Effects of Different Slow-release Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Ratooning Rice

The effect of slow-release fertilizer application on reducing the fertilization times of ratooning rice was explored by carrying out plot experiments using different slow-release fertilizer formulas.The results showed that compared with conventional fertilization of farmers(TCK),there were no significant differences in plant heights of the first rice crop and ratoon rice crop and the number of tillers was slightly increased,by applying different ratios and types of slow-release fertilizers,indicating that reducing fertilization times did not affect rice growth.Compared with the TCK,the yields of treatments T1,T2,T3 and T4 of slow-release fertilizers increased to a certain extent.The yield of the first rice crop increased by 14.7%,16.7%,23.5% and 17.5%,respectively,the yields of the ratoon rice crop increased by 6.3%,5.8%,7.4% and 8.1%,respectively,and the yields of the two rice crops increased between 10.8% and 16.1%,indicating that reasonable combined application of slow-release nitrogen and fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer could meet the nutrient requirements of ratooning rice at different growth stages,and the application of slow-release fertilizers could reduce the fertilization times of ratooning rice.Based on the combination of rice yield and slow-release fertilizer cost in the first rice crop and ratoon rice crop,the T 3 formula was preferred,that is,urea-formaldehyde slow-release nitrogen fertilizer was used as the base and tillering fertilizer,and polyurethane-coated slow-release nitrogen fertilizer was used as the panicle-sprouting fertilizer.

Effects of slow or controlled release fertilizer types and fertilization modes on yield and quality of rice

There is limited information about the influence of slow or controlled release fertilizer(S/CRF) on rice yield and quality. In this study, japonica rice cultivar Nanjing 9108 was used to study the effects of three different S/CRFs(polymer-coated urea(PCU), sulfur-coated urea(SCU), and urea formaldehyde(UF)) and two fertilization modes(both S/CRF and common urea(CU) as basal fertilizer, S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer) on rice yield and quality. CU only was applied separately as control(CK). Results showed that, rice grain yield, chalky kernel rate, chalky area, overall chalkiness, and the content of gliadin, glutenin, and protein, all showed the trends of UF>PCU>SCU within the same fertilization mode, and showed the trends of S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer>both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer within the same type of S/CRF. In contrast, the contents of amylose, amylopectin, and starch, as well as taste value, and peak and hot viscosity showed trends of SCU>PCU>UF, and the trends of both S/CRF and CU as basal fertilizer>S/CRF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer. Among S/CRF treatments and fertilization modes, taste values of cooked rice were positively correlated with amylose, amylopectin, and starch contents, as well as gel consistency, peak viscosity, hot viscosity, and cool viscosity, while negatively correlated with globulin, gliadin, glutenin, and protein contents. The types of S/CRF and fertilization modes are important for improving rice yield and quality. Compared to CK, higher yield and similar quality of rice was achieved with UF as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer, and similar yield with improved appearance and eating and cooking quality of rice was achieved with either both UF and CU as basal fertilizer, or PCU as basal and CU as tillering fertilizer.

Synthesis and Performance of Polyurethane Coated Urea as Slow/controlled Release Fertilizer

Polyurethane coated urea slow/controlled release fertilizer was prepared based on urea granules, isocyanate, polyols and paraffin. Isocyanate reacted with polyols to synthesize the polyurethane skin layer on urea granules surface. Paraffin serves as a lubricant during syntheses of polyurethane skin layers. The structure and nutrient release characteristics of the polyurethane skin layers were investigated by FTIR, SEM and TG. Urea nitrogen slow-release behavior of the polyurethane coated urea was tested. The experimental results indicated that compact and dense polyurethane skin layers with a thickness of 10-15 μm were formed on urea surface, the urea nitrogen slow-release time can reach 40-50 days. Paraffin proves to play a key role in inhibiting water to penetrate into urea, but excessive addition would decrease the polyurethane crosslinking density.

