Growth of tandem long-mat rice seedlings using controlled release fertilizers:Mechanical transplantation can be more economical and high yielding

The traditional soil-based rice seedling production methods for mechanical transplanting are resource-intensive,time consuming and laborious.The improvement and optimization of nutrient management in soil-less nursery raising methods like tandem long-mat seedlings(TLMS)are necessary for the resource-efficient cultivation of rice.In the present study,a controlled-release fertilizer(CRF)-polymer-coated compound fertilizer with 3 months release period(PCCF-3M)was applied as seedling fertilizer(SF),and five different dosages of SF(SF-0,SF-10,SF-20,SF-30,and SF-40)were compared with an organic substrate as the control(CK).Among all SF treatments,the best results were obtained with the application of 20 g/tray of SF(SF-20),as the seedling quality and machine transplanting quality were comparable to those of CK.In contrast,the lower dosages(SF-0 and SF-10)resulted in low nitrogen content and reduced shoot growth,while the higher dosages(SF-30 and SF-40)resulted in toxicity(increased malondialdehyde accumulation)and inhibited the root growth.Similarly,SF-20 increased panicle number(5.6-7.0%)and yield(4.3-5.3%)compared with CK,which might be related to the remaining SF entangled in the roots supporting the tiller growth of rice seedlings in the field.Moreover,SF-20 reduced the seedling block weight(53.1%)and cost of seedling production(23.5%)but increased the gross margin,indicating that it was easy to handle and economical.Taken together,our results indicate that SF-20 is a cost-effective way to promote the growth and transplanting efficiency of rice seedlings.To our knowledge,this study is the first to determine the optimum dosage of CRF for the soil-less production of rice seedlings.

Effect of Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers on the Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Hot Pepper in Qiu-bei

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of slow and controlled release fertilizers（SCRF）on the yield of qiubei hot pepper,its nutrient use efficiency and environment.[Method] Using Qiubei hot pepper（Capsicum frutescens L.）as the experimental material,we studied the fertilization effect and environment-protecting effect of SCRF.[Result] The result showed that SCRF could improve the agronomic characteristics of hot pepper.Compared to singly applied common fertilizers,SCRF increased economic yield by 20.90% and economic benefit by 13 234.35 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 47.93%.In comparison with common straight fertilizers at same NPK proportion and rate,SCRF increased economic yield by 5.26% and economic benefit by 5 554.80 Yuan/hm2,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 9.91%.Under the reduced use of SCRF by 20%,SCRF increased economic yield by 12.38% and economic benefit by 9595.20 Yuan/hm2 compared with singly applied common fertilizers,and the ratio of output to input was improved by 65.95%.SCRF improved nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium use efficiencies by 12.42-17.53,3.35-5.24 and 5.37-14.02 percents respectively.[Conclusion] As the result of much reduced N and P application rates,SCRF would significantly economize fertilizer resources and minimize the pollution caused by the loss of fertilizer nutrients,which is of practical importance for environment protection.

Effects of Gel-based Controlled Release Fertilizers on Agronomic Characteristics and Physiological Indices of Corn

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of gel-based controlled release fertilizers （CRFs） on agronomic characteristics and physiological indices of corn. [Method] Pot experiment was carried out to investigate the agronomic characteristics and physiological indices of corn fertilized with controlled release fertilizers compared with conventional fertilizer （CF）. [Result] Plant height, stem girth, leaf area and root volume of corn were significantly increased under the CRF treatments; photosynthetic rate and soluble protein content were also improved. Dry matter accumulations under the two CRF treatments were increased by 21.3% and 17.0% compared with CF application at one time （CF1）, and 19.6% and 15.4% with CF application at two times （CF2）, respectively. Accumulation amounts of N, P and K in whole plant under the two CRF treatments were increased by 44.0% -24.7% , 40.0%-25.9% and 20.1% -13.9% ; and the nutrient use efficiencies of N, P and K were improved by 22.9% -13.4% , 11.2% -9.6% and 17.5% -12.1% , respectively. [Conclusion] The results implied that the CRFs could significantly improve nutrient use efficiency and plant yield.

