Computer Simulation of Turbulent Flow through a Hydraulic Turbine Draft Tube

Based on the Naviev-Stokes equations and the standard κ-ε turbulence model, this paper presents the derivation of the governing equations for the turbulent flow field in a draft tube. The mathematical model for the turbulent flow through a draft tube is set up when the boundary conditions, including the inlet boundary conditions, the outlet boundary conditions and the wall boundary conditions, have been implemented. The governing equations are formulated in a discrete form on a staggered grid system by the finite volume method. The second-order central difference approximation and hybrid scheme are used for discretization. The computation and analysis on internal flow through a draft tube have been carried out by using the simplee algorithm and cfx-tasc flow software so as to obtain the simulated flow fields. The calculation results at the design operating condition for the draft tube are presented in this paper. Thereby, an effective method for simulating the internal flow field in a draft tube has been explored.

SOLID-LIQUID SUSPENSION SYSTEM IN AGITATED TANK WITH DRAFT TUBE

Solid-liquid suspension in an agitated tank with a draft tube was investigated witha newly developed infrared turbidimeter for measuring solid concentration.The diameter of theflared inlet transition tube and the distance from the inlet to the tank bottom are two importantparameters for draft tube design The NAX-4 impeller,developed in this study,is characterized byits high flow efficiency and low power consumption.Some modifications are made to the Bald′smodel by considering the effects of solid concentration and fluid viscosity on the critical speed forcomplete off-bottom suspension.The modified equation fits the experimental data satisfactority andcan be used in scale-up

Coal Gasification in Moving Bed Reactor with a Draft Tube

The application of a new type of moving bed reactor with draft tube for coal gasification was investigated. Successful coal gasification experiments were achieved using the coal gasifier. Product gas containing hydrogen as high as 60% was obtained, and the calorific value of the product of 10 MJ&middotm-3 was obtained using air as oxidant. The reaction temperature of coal gasification in the moving bed was maintained at 870 °C which was comparatively low for coal gasification. Maximum coal gasification efficiency of 92% was obtained.

Hydrodynamic Assessment of Increasing the Energy Efficiency of Trawler Propulsion with a Draft Tube

The economy of the fishing industry is suffering from high fuel prices. Considerable efforts are invested in methods to increase the energy efficiency of fishing vessels and reducing the oil consumption per kilo of catch that may be as high as 0.6 to 0.7 liter oil per kilo catch. It is primarily the fact that sailing and fishing are on two very different speeds that cause these high fuel consumptions. This is called the two-speed problem and it is the trawlers that are hit hardest by it. The essence of the two-speed problem is that a hydraulic efficiency of only 28% can be expected in trawling speed, when it would be 67% if the ship is sailing at optimum speed all the time. Hydrodynamical analysis shows that an average hydraulic efficiency of only 41% can be expected for a trawler. There is no simple remedy for this, but it is possible to use a technology developed in the hydropower industry, i.e. a draft tube, or a diffuser, to recover energy that would otherwise be lost when trawling. A draft of tube the same length as the propellers diameter could mean fuel savings of 10%, a draft tube twice as long 20%. The difficulty is to find a way to get the draft tube out of the water during sailing with a vessel-specific mechanical design that is not a part of the fluid dynamics of the problem and not discussed in the paper.

Optimization of Draft Tube Position in a Spouted Bed Reactor using Response Surface Methodology

Optimization of draft tube position in a spouted bed reactor used for treatment of wastewater containing low concentration of heavy metals is investigated in this paper. Response surface methodology is used to optimize the draft tube height, the draft tube width and the gap between the bottom of the draft tube and the inlet nozzle. It is observed that the draft tube with a height of 60 millimeter, width of 12 millimeter and the gap of 13 millimeter between its bottom and inlet nozzle, results in optimum value of minimum spouting velocity, measured 45 cubic centimeter per second (2.7 Liter per minute) .