Release Characteristics of Different N Forms in an Uncoated Slow/Controlled Release Compound Fertilizer

This study examined the release characteristics of different N forms in an uncoated slow/controlled-release compound fertilizer (UCRF) and the N uptake and N-use efficiency by rice plants. Water dissolution, soil leaching, and pot experiments were employed. The dynamics of N release from the UCRF could be quantitatively described by three equations: the first-order kinetics equation [Nt = N0 (1-e-kt)], Elovich equation (Nt = a + blnt), and parabola equation (Nt = a + bt0.5), with the best fitting by the first-order kinetics equation for different N (r = 0.9569** - 0.9999**). The release potentials (N0 values estimated by the first-order kinetics equation) of different N in the UCRF decreased in the order of total N > DON > urea-N > NH4+-N > NO3--N in water, and total N > NH4+-N > DON > urea-N > NO3--N in soil, respectively, being in accordance with cumulative amounts of N release. The constants of N release rate (k values and b values) for different N forms were in decreasing order of total N > DON > NH4+-N > NO3--N in water, whereas the k values were urea- N >DON > NH4+-N > total N > NO3--N, and the b values were total N > NH4+-N > DON > NO3--N > urea-N in soil. Compared with a common compound fertilizer, the N-use efficiency, N-agronomy efficiency, and N-physiological efficiency of the UCRF were increased by 11.4%, 8.32 kg kg-1, and 5.17 kg kg-1, respectively. The ratios of different N to total N in the UCRF showed significant correlation with N uptake by rice plants. The findings showed that the first-order kinetics equation [Nt = N0 (1-e-kt)] could be used to describe the release characteristics of different N forms in the fertilizer. The UCRF containing different N forms was more effective in facilitating N uptake by rice compared with the common compound fertilizer containing single urea-N form.

Application of Lignin and Its Derivatives as Slow/Controlled Release Materials in Agricultural Fields

Lignin is the main by-product of pulp and papermaking and is not effectively utilized. Conversion of industrial lignins into value-added materials is beneficial for the effective utilization of resources as well as for environmental protection. Because of their adsorptivity, slow-release property,biocompatibility, and biodegradability, lignin and its derivatives find potential applications as eco-friendly slow/controlled release materials in agricultural fields. This report reviews the recent research advances in lignin-based slow/controlled release fertilizers and pesticides.

Quantitative Evaluation on the Comprehensive Benefit of Controlled-Release Fertilizer in Typically Middle-Low Yield Rice Field

Quantitative evaluation and analysis was made to the soil nutrients,rice yield,rice and fertilizer utilization rate,and economic and ecological benefits of the slow controlled release fertilizer in typical rice fields with middle-low yield by comparing the one-time application and split applications of slow-or controlledrelease fertilizer( CRF) with farmers fertilizer practice as the control,with the aim to explore the effect of CRF. Results showed that compared with the control,the application of CRF could meet balance nutrients required for rice growth,and the effective panicles and seed-setting rate were higher in the treatment groups of FVOL,SVOL,LADVOLwhich applied CRF. As for soil nutrients,soil pH maintained balance in FVOL,FCAI,SVOL,LADVOL. In addition,differences in soil nutrient reduction amount reached the extremely significant level between FVOLand SXNK.SVOLwhich applied CRF provided reasonable regulation of N,P and K release rate,which showed advantages over blending fertilization and farmers fertilizer practice. Comprehensive analysis found that the application of CRF could make rice tillering growth and decline leveled off,which effectively improved the quality of rice population,and it also had higher input-output ratio than that of the control and good economic benefits. In general,CRF suits to be used widely on rice crop in the regions with medium-low yield.

不同缓/控释肥对玉米产量·经济效益及肥料利用率的影响

[目的]探究冀南平原玉米种植的缓/控释肥的应用效果。[方法]以邯玉398为材料,选取3种常见的玉米缓/控释复合肥进行田间试验,分析了不同类型缓/控释肥对玉米产量、经济效益及肥料利用率的影响。[结果]施用硫包衣缓/控释复合肥的玉米产量、利润及农学利用效率较常规复合肥分别降低1.95%、3.27%、8.27%~31.21%;施用树脂包衣缓/控释复合肥的玉米产量提高0.65%,但利润、总养分量、磷、钾偏生产力和总养分量农学利用效率分别降低了1.45%、22.59%、49.67%、49.67%、20.09%;施用脲甲醛缓/控释复合肥的玉米产量、利润及总养分量偏生产力和农学利用效率较常规复合肥分别提高5.98%、5.50%、5.99%、25.22%,且产量、利润显著提高。[结论]综合分析,脲甲醛缓/控释复合肥可作为冀南平原玉米种植中的优先推荐。