A Preliminary Study on Natural Matrix Materials for Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizers

A controlled release N fertilizer was developed by the carrier method using natural polysaccharides (PS)and urea. The results showed that mixing of PS and urea led to significant control of urea release. When a cross-linker (boric acid or glutaraldehyde) was added, a better control effect was observed. During a 30 min leaching time the nitrogen release rate from the controlled release fertilizer was nearly constant, which was significantly different from normal urea. One of the controlled release mechanisms was related to space resistance from a large molecular structure. Infrared (IR) analysis indicated that interaction of PS with urea was through a hydrogen bond or a covalent bond. These bonds created an α-helix or high molecular network fertilizer carrier system, which was another reason for a controlled nutrient release. Pot experiment showed that nitrogen use efficiency could increase significantly with a carrier fertilizer.

Studies on the Mechanism of Single Basal Application of Controlled-Release Fertilizers for Increasing Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

This paper was to explore the mechanism of single basal application of controlled-release fertilizers for increasing yield of rice （Oryza sativa L.）. Pot trials and cylinder trials were carried out from 2002 to 2005 to study the influences of single basal application of 3 controlled-release fertilizers on the changes of soil available N, root development, senescence and lodging resistance at late growth stages. Results showed that at 30 days after fertilization, single basal application of controlled-release fertilizers coated with vegetal-substance （CRF1） and polymer materials （CRF3） increased soil available N to 12.0 and 147.9%, respectively, in comparison to split fertilization of rice-specific fertilizer （RSF1）. Treatments of the two CRFs obviously benefited the development of root system, resulting in greater rice root weights with extensive distribution and higher root activity. In addition, the two CRF treatments, in comparison to RSF1, enhanced chlorophyll consents of the flag leaves to 9.5 and 15.5%, and soluble protein up to 89.7 and 108.0% respectively. Application of the two CRFs also made the base of rice stems strong and large, declined the proportion of shoot and root, increased root depth index. Though relatively low K rate, single basal application of the CRF3 coated with NH4MgPO4 could also promote the development of root system, enhance root activity and some physiological functions of flag leaves. Based on these results, it was concluded that major mechanisms for increasing rice yield by single basal application of the CRFs should be attributed to grater soil available N supply, superior development of root systems, better nutrient absorption capacity, slower senescence and enhancement of lodging resistance at late stages.

Effects of Controlled-Release Fertilizers and Their Application Methods on Germination and Seedling Growth of Dent and Sweet Corns

Effects of controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) (C-AS, polyolefin coated ammonium sulfate, 50-day-type; Dd-LP, polyolefincoated urea with dicyandiamide, 40-day-type; C-ANP, polyolefin coated ammonium nitrate phosphate, 40-day-type; andC-DAP, polyolefin coated diammonium acid phosphate, 40-day-type), ammonium sulphate and no fertilizer control, andtheir application methods (spot, band, surface and mixed) on germination and seedling development of sweet corn (Zeamays L.var. saccharata Sturt.) and dent corn (Zea mays L.var. indentata Sturt.) were investigated in a greenhouse. Underco-situs application (band and spot) of CRFs, there were no obvious differences in the germination speed and rate for bothdent corn and sweet corn relative to control. Mortality rates of sweet corn seedlings under co-situs application were highin experiment 1, but were very low in experiment 2, because the environmental conditions were different in the twoexperiments. That is, under lower temperature and weaker sunlight, young seedlings easily die due to high soil nutrientconcentration and slow growth speed of corn. Shoot weight of both dent and sweet corn did not greatly decrease inexperiment 1. In experiment 2, there were no significant differences in shoot and root weight of both corns between co-situs and surface or mixed application methods. However, with spot and band application of ammonium sulfate, shoot androot weight were significantly reduced. Soil EC and pH were considerably affected by co-situs application, especially atthe fertilizer application site. For both dent and sweet corn, EC in the 0-3 cm soil was significantly higher under co-situsapplication and surface application than that under mixed application, whereas in the 3-6 cm soil depth the situation wasreversed. Compared with control, mixed application of CRFs decreased soil pH slightly (0-3 cm depth) or greatly (3-6 cmdepth).