Simulation of Somatotype of Hydraulic Turbine Draft-Tube

Elbow draft-tubes are widely used in large- and medium-sized hydropower stations in many countries. During the application, handling the somatotype of elbow tubes has been found challenging： in order to maintain the designed shape of draft tube and to meet the requirement of construction lofting, the configuration of reinforcing bars and the fabrication of templates, the geometry of elbow tubes has to be accurately calculated to draw engineering graphics. Based on the derived equations in this paper, the motion of elbow tube curve envelope is simulated by using computers, which shows directly the smoothness of the curve and provides dynamic simulation for the study and optimization of the design and construction of elbow draft tubes, along with the front view and bottom view.

运行负载扰动条件下水轮机流态演化和空化性能研究

空化现象是流体在能量转换过程中特有的一种不稳定水力现象,严重时可导致水力机械过流部件因空蚀损伤而造成惨重损失。为探究不同负载条件下混流式水轮机内部空化现象与涡流流动特征之间的关联,针对不同负荷工况下水轮机展开全流道三维空化流数值计算。结果表明:机组内的空化现象主要存在于流动特征较为复杂的转轮和尾水管流域,空化剧烈程度随机组负荷减小而增强,最小负荷工况相较额定工况,转轮流域空泡体积峰值增长约32倍;104%超负荷工况和额定工况下,尾水管涡带形态呈轴向直涡状旋流结构纺锤体涡带。机组负荷减小至93%和80%时,涡带结构主导了尾水管流域的流动特征,受涡带结构对周围流体的“排挤”作用和偏心螺旋型运动作用,流动状态的轴对称性被打破,使得涡核周围高速区流体的强度和位置也随着涡带的时域变迁而改变。涡核中心产生空化现象,涡带形态演化为空腔螺旋涡带;机组负荷继续减小,尾水管内流体周向旋转的牵连速度分量逐渐极致占优,受限于尾水管内流量不够充沛,导致尾水管涡带形态难以保持稳定运转,在64%和47%低负荷工况下,巨大空腔挤占尾水管空间并压迫管壁流体,涡带结构破碎形成空腔拧漩流涡带;低负荷工况下,尾水管流域空泡体积波动呈频率为0.075倍~0.225倍转轮转频的低频脉动,其波动频率随负荷降低而减小,尾水管内空泡体积的波动可能诱使尾水管壁出现低频压力脉动成分。

水泵水轮机尾水管压力脉动特性及涡带特性分析

抽蓄电站是电网的重要组成部分,水泵水轮机长时间偏离最优工况运行会导致水力不稳定问题,其中,尾水管涡带和压力脉动问题备受关注,严重影响机组安全稳定运行。以水泵水轮机为研究对象,分析了其尾水管内流特性与压力脉动时频特性。对比了两种第二代和两种第三代涡识别方法对尾水管涡带演化过程的可视化效果,Omega-Liutex涡识别方法对阈值依赖性小且对涡带形态的识别更清晰完备,因此,采用Omega-Liutex涡识别方法研究了不同负荷工况下尾水管涡带的瞬态变化特性。研究结果可以为水泵水轮机稳定运行提供一定的理论参考。

水轮机尾水进人门螺栓在线监测技术研究

水轮机尾水进人门是水电机组重要的过流承压部件,其可靠性关系到整个水电站的安全运行,是现场运维重点关注对象。以某巨型混流式水轮机尾水进人门为研究对象,对进人门螺栓状态监测技术进行了系统研究和现场实施,为水电机组智能运维与故障诊断提供技术支撑。

非球形湿颗粒导向管喷动流化床流动特性

实际工业生产中颗粒多为非球形颗粒,对颗粒形状效应和液相作用机制的研究不足,是导向管喷动流化床在颗粒涂层改性、包膜等工业应用的关键限制因素。选取粒径、密度相似的球形和圆柱形非球形颗粒为实验物料,对比两种颗粒在不同气速和雾滴引入量下的压力脉动信号频谱分析、信息熵分析,并结合床内气固流动对流型进行划分,绘制非球形湿颗粒流动相图,进而探究喷动流化过程中颗粒形状效应及液相作用机制。相比于球形颗粒,粒径、密度相似的非球形颗粒有较小的最小喷动速度,在喷动过程中有两个及以上较低的主频峰且信息熵较大,显示出非球形颗粒在系统内较高的混乱程度,颗粒之间摩擦、碰撞等降低了导向管内颗粒的固体循环速率。液体的引入增大了环形区颗粒间液桥力,使最小流化速度变大,但液体挥发引起喷动气量增大,使最小喷动速度与最小喷动流化速度减小。在喷动流化流型下引入液体,球形颗粒导向管两端压降ΔpDT的脉动主频降低,而非球形颗粒ΔpDT的主频升高。而且非球形颗粒黏附液体后频谱分析结果显示幅值较大的单一主频峰,表明非球形湿颗粒压力脉动规律性的增强。