缓控释肥处理下油橄榄土壤微生物多样性特征分析

为了探究油橄榄健康施肥和实现土壤可持续化经营管理提供理论和实践依据,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对不同缓释肥处理下的油橄榄种植地0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤微生物多样性及群落特征进行研究。结果显示:(1)细菌OUT隶属于35门111纲268目485科1087属;真菌OUT隶属14门42纲95目230科431属。(2)变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门为优势细菌门,子囊菌门、担子菌门和被包霉门为优势真菌门;假单胞菌属、67-14、索利红杆菌属、Subgroup_6和红色杆菌属为优势细菌属,镰刀菌属、无茎真菌属、瓶毛壳属、小囊菌属和葡孢霉属为优势真菌属。(3)施肥处理能明显促进土壤中0~20 cm土层的真菌和0~10 cm土层的细菌生长,而抑制10~20 cm细菌生长。(4)细菌和真菌群落分布与土层相关性较小;各个处理下土壤细菌群落结构差异不明显,而真菌则存在明显差异。研究表明,施用缓控释肥能够有效增加土壤中微生物多样性,尤其是混合施肥效果更明显,6 kg半焦肥+8颗力浮丸的组合可作为生产实践中的优选参考方案。

缓控释肥料研发需要长期坚持

发展缓控释肥料是实现化肥减量增效的重要方向,在支撑现代农业绿色发展中发挥着重要作用。文章回顾了北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所在该领域32年的研究工作,从研究历程、队伍建设、产品开发和农化服务等方面阐述了缓控释肥料自实验室走向农田的来龙去脉,对未来的研究方向进行了分析与展望。研究所1991—1998年相继研制出沸石包膜肥料和聚烯烃树脂包膜肥料。1999—2015年,控释肥料逐步实现产业化。2016年以后,生物基包膜控释肥料受到重视,研究取得了较大进展。沸石包衣肥料是以天然沸石为包膜剂的无机包膜肥料。聚烯烃树脂包膜肥料是将树脂溶液喷洒在肥料表面形成一层半渗透或不渗透材料,以实现养分的控制释放。聚氨酯包膜肥料是一种热固性树脂包膜控释肥料,无溶剂原位反应成膜是其常用生产工艺,研究所先后开发了半自动、自动化连续生产技术。研究所缓控释肥料的创制服务了从大田到园艺系列作物养分精准需求,带动了肥料产业升级、面源污染治理、肥料减量增效工作的开展。为适应农业发展的现实需求,未来仍需在肥料产品包膜材料生物可降解、肥料养分释放多阶段连续可控、大规模连续化生产工艺创新、肥料产品质量在线快速检测技术、作物专用多元复合控释功能肥料等方面持续研究。

缓/控释肥研究进展及其应用

随着绿色高效、集约化现代农业的快速发展,缓/控释技术在农业生产领域得到广泛应用。缓/控释肥的使用可以减少化肥对环境的污染、恢复土壤生态、提高化肥的利用率、降低人工成本,但是缓/控释肥的应用也存在一些不足。为促进现代农业健康发展,进一步了解缓/控释技术在农业集约化生产和农业科学研究、提高农业生产效率和实现化肥减施增效领域的进展,在调研文献的基础上,本文综述了近年缓/控释肥的发展、分类及制备方法及其应用进展,总结了缓/控释肥在应用中的优点和不足;同时针对缓/控释肥应用中的问题及对策进行了梳理,提出今后应围绕绿色材料开发、生产工艺和设备创新,开展缓/控释肥施用技术与评价体系的系统研究,形成缓/控释肥产业化技术集成与示范,研制出符合生产要求的高效、环保、低成本的缓/控释肥。