Effects of Different Proportions of Controlled Release Urea and Ordinary Urea on Peanut Yield

[Objectives]To study the effects of different proportions of controlled release urea and ordinary urea on peanut yield.[Methods]A total of 5 treatments were set up according to different proportions of controlled release urea and ordinary urea,randomly arranged in blocks and repeated 3 times.[Results]The test results of field districts showed that different proportions of controlled release urea and conventional urea had different effects on peanut yield.On the basis of applying 50 kg/666.7 m^(2)of calcium superphosphate and 17 kg/666.7 m^(2)of potassium sulfate,13.34 kg/666.7 m^(2)of pure nitrogen was applied.The optimal ratio of controlled release urea to ordinary urea was 75:25,followed by 50:50.The output was 379.83 and 371.83 kg/666.7 m^(2),separately increased by 6.74%and 4.50%compared to the application of ordinary urea.[Conclusions]The combined application of controlled release urea and ordinary urea in peanuts can significantly increase peanut yield compared to just applying ordinary urea.

控释掺混肥对夏玉米氮肥利用效率和气态氮损失的影响

为阐明控释掺混肥对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用效率和气态氮损失的影响,本研究以郑单958为供试材料,设不施氮对照(CK)、常规施氮(FFP)、优化施氮(OPT)、含30%控释尿素的控释掺混肥(CRBF30)和含50%控释尿素的控释掺混肥(CRBF50)共5个处理,对比分析了不同处理的夏玉米产量、氮肥利用效率和气态氮损失(氨挥发和N2O排放)的差异。结果发现,控释掺混肥(CRBF30和CRBF50处理)较FFP处理夏玉米增产1.4%~2.9%(P>0.05),在减氮和一次性施肥的条件下实现了夏玉米稳产。与FFP处理相比,CRBF30和CRBF50处理的氮肥吸收利用率分别提高了8.4个和11.1个百分点,其中CRBF50处理差异显著(P<0.05);氮肥偏生产力分别提高了8.87 kg·kg^(-1)和9.86 kg·kg^(-1)(P<0.05)。与FFP处理相比,控释掺混肥(CRBF30和CRBF50处理)的氨挥发强度和累积氨挥发损失分别降低71.9%~73.5%(P<0.05)和71.59%~72.66%(P<0.05),N2O排放强度和累积排放量分别显著降低了34.5%~41.4%(P<0.05)和33.7%~37.5%(P<0.05)。综上,施用控释掺混肥可兼顾夏玉米稳产、氮肥高效利用并降低氮素气态损失。

推荐施肥量下控释肥替代普通尿素提高高粱产量和氮肥生产力

【目的】高粱生产中氮肥施用不合理,氮肥利用效率低,研究适宜重庆地区高粱种植的控释氮肥减施比例,在减少氮肥用量的同时,确保高粱稳产高产,提高肥料利用效率。【方法】田间定位试验于2021、2022年在重庆永川进行,供试高粱品种为晋渝糯3号和金糯粱1号。设置6个处理,分别为不施氮肥(CK);习惯尿素施肥量(U,N 180 kg/hm^(2));尿素推荐施用量(U1,减N 20%,N 144 kg/hm^(2));控释氮肥减施氮量20%(C1,N144 kg/hm^(2));控释氮肥减施氮量30%(C2,N 126 kg/hm^(2));控释氮肥减施氮量40%(C3,N 108 kg/hm^(2))。在高粱开花期和成熟期,调查干物质积累量和转运量,成熟期调查植株和籽粒氮素含量、生物量、产量及产量构成因素。【结果】开花期和成熟期高粱干物质积累量均以C1和U1处理最高,C1处理成熟期干物质积累量又显著高于U1。C1处理叶片花前干物质转运量显著高于U。花后干物质积累量C1处理显著高于其他处理,U1和C2处理显著高于U处理。C1处理晋渝糯3号和金糯粱1号花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率较U分别显著提高了11.54%和12.41%。C1处理的高粱产量最高(晋渝糯3号6611 kg/hm^(2),金糯粱1号5690 kg/hm^(2)),较其他施氮处理显著提高了5.40%~18.66%;其次为C2和U1处理,二者的产量均显著高于U和C3处理。各施氮处理的氮肥生理利用率(NPE)差异不显著;减氮处理间氮肥农学利用率(NAE)无显著差异,氮肥偏生产力(NPFP)差异显著,其NAE和NPFP均显著高于习惯施氮处理U;控释肥各减氮处理的NPFP显著高于普通氮肥推荐量处理U1。C1处理较U处理大幅提高了NAE、NPFP和氮肥利用率(NUE),晋渝糯3号分别提高了58.54%、39.61%和59.28%,金糯粱1号分别提高了80.97%、48.30%和63.08%;与U1处理相比,晋渝糯3号的NPFP、NUE分别提高了5.38%和22.19%,金糯粱1号分别提高了5.82%和4.42%。【结论】推荐施氮量下,用控释肥替代普通氮肥增加了高粱开花期和成熟期干物质积累量,提高了叶片花前干物质转运量和花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率,提升了高粱产量和氮肥利用效率,可作为西南地区高粱生产的推荐氮肥施用方式。

