5 and 30 kg/hm^2), Zhongnonglukang (30, 45 and 60 kg/hm^2) and Athomin (45, 60 and 75 kg/hm^2) on cotton Vertillium wilt in 2016 and 2017. The disease control effect against cotton Verticillium wilt, cotton growth, cotton yield and fiber quality were compared and analyzed by biometrical method. The results showed that five biological agents significantly reduced the incidence rate and disease index of cotton Verticillium wilt, and the average control effect reached 33.50%-74.94%. The control effect of Shibeijian T. harzianum dripped at the dosage of 18 kg/hm^2 was significantly higher than that dripped at 15 and 24 kg/hm^2. There was no significant difference between different application dosages in Athomin treatment. The control effect of the remaining three agents had significantly positive correlation with application dosage. Five biological agents had obvious promotion effects on cotton growth, and the cotton height, width of the top fourth leaf, fruit branch number and boll number per plant were increased in different levels. The cotton height and width of the top fourth leaf had no obvious changes with the increase of dosage, while the fruit branch number and boll number increased with the increasing dosage. Meanwhile, these biological agents significantly advanced the maturity of cotton. Except for Athomin treatment, the cotton seed yield in other treatments showed an increasing trend and increased significantly with the increasing dosage. The cotton fiber length and fiber breaking tenacity were improved slightly, but cotton quality had not been improved conspicuously. Therefore, according to disease control effect, cotton growth and yield performance, the suitable drip dosage of biological agents were as follows: Yufeng "99" 30 kg/hm^2, Zhongnonglukang 60 kg/hm^2, B. subtilis WP 45.0 kg/hm^2, and Shibejian T. harzianum 18.0 kg/hm^2. The drip dosage of Athomin still needs to be further studied.

Development of a Portable Electro-Mechanical Educational Model for Variable Rate Center Pivot Irrigation Technology

Center pivot irrigation systems usually apply a relatively uniform amount of water to fields that are often inherently variable, which could lead to significant waste of water and energy. To address this issue, our team is now developing an Intelligent Center Pivot (ICP) by integrating sensor-based irrigation scheduling with variable rate irrigation technology. However, before this technology can be applied in commercial production, it is necessary to educate growers about its practicality and potential benefits. The objective of this study was to develop a portable tabletop intelligent center pivot model (ICPDemo) to demonstrate and promote adoption of the ICP technology. This paper describes an ICPDemo constructed in 2014, including the design specifications, electro-mechanical design, control strategy, and performance. The ICPDemo has performed according to design specifications and is successfully being used to demonstrate the benefits and effectiveness of ICP technology for irrigation scheduling.

Effect of Rural Sewage Irrigation Regime on Water-Nitrogen Utilization and Crop Growth of Paddy Rice in Southern China

Reclaimed water irrigation has become an effective mean to alleviate the contradiction between water availability and its consumption worldwide.In this study,three types of irrigation water sources(rural sewage’s primary treated water R1 and secondary treated water R2,and river water R3)meeting the requirements of water quality for farmland irrigation were selected,and three types of irrigation water levels(low water levelW1 of 0–80 mm,medium water level W2 of 0–100 mm,and high water level W3 of 0–150 mm)were adopted to carry out research on the influence mechanismS of different irrigation water sources and water levels on water and nitrogen use and crop growth in paddy field.The water quantity indicators(irrigation times and irrigation volume),soil ammonium nitrogen(NH4+-N)and nitrate nitrogen(NO3−-N),rice yield indicators(thousand-grain weight,the number of grains per spike,and the number of effective spikes),and quality indicators(the amount of protein,amylose,vitamin C,nitrate and nitrite content)of rice were measured.The results showed that,the average irrigation volume under W3 was 2.4 and 1.9 times of that under W1 and W2,respectively.Compared with R3,the peak consumption of rice was lagged behind under R1 and R2,and the nitrogen form in 0–40 cm soil layers under rural sewage irrigation was mainly NH4+-N.The changes of NO3−-N and NH4+-N in the 0–40 cm soil layer showed the trend of declining and then increasing.The water level control only had a significant effect on the change of NO3−-N in the 60–80 cm soil layer.Both irrigation water use efficiency and crop water use efficiency were gradually reduced with the increase of field water level control.The nitrogen utilization efficiency under rural sewage irrigation was significantly higher than that under R3.Compared with the R3,rural sewage irrigation could significantly increase the yield of rice,and as the field water level rose,the effect of yield promotion was more obvious.It was noteworthy that the grain of rice under R1 monitored the low nitrate and nitrite content,but no nitrate and nitrite was discovered under R2 and R3.Therefore,reasonable rural sewage irrigation(R2)and medium water level(W2)were beneficial to improve nitrogen utilization efficiency,crop yield and crop quality promotion.

Design and Development of Mechatronic Application in Agricultural Irrigation Device

In order to help the small-scale farmer, an automatic irrigation control system was proposed. This system will provide an irrigation system that will ease the burden of the citizen to take care of the plant. This system will run automatically by referring to the time set by the user. As the name itself is a water control system, this system will only start irrigating when the time set triggered the water control level for the plant to grow healthily. It will automatically stop when the timer is off (1 hour). The brain of the system is the PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). This is the place where all the activities are done. The irrigation will be provided by a pump that is also connected to the microcontroller. The pump will be activated until the timer has reached its time set. This system will continue running until the user presses the OFF button.