缓控释肥对春玉米干物质积累、产量和经济效益的影响

以桂单162为供试品种,采用大田试验,研究常规施肥(CK)、“一炮轰”和一次性缓控释肥(2种)共4个处理对春玉米农艺性状、干物质积累与分配、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明:与常规施肥(CK)相比,一次性缓控释肥处理下玉米株高、穗位高、茎粗、叶面积和单株干物质积累量均较高;一次性缓控释肥处理下前期干物质在叶片和茎鞘中的分配比例均较低,后期在籽粒中的分配比例较高;一次性缓控释肥有助于增加玉米吐丝阶段穗的干物质积累量,提高成熟期玉米籽粒产量;一次性缓控释肥处理不仅能提高玉米百粒重,同时也能提高玉米穗行数和行粒数,穗长、穗粗和秃尖长均有不同程度的改善。T3处理条件下,百粒重较CK提高7.36%,秃尖长减少28.8%,产量提高3.96%,农民收益增长25.20%。综之,与常规施肥相比,选用茂施牌一次性缓控释肥进行一次性底施,不仅可以为植株生长过程提供充足肥料,同时还可以合理调配干物质分布,增加籽粒中干物质分配比例,最终提高产量和收益。

缓控释一体肥施用对烤烟生长和产质量的影响

为明确缓控释一体肥施用对烤烟生长和产质量的影响,以翠碧1号为试验材料,采用大田试验研究了不同施用量缓控释一体肥对烤烟生育期、农艺性状、化学成分、感官质量和经济性状的影响。结果表明,随缓控释一体肥施用量的增加,打顶期烟株株高、茎围、有效叶片数、最大叶面积等农艺性状提升,主要化学成分烟碱、总氮和钾含量整体呈上升趋势,而总糖、还原糖含量呈下降趋势,经济性状及感官质量显著提升。综合分析,以基肥形式一次性施用1500 kg/hm^(2)缓控释一体肥,能减少追肥次数、减轻施肥劳动强度,并能取得较好的烟叶质量和经济效益。该研究为缓控释一体肥在南平烤烟生产中的应用提供了理论依据和数据支撑。

盐逆境下施用缓释肥及其减氮处理对水稻生长、穗部性状、产量及品质的影响

为探明盐逆境下缓释氮肥类型及其减氮处理对水稻生长、穗部性状、产量及稻米品质的影响,以南粳5055为材料进行盆栽试验,土壤含盐量1.5g/kg。共设置8个处理:不施氮肥对照(CK)、施常规尿素处理(CG)、施大颗粒尿素处理(HFA)、施大颗粒尿素减氮10%处理(HFA-10)、施大颗粒尿素减氮20%处理(HFA-20)、施硫包衣尿素处理(HFB)、施硫包衣尿素减氮10%处理(HFB-10)、施硫包衣尿素减氮20%处理(HFB-20)。研究结果表明,与CG处理相比,HFA-20处理茎蘖成穗率显著提高21.36%(P<0.05),HFA-20处理水稻产量、有效穗数分别提高5.44%、7.41%(P>0.05),HFA-20处理氮素农学利用率显著提高了34.01%(P<0.05)。同一缓释肥处理而言,与HFA、HFA-10处理相比,HFA-20处理水稻千粒质量显著提高(P<0.05);与HFB、HFB-10处理相比,HFB-20处理水稻千粒质量显著提高(P<0.05)。缓释肥及其减氮处理的糙米率、精米率与CG处理相比无显著差异。但是与CG处理相比,HFA、HFA-20、HFB-10、HFB-20处理稻米胶稠度显著提高(P<0.05),其中HFA-20处理胶稠度最高为80.00 mm。可见,本试验条件下,盐逆境下施用大颗粒尿素减氮20%处理可使水稻不减产并对提高水稻茎蘖成穗率、氮素利用率及食味品质有积极作用。

控缓释基肥与播种量配置对水稻机械旱直播产量的影响

为了探索滨海稻区水稻机械旱直播控缓释基肥与播种量最佳配置方案,并且保证产量同时尽量降低农业成本、降低劳动强度、提高农业生产效率、生态效益,为直播稻未来在滨海稻区发展提供理论依据。采用田间对比试验方法,研究了控缓释基肥与播种量配置对滨海稻区水稻旱直播产量的影响。结果表明,实际产量最高的是675 kg/hm^(2)控缓释基肥与150 kg/hm^(2)播种量配置的处理5,其次是540 kg/hm^(2)控缓释基肥与195 kg/hm^(2)播种量为配置的处理3,处理5比处理3增产4.41%。综上,合理的控缓释基肥与播种量配置能够满足水稻各时期生长发育对肥的需要,同时有效调节群体数量,大大提高了水稻机械旱直播产量。