缓控释肥硅基膜材的制备与表征

以钙镁磷肥、硅丙树脂为主要原料,加入甲基硅酸钠作粘结剂,制备了缓控释肥硅基膜材,并采用撒粉离心包衣、底喷式流化床工艺制备了密封型硅钙镁磷肥、粘结型硅钙镁磷肥、改性硅丙树脂3种包膜尿素,通过静水试验研究了此3种包膜尿素的释放特征。结果表明,3种包膜尿素的释放周期分别为60、79、96 d,在水中均能保持完整球形,耐水性较好。通过扫描电镜、红外光谱、X-射线衍射法对膜材形貌特征和结构进行表征,发现钙镁磷肥和硅丙树脂为成膜材料;甲基硅酸钠作为密封剂和防水剂参与了成膜反应,有效增加了膜材的塑性和韧性,此复合材料可用作缓控释肥的胶结剂和包膜剂。

控释掺混肥料一次性基施对热带地区水稻产量及氮肥利用效率的影响

【目的】探究控释掺混肥及减氮处理对热带地区水稻产量及氮肥利用效率的影响,以期促进控释掺混肥料在热带地区水稻栽培中的科学施用及推广应用。【方法】以控释掺混肥料为试验材料,在海南省屯昌县枫木镇和儋州市东成镇开展大田试验,设置常规施肥(分3次施肥)、控释掺混肥料一次性基施及其减氮10%和减氮20%处理,测定双季稻产量、氮素吸收及氮肥利用效率。【结果】等氮条件下,控释掺混肥料一次性基施能够促进水稻氮素吸收、干物质累积,提高水稻产量和氮肥利用效率;与常规分次施肥相比,水稻产量提高7.43%~22.84%,地上部干物质累积量提高8.22%~22.39%,氮素累积量提高12.19%~32.06%,氮肥利用率提高31.67%~75.65%,且均差异显著(除东成早稻产量外)。而在减氮10%~20%条件下,控释掺混肥一次性基施也能提高或不显著降低水稻产量、干物质累积量和氮素累积量,对氮肥利用率也具有一定提升效果。【结论】控释掺混肥一次性基施可提高水稻产量及肥料氮肥利用率,减氮10%~20%仍能获得较高产量,是热带地区水稻轻简化施肥和减氮增效的有效途径。

控释肥颗粒群仿真接触参数标定与试验

接触参数影响控释肥颗粒离散元仿真结果。为了精准模拟控释肥颗粒力学行为与运动规律,本文基于离散元法对控释肥颗粒的接触参数进行标定与试验。首先,建立控释肥离散元基础模型,并利用台架和仿真试验相结合的方法,在EDEM中对控释肥颗粒与PVC板之间接触参数进行标定。其次,通过碰撞弹跳试验、斜面滑移试验和斜面滚动试验测得控释肥颗粒与PVC板之间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数和滚动摩擦因数分别为0.539、0.507和0.105。最后,通过堆积试验、最陡爬坡试验和正交旋转组合试验,得到控释肥颗粒间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数和滚动摩擦因数分别为0.38、0.25和0.09,并通过无底圆筒提升试验和排肥台架试验进行验证。试验结果表明,堆积角实际值与仿真结果的相对误差为1.54%,排肥量实际值与仿真结果4种转速下的相对误差分别为4.38%、4.23%、4.41%、4.36%,所标定的控释肥接触参数精准有效,可为控释肥离散元仿真提供数据和模型支撑。