滴灌棉田节水灌溉系统控制策略研究

针对传统棉田节水灌溉系统灌溉精度低、运行稳定性差的问题,设计了一种基于Fuzzy-PID控制的棉田节水灌溉控制系统。系统通过土壤湿度传感器采集棉田的实时土壤湿度作为控制决策依据,结合专家经验制定模糊控制规则,设计了Fuzzy-PID控制器,并在Simulink中对系统进行建模与仿真试验,对Fuzzy-PID控制方法和常规的PID控制方法进行仿真分析。仿真曲线表明:与传统PID控制器相比,Fuzzy-PID控制的稳态时间减少了约7.3 s,超调量减少了5.65%。试验结果表明:模糊PID控制方式调节精度和稳态性能更好,可及时调整土壤湿度,进行适时、适量的灌溉,一定程度上提高了系统灌溉精度,可以满足大田棉花灌溉需求。

一种农业自动化灌溉系统的高效能设计研究

以进一步提升农业自动化灌溉系统的作业效率为研究目标,选取其核心结构组件布局作为研究对象,基于通信控制优化理念展开高效能设计研究。结合自动化灌溉系统的运行机理,从通信网络架构分层角度入手,建立灌溉系统参数计算处理模型。针对系统软件控制和硬件配置完成优化,选定灌溉作物进行灌溉试验,结果表明:此通信网络架构理念下的控制优化布局,可实现灌溉系统的响应准确率与决策准确率同步提升,系统运行稳定有效;整体系统的灌溉效率可达94.55%,满足智能化灌溉控制设计要求,具有很好的应用推广价值。研究结果对于灌溉系统向智能化精准化提升有较好的启示意义。

地下渗灌研究进展

地下渗灌是一种地下微灌方法,通过埋设于地下的渗灌管将灌溉水引至地面下一定深度的土壤中,再利用土壤毛细管作用实现对作物根区直接供水,该灌水方法与“地下滴灌”的灌水过程实质相同。地下渗灌可有效改善土壤环境质量,利于作物生长,是一项发展前景广阔的高效节水灌溉技术,开展地下渗灌的研究对于推动高效节水农业发展具有重要意义。从地下渗灌条件下土壤水分运移规律、灌水技术参数、灌溉制度、渗灌管堵塞的影响及调控等方面,对相关研究进展和存在问题进行综述,提出了今后的研究方向,供节水灌溉研究领域的学者参考。综述认为,与地下渗灌技术的生产实践相比,对其机理方面的研究相对滞后,限制了该技术的深入推广应用,主要表现在:地下渗灌条件下土壤水分运移规律尚不够清晰;堵塞问题依然是目前阻碍地下渗灌技术应用与发展的限制性因素;地下渗灌配水系统优化设计问题尚需进一步研究。建议今后开展各种不同渗灌条件下的水分入渗数值模拟分析;选取合适的处理水平,研究渗灌灌水效果的主要影响因素,寻求最优灌水技术参数组合;针对地下渗灌条件下作物灌溉制度开展研究,形成一套合理完善的灌溉制度与试验方法;对于渗灌管出流规律、堵塞机理以及进入地下渗灌系统时灌溉水源水质关键参数的有效调控阈值等进行深入研究。

基于微积分控制的智能灌溉动态监控系统设计

为了解决当前农田灌溉水肥配比不均匀、不精确的问题,借助微积分控制原理,设计了智能灌溉动态监控系统。系统分为监测部分和控制部分,监测部分加载了显示软件、监控软件、MySQL数据库、水肥浓度控制算法的工业计算机,控制部分是指嵌入式控制器及其外围电路。整个系统的工作过程为:用户设置灌溉施肥参数,监测部分通过TCP通信将灌溉指令发送给嵌入式控制器,控制器收到指令后,启动变频器和增压泵,由此打开水肥一体机的电动球阀,开始灌溉作业;与此同时,EC传感器、pH传感器、管道压力传感器、流量计实时采集灌溉过程中水肥溶液的相关参数,并发送给嵌入式控制器;由控制器将数据发送给监测部分,监测部分将采集的数据与设定阈值进行对比,如不满足误差,则启动水肥浓度控制模块,输出调节电动球阀的开合度的指令,从而调整水肥浓度,满足灌溉需求。

基于物联网农业灌溉系统精准控制模型的研究

为进一步提升我国农业灌溉系统的综合作业效率,体现灌溉的先进性与科学性,提出以精准控制模型为切入点,以物联网技术为主体支撑平台,针对其作业系统展开设计与优化。通过引入物联网强大的系统性架构,规范与强化各网络节点的部署与协作关系,科学搭建用于实现精准灌溉控制的数学模型,同时导入合理的系统软件设计程序与硬件功能组件配置,形成完整集成式的农业智能灌溉系统。结果表明:基于物联网平台技术的精准控制模型应用后,整体的作业效率得到显著提升,系统精准度、系统响应率分别相对提高了6.25%和7.68%,动作延迟率相对降低了2.72%,灌溉节水效率提升至91.50%。物联网平台下的精准控制模型应用效果良好,设计理念正确,可为灌溉领域实施节能降耗提供参考。