缓/控释肥对沈阳地区水稻生产作用浅析

缓/控释肥是一种能根据作物养分需求缓慢释放养分的肥料。它对水稻的增产和提高稻米品质有不可忽视的作用,是对传统化肥长期施用后存在的一系列问题给出的新的解决思路和方法。本试验针对沈阳地区化肥施用现状,利用普通复合肥(28-11-11)为对照(CK)与不同缓/控释肥处理进行对比,并对不同处理间的株高、实粒数、秕粒数、千粒重、单位面积产量以及单位面积经济收入等数据进行了分析和比较。从数据的初步分析可知,水稻缓/控释肥处理相比于对照(CK)能够在水稻多项农艺性状以及单位面积产量、经济收益上有促进作用。并希望借此对沈阳地区水稻的高产、高效,可持续发展提供一定的理论支持和指导。

缓控释氮肥对寒地水稻产量、氮肥利用率及氮在黑土中分布的影响

缓控释氮肥在寒地黑土水稻上的应用效果和施用技术尚不十分明确,采用定位试验方法进行为期3年的试验研究,明确不施氮肥(CK)、全部普通氮肥一次性基施(BU100%B)、全部缓控释氮肥一次性基施(CRU100%B)、农民习惯施肥(FP)、60%缓控释氮肥和40%普通氮肥混合一次性基施(MBC)条件下,水稻产量、效益、氮素吸收利用和无机氮在土壤剖面中累积与分布的差异。结果表明,与CK比较,各施氮处理产量、效益、氮素利用率和无机氮在土壤剖面中的累积显著提高。MBC处理在产量、效益、氮肥利用率和减少土壤无机氮积累方面效果最好。与FP处理相比,MBC处理3年水稻平均增产6.2%,经济效益增加17.7%,氮肥利用率增加16.9%,氮肥农学效率增加16.4%,差异显著(P<0.05)。施用缓控释氮肥减少了无机氮在剖面(0~90 cm)中的累积,MBC处理较FP土壤无机氮累积量平均降低7.9%,CRU100%B较BU100%B处理平均降低10.7%,且差异显著(P<0.05)。无机氮在土壤剖面中的分布由上到下逐渐减少,0~30、30~60和60~90 cm土层分别占无机氮累积总量的38.3%~54.6%、28.8%~35.7%和14.0%~26.1%。施用缓控释氮肥增加了无机氮在土壤上层剖面(0~30 cm)的累积,减少了无机氮在土壤深层剖面(60~90 cm)的累积量。在0~30 cm剖面中,MBC较FP处理无机氮平均增加12.4%,在60~90 cm剖面中,无机氮平均降低19.7%。可见,施用缓控释尿素提高了氮肥利用率、增加了水稻产量和效益、降低了土壤无机氮在深层剖面的残留,进而降低了氮素淋失的环境风险。

缓控释氮肥施用技术在水稻上应用研究进展与展望

缓控释氮肥作为一种新型肥料,兼顾增产和环境友好两大特点,在提高水稻产量与氮素利用率以及缓解环境污染方面展现出了显著优势。在前人研究基础上,总结了缓控释氮肥的概念、分类、不同缓控释氮肥作用机理,及缓控释氮肥在水稻生产上形成的不同施肥技术的特征及其效果,如缓控释氮肥一次性施肥、与速效尿素混合一次性基施、不同的缓控释氮肥相互混合一次施用,以及与速效尿素分次施用的施肥技术。介绍了缓控释氮肥不同施用技术对水稻产量形成的影响,以及施用缓控释氮肥对土壤和大气环境的影响。明确缓释氮肥在水稻生产应用中的优势,进一步指出缓控释氮肥在水稻生产应用中存在的问题并且提出相关建议,为推动缓控释氮肥在水稻生产上的广泛应用提供一定的参考依据。