控释掺混肥对麦玉轮作体系农田温室气体排放和硝态氮残留的影响

为阐明控释肥对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系作物产量、温室气体排放和硝态氮残留的影响,该研究以郑单958(夏玉米)和济麦22(冬小麦)为供试材料,设不施氮对照(CK)、常规施氮(FFP)、优化施氮(OPT)、含30%控释尿素的控释掺混肥(夏玉米)和含50%控释尿素的控释掺混肥(冬小麦)(CRBF1)、含50%控释尿素的控释掺混肥(夏玉米)和含70%控释尿素的控释掺混肥(冬小麦)(CRBF2)共5个处理,对比分析了不同处理的冬小麦、夏玉米及周年产量、温室气体排放和土壤硝态氮残留的差异。结果表明,施氮可显著提高麦玉轮作系统单季和周年作物产量(P<0.05)。与FFP相比,CRBF1和CRBF2处理的夏玉米、冬小麦和周年产量分别提高了1.4%~3.0%、1.9%~3.4%和1.6%~3.1%(P>0.05)。施氮显著增加了麦玉轮作体系的土壤N_(2)O和CO_(2)的周年排放(P<0.05)。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的土壤N_(2)O周年排放总量较FFP处理显著降低了27.7%~34.6%(P<0.05)。施氮显著增加了麦玉轮作体系的周年全球增温潜势(GWP)(P<0.05)。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的周年GWP较FFP处理降低了4.2%和5.7%,其中CRBF2处理差异显著(P<0.05)。施氮降低了麦玉轮作体系的周年温室气体排放强度(GHGI)。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的周年GHGI较FFP处理降低了5.6%~8.6%(P>0.05)。与FFP相比,CRBF1和CRBF2处理的100~200 cm土层硝态氮残留降低30.6%~34.3%(P<0.05),减少了硝态氮淋失风险。综上所述,控释掺混肥在稳定作物产量、减少温室气体排放和土壤硝态氮残留方面具有积极作用,研究结果可为麦玉轮作体系的轻简高效氮肥管理提供数据支持和理论支撑。

温度敏感型缓/控释肥料的温度响应特征、养分释放性能与温敏机理研究进展

温度是影响缓/控释肥料养分释放特性的重要因素,开发温度敏感型缓/控释肥料可以使肥料养分释放与作物养分需求更加匹配,从而提高肥料利用效率,促进农业可持续发展。本文综述了聚酰胺类、聚醚类、聚酯类、多糖类以及温敏聚氨酯等常见的温敏聚合物材料的来源、类型和机理,详细阐述了聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)、聚N-乙烯基己内酰胺(PNVCL)、环氧乙烷/环氧丙烷嵌段共聚物(EO/PO)、甲基纤维素和温敏聚氨酯等常见温敏聚合物材料用作温敏缓/控释肥料包膜材料的国内外研究进展,并评估了其在温敏缓/控释肥料中应用的可行性与优缺点。根据温敏特性,将温敏缓/控释肥料分为低临界溶解温度(LCST)响应型和结晶转变温度(Tm)/玻璃化转变温度(Tg)响应型两大类,并详细总结了这两种类型的制备方法、特征、养分释放性能以及分子作用机制。最后,指出温敏型缓/控释肥料的研发尚处于初级阶段,未来应深入开展天然高分子温敏材料的基础研究和创新,筛选绿色可生物降解温敏聚氨酯材料,研发作物和区域专用型温敏缓/控释肥料。

减氮和侧深基施缓混肥对‘南粳5055’产量、品质及氮素吸收利用的影响

旨在探讨减氮和侧深基施缓混肥对水稻产量、品质和氮素吸收利用的影响,本研究以当地主推粳稻‘南粳5055’为材料,设置不施氮肥(0N)、当地常规施肥(CK)、一次性侧深基施缓混肥(S1)、侧深基施缓混肥+追施速效氮肥(S2) 4个处理,分别在如皋市东陈镇和白蒲镇两地的水稻田开展试验。两地的试验结果均表明:与CK相比,在减氮25%情况下,S1和S2均明显改善了稻米的外观品质和蒸煮食味品质,但两者的水稻产量和总吸氮量均有所降低,平均分别减少了5.12%、1.27%和9.53%、2.77%。其中S1明显减产主要由于每穗粒数的显著降低,而S2则与CK无显著差异。另外,S2也较CK显著提高了氮肥的吸收利用率、农学效率和偏生产力。表明在氮肥大幅减少的情况下,采用侧深基施缓混肥+追施速效氮肥更有利于实现水稻的绿色优质高效生产。