基于物联网的灌溉系统定量控制算法设计研究

精量节水灌溉成为农业生产发展的关键技术。为此,基于硬地育秧过程对土壤水分的精准化控制需求,设计了一种定量灌溉控制系统。同时,根据育秧过程中的土壤需水状况监测结果,设计定量灌溉控制算法,对育秧过程中的水分状况进行预警,实现了精准化灌溉控制。

稻麦轮作高标准农田控制排水对排水与氮素输出削减效果模拟

稻麦轮作区高标准农田建设中,通过加深排水沟提高麦作期农田排水降渍能力的同时,加大稻作期农田排水输出,不仅降低了水资源利用效率,而且加重了接纳水体的污染。本文基于江苏省扬州市沿运灌区稻麦轮作农田排水水文水质过程的监测结果,利用田间水文模型(DRAINMOD)模拟了长序列气象条件下,灌区提高农田降渍能力对稻田排水、氮素流失及灌溉需求的负面影响以及控制排水措施的积极效果。结果表明,在节水灌溉模式下,研究区排水沟深度由现状的60 cm加深至120 cm,排水间距由120 m加密至20 m时,稻作期排水量与总氮(TN)输出负荷增加9.0%~22.2%、氨氮(NH_(3)-N)输出负荷增加4.0%~16.8%、灌溉用水量增加9.6%~23.4%。若结合田间管理要求,实施控制排水则可有效缓解提高农田降渍能力造成的负面影响;当排水沟深为120 cm,间距为120~20 m时,稻作期控制排水可使排水量和TN输出负荷减少19.3%~35.3%、NH_(3)-N输出负荷减少7.6%~27.2%、灌溉用水量减少22.9%~40.0%。由于控制排水降低了地下排水梯度,相较于传统排水,农沟从60 cm加深至120 cm时,地下排水平均占比降至50.7%,灌溉用水量相应减少。综上,稻麦轮作农田控制排水具有显著的节水减排作用,可有效降低高标准农田建设中提高降渍能力所产生的负面影响。研究成果可为稻麦轮作区高标准农田建设与水环境保护提供理论依据与技术支撑。

两种微生物菌剂不同灌根次数对马铃薯疮痂病防效试验

马铃薯疮痂病是影响天水地区马铃薯产量和商品属性最主要的土传病害。为了防治该病,本研究选取格兰克和菌动力两种微生物菌剂,比较不同灌根次数对天薯13号马铃薯疮痂病的防效。结果表明,与不灌根对照相比,微生物菌剂灌根处理均能提高马铃薯的产量,增产率为0.5%~21.5%;且能有效降低马铃薯疮痂病的发生率,对疮痂病的防效为44.8%~88.2%。其中,格兰克灌根两次(现蕾期和开花期各灌根1次)和菌动力灌根1次(现蕾期灌根1次)两个处理的效果较好,马铃薯产量分别较对照增加14.5%和21.5%,对马铃薯疮痂病的防效分别为88.2%和78.7%。

基于电气自动化的灌溉水电双控系统设计

针对我国灌溉系统水资源利用率较低的问题,基于电气自动化对灌溉水电双控系统进行了设计。灌溉水电双控系统主要组成包括控制模块、信息采集模块、收费管理模块、执行模块和通信模块。为了实现节水灌溉,提升水利用率,在管理方面对控制系统软件进行设计,在技术方面对控制系统算法进行设计。为了验证灌溉系统的性能,对系统进行了数据计量准确性试验和节水灌溉运行试验。试验结果表明:系统可以准确地测量用电量和用水量,且可自动启动节水灌溉。

基于计算机网络控制的智能喷灌系统应用研究

为了实现植株根部含水率的精确控制,基于ZigBee技术建立了智能喷灌系统。计算表层含水率变化量、平均温度、日照长度与根部含水率变化量的相对关联系数,选定表层含水率变化量为自变量参数,采用线性拟合的方法,建立根部含水率变化量模型;探究喷灌阀控制信号和喷灌流量之间的关系,进而建立喷灌阀控制信号与表层含水率变化量之间的模型;设计系统工作流程,实现根部含水率精确控制。对网络系统监测表层含水率的精度和根部含水率恒定控制进行测试,表明系统具有良好的工作性能。

智慧农业灌溉控制系统的电路设计研究

文章设计了基于ZigBee技术、STM32F103微控制器的智慧农业灌溉控制系统,该系统主要由主控电路、土壤湿度传感器电路、喷灌电机的驱动电路及供电电路组成,可实现土壤湿度的精准控制及远程监测。通过灌溉系统精准控制试验,验证了本系统对土壤湿度的控制准确度、稳定性和灌溉效率都比较高,可为我国智能化节水灌溉装备的发展提供一定参考。