茶梗基缓释尿素的养分释放特征及应用效果研究

为获得一种低成本、性能优良、生物可降解的缓释肥料,以铁观音茶梗为原材料,按照不同配比加入尿素混合,采用挤压膨化法制备缓释肥料。采用扫描电镜分析缓释肥料的三维显微结构,并通过静水培养法和土柱淋溶法结合凯氏定氮法测定各处理组样品在静水及土柱中的养分释放特征。最后,通过玉米苗盆栽试验研究缓释肥料的应用效果。试验结果表明,自制缓释肥料相较于普通尿素肥料,养分释放速率明显降低,在较长时间后才完全释放,且茶梗比例越低,养分释放速率越高,说明茶梗形成的三维网格结构具有良好的养分释控效果。应用试验结果表明,施用3号缓释肥料(茶梗40%、尿素60%)最有利于玉米苗的生长。研究结果可为茶梗资源的综合利用提供新途径,以期实现茶废弃资源的绿色应用,为“碳达峰、碳中和”目标作出贡献。

缓控释肥与尿素不同组配对南粳系列粳稻产量形成及氮肥利用的影响

为探索水稻一次性施肥方法,以常规粳稻品种南粳9108和南粳5718为材料,在施氮量均为270 kg/hm^(2)的条件下,设置了4个不同缓控释肥与尿素组配比例一次性基施处理(T_(1):100%缓控释肥,T_(2):70%缓控释肥+30%尿素,T_(3):50%缓控释肥+50%尿素,T_(4):30%缓控释肥+70%尿素),同时以常规分次施肥处理作为对照(CK),研究不同缓控释肥与尿素组配比例一次性基施对常规粳稻产量形成及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:2个供试品种的产量和总干物质积累量均只有T_(3)处理显著高于CK处理,T_(1)处理和T_(4)处理均显著低于CK处理。T_(3)处理能够增产的主要原因是具有较高的有效穗数和每穗粒数。结实率和千粒重在不同处理之间无显著性差异。拔节期的群体茎蘖数以T_(1)处理最低,T_(4)处理最高,但在抽穗期和成熟期,T_(4)处理的群体茎蘖数和成穗率均最低。总吸氮量以T_(3)处理最高,其次为CK处理,T_(4)处理最低,2个供试品种规律一致。与CK处理相比,T_(3)处理显著提高了氮肥偏生产力、氮素籽粒生产效率和氮素干物质生产效率,但T_(4)处理呈现出显著降低的趋势。综上,在施氮量为270kg/hm^(2)的条件下,采用50%缓控释肥+50%尿素一次性基施,可有效增加水稻产量和氮素吸收利用效率,可作为南粳系列粳稻品种简化施肥的方法。

氧化石墨烯在农业领域的应用研究进展

氧化石墨烯作为一种新型碳质纳米材料,具有生物相容性好、化学性质稳定、分散性高、比表面积大、丰富的含氧官能团等优良特性,是纳米材料领域研究的热点,在航空航天、医药、新能源和生物传感器等领域应用广阔。近年来,氧化石墨烯在现代农业技术领域也得到了广泛的关注和应用,为现代农业的可持续性发展带来新的机遇和挑战。综述了国内外关于氧化石墨烯在农业领域的应用研究进展,包括对农作物生长发育(种子萌发、枝叶生长、根系生长)、提高农作物抗逆性能、产量和品质、开发具有缓控释功能的氧化石墨烯基肥料,实现提高肥料利用率和降低环境风险的功效;作为农药载体及增效剂用于农作物病虫害防控,达到缓控释放、高效利用的目的;探讨氧化石墨烯作为吸附剂或降解细菌固定剂来修复受污染土壤的效果,为污染土壤修复提供新技术、新方法;介绍了氧化石墨烯作为高灵敏度的湿度传感器,可实现土壤墒情实时监测和无损监测植物生长状况;最后探讨了氧化石墨烯在农业领域的未来研究方向。目前,氧化石墨烯技术在农业中的应用仍处于初期阶段,尚不具备大规模商业化应用的条件。随着氧化石墨烯在农业领域的研究深入和应用范围的扩大,有望实现农业生产方式和技术的变革、实现资源高效利用、降低农业生产带来的环境危害,为推进绿色低碳农业的发展助力。