袋控缓释铁肥提高梨树铁素利用率

为探究袋控缓释铁肥改善梨树缺铁黄化的效果,采用硫酸亚铁与柠檬酸混合包装,并在肥料袋中添加生根诱导调节剂6-BA,设袋控缓释铁肥(HF)、撒施铁肥(SF)和不施铁肥(CK)3个处理,分析了其对梨树细根生长状况、叶片SPAD值以及叶片活性铁含量的影响。结果表明,HF梨树根系的细根最长、根体积和根表面积最大,其中在根长和根体积指标上显著高于SF和CK(P<0.05);HF和SF两处理在生长季内细根数量显著高于CK(P<0.05);HF肥效缓慢且稳定,持续维持一定的根系生物量,延长了梨树根系的褐变时间,其中HF褐变时间最长,为54 d,其次是SF,为43 d,CK为25 d,各处理间差异显著(P<0.05);HF显著提高了根系活力(P<0.05)。HF叶片SPAD值在7月和8月显著高于SF与CK(P<0.05)。8月各处理间梨树叶片活性铁含量差异显著(P<0.05),以HF的活性铁含量最高,为27.36 mg/kg。袋控缓释铁肥有效提高了梨树铁素利用率。

缓控释肥配施脲铵运筹对水稻产量、氮素利用效率和土壤养分的影响

通过田间试验,以传统配方肥+尿素一基两追施肥模式(CG)为对照,研究了以脲甲醛类缓控释肥(NC)和木质素类缓控释肥(MC)为基肥、脲铵为分蘖或穗分化追肥的缓控释肥+脲铵一基一追施肥模式对水稻产量、氮吸收累积、氮素利用效率以及土壤养分的影响。结果表明:缓控释肥+脲铵一基一蘖施肥模式水稻产量与CG处理相比无明显差异,但脲甲醛类缓控释肥+脲铵(NC-S)和木质素类缓控释肥+脲铵一基一穗(MC-S)处理分别比CG处理明显增产3.96%和6.01%,主要原因为NC-S和MC-S处理每穗粒数分别比CG处理明显增加16.7%和17.6%;与CG处理相比,脲甲醛类缓控释肥+脲铵(NC-F)和木质素类缓控释肥+脲铵一基一蘖(MC-F)处理成熟期地上部氮累积分别比CG处理增加2.50%和5.89%,NC-S和MC-S处理分别比CG处理明显增加10.0%和11.6%;NC-S和MC-S处理氮素利用效率(NUE)分别比CG处理高3.96%和6.01%。缓控释肥+脲铵一基一追施肥模式增加了水稻氮吸收效率(NupE)和表观氮肥回收效率(ANR),其中MC-S处理的NupE明显比CG处理高11.6%,NC-S和MC-S处理的ANR分别比CG处理明显高25.4%和29.3%。缓控释肥+脲铵一基一追施肥模式土壤碱解氮含量明显比CG处理增加6.58%~10.7%,其中,一基一穗施肥模式增加比例更大;另外,土壤有机质含量比CG处理增加1.11%~7.56%。由此可见,缓控释肥+脲铵一基一穗施肥模式更有利于提高水稻产量和氮素利用效率,增加土壤肥力。

不同缓/控释肥对玉米产量·经济效益及肥料利用率的影响

[目的]探究冀南平原玉米种植的缓/控释肥的应用效果。[方法]以邯玉398为材料,选取3种常见的玉米缓/控释复合肥进行田间试验,分析了不同类型缓/控释肥对玉米产量、经济效益及肥料利用率的影响。[结果]施用硫包衣缓/控释复合肥的玉米产量、利润及农学利用效率较常规复合肥分别降低1.95%、3.27%、8.27%~31.21%;施用树脂包衣缓/控释复合肥的玉米产量提高0.65%,但利润、总养分量、磷、钾偏生产力和总养分量农学利用效率分别降低了1.45%、22.59%、49.67%、49.67%、20.09%;施用脲甲醛缓/控释复合肥的玉米产量、利润及总养分量偏生产力和农学利用效率较常规复合肥分别提高5.98%、5.50%、5.99%、25.22%,且产量、利润显著提高。[结论]综合分析,脲甲醛缓/控释复合肥可作为冀南平原玉米种植中的优先推荐。

长期施用控释氮肥对潮土区麦-玉轮作作物产量的影响及土壤氮素供应特征研究

本研究以位于山东德州的连续10年控释氮肥长期定位试验为平台,在小麦—玉米轮作体系下,试验设置不施氮肥(PK)、农民习惯施肥(FP)、优化施肥(OPT)、控释氮肥(CRF1)和控释氮肥减量20%(CRF2)5个处理,分别在玉米抽雄期、灌浆期和小麦拔节期、孕穗期、灌浆期、成熟期采集土壤样品,测定土壤pH值、氮磷钾全量养分、铵态氮、硝态氮、碱解氮含量,测定不同处理玉米、小麦及作物周年产量,以探究长期施用控释氮肥对潮土区麦-玉轮作作物产量的影响及土壤氮素供应特征。结果表明,长期施用控释氮肥可显著提升土壤氮素供应能力,CRF1处理与OPT处理相比,玉米抽雄期和灌浆期土壤碱解氮含量分别提升14.10%和9.45%,铵态氮在抽雄期提升125.53%,小麦拔节期铵态氮和硝态氮分别提升63.73%和200.35%。与FP处理相比,CRF1处理玉米、小麦和周年产量分别显著提高13.13%、16.73%和14.89%,而CRF2处理的产量无显著变化。随机森林模型分析发现,不同施肥模式下玉米产量与灌浆期土壤碱解氮和成熟期土壤全氮含量密切相关,小麦产量则受拔节期土壤硝态氮、孕穗期碱解氮和铵态氮、灌浆期碱解氮以及成熟期土壤全氮、碱解氮含量的综合调控。综上所述,控释氮肥可通过调控氮素释放提高玉米和小麦关键生育期的土壤全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮和铵态氮含量,进而显著提高作物产量,且在减量20%控释氮肥下仍可保证作物不减产。

侧深施控释氮肥运筹方式对水稻产量、NH_(3)挥发和温室气体排放的影响

为建立机插稻高产低碳减排的控释氮肥施用技术,以迟熟中粳南粳9108、泰香粳1402为材料,选用控释期100 d、43%树脂包膜缓释氮肥与46%速效尿素为氮肥,分别设置基穗氮肥比例为100(NM1)∶、82(NM2)∶、73∶(NM3)与64(NM4)∶不同运筹方式处理,基肥采用侧深施肥方法,控释氮肥与速效尿素比例均为55,∶穗氮肥为尿素,并设置常规施肥(FFT)与不施氮肥(0N)对照处理,研究不同氮肥运筹方式对水稻产量、NH_(3)挥发和温室气体排放的影响。结果表明:与FFT处理相比,侧深施控释氮肥推迟NH_(3)挥发峰值出现,避免分蘖期NH_(3)挥发峰值产生,穗期追施尿素后的NH_(3)挥发通量和平均NH_(3)挥发通量显著降低,NH_(3)累积损失总量降低25.33%~48.76%,NH_(3)排放系数降低29.14%~60.81%,单位产量NH_(3)排放强度显著降低29.60%~56.01%。与FFT处理相比,侧深施控释氮肥分蘖期和抽穗后的CH_(4)排放通量显著降低,搁田期和穗期追施尿素后的N_(2)O排放通量显著降低,CH_(4)排放累积总量降低20.20%~55.04%,CH_(4)减排率随基穗氮肥比例变小而降低,N_(2)O排放累积总量降低25.56%~61.56%,N_(2)O减排率表现为NM1>NM3>NM2>NM4,GWP和GHGI分别降低20.96%~53.35%、25.91%~55.40%。品种间NH_(3)挥发和温室气体规律一致,减排效果均表现为NM1>NM3>NM2>NM4。综合考虑经济、生态效益,NM1处理氨挥发和温室气体减排效果最佳,且比NM3和FFT处理减少施肥次数1~2次,利于水稻绿色轻简规模化生产;NM3处理增产率最高且NH_(3)挥发和温室气体减排效果仅次NM1,实现丰产减排协同进行。综上,本文探索出一套适配迟熟中粳减排增产的控释氮肥施肥方式,重点发现“轻简+减排”型施肥方式NM1和“丰产+减排”型施肥方式NM3。