基于集合经验模态分解和指数能量法的水泵水轮机尾水管压力脉动信号特征提取

提取水泵水轮机尾水管压力脉动信号中的动态特征信息,准确识别涡带强度,是近年来水泵水轮机工程领域的研究重点。本文基于集合经验模态分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,EEMD)和模态指数能量法,对某水泵水轮机发电工况不同负荷下的尾水管压力脉动信号进行特征提取,得到如下结论。首先,基于EEMD的模态指数能量能够有效地反映信号中的能量分布规律。其次,在涡带增强过程中,基于EEMD的最大模态指数能量不断升高,表明尾水管内的流动状况变得更加复杂,涡带特征信息也更加丰富。最后,使用最大与平均指数能量构建的特征向量能够准确反映不同的尾水管涡带强度,并且能够作为智能分类器的输入特征向量,有利于后续进一步的识别与诊断,具有重要的工程意义。

低比速水泵水轮机“S”形特性对尾水管最小压力敏感性研究

水泵水轮机“S”形特性对机组的水力过渡过程有着要的影响,“S”形特性的优劣是判定模型转轮研发成功与否的关键指标之一,对低比速水泵水轮机显得更为重要。为更深入研究转轮“S”形特性、模型转轮优化设计、水力过渡过程三者间联系,本文定义一种对“S”特性曲线定点定量的分析方法,利用不同试验特性曲线,通过水力过渡过程仿真分析加以判定,对“S”形曲线量化分析以探索三者之间的内在联系。研究表明全特性曲线中间等开度线“S”区弯曲程度对尾水管最小压力敏感性最强,等开度线在“S”区内单位流量与单位转速的比值越大,同一等开度线上飞逸单位流量越大,对提高尾水管进口最小压力越有利;叶片型式和活动导叶翼型优化设计可在一定程度上改善“S”形特性品质,提高甩负荷时尾水管最小压力值。本研成果在低比速水泵水轮机模型转轮研发和水力过渡过程优化计算方面均具有一定参考意义。

基于Omega涡识别方法的径流式水涡轮尾水管涡带特性

为了研究水涡轮尾水管的涡带特性与Omega涡识别方法对尾水管涡带的识别效果,对比了Q准则和λ_(2)准则以及Omega涡识别方法对尾水管涡带的识别效果,并基于Omega方法和降维的Omega方法分析了不同工况下尾水管的涡带特性.结果表明:对于径流式水涡轮,通过合理调整阈值,Q准则和λ_(2)准则以及Omega涡识别方法均能识别到清晰合理的尾水管涡结构,而Omega方法阈值选取区间较小且具有不敏感性;水涡轮尾水管在小流量工况时会出现较长的涡带,不利于机械的稳定性.同时运用二维Omega涡识别方法与拟涡能指标,在不同工况下对尾水管各监测面进行定量分析,确定涡量浓度高的区域,研究尾水管的能量耗散规律.结果发现,尾水管进水口到弯管之间的区域涡量浓度最高,能量耗散最大,流态最不稳定,这可为该型式水涡轮的结构优化提供理论参考与数据支撑.

水泵水轮机S特性对相继甩尾水最小压力的影响

为探究水泵水轮机全特性曲线S特性与尾水压力最小值的联系,基于新丰抽水蓄能电站的过渡过程数值仿真模型模拟了尾水最不利相继甩工况。通过调整机组运行轨迹线附近开度线斜率,对比分析并总结S区形状变化对相继甩工况尾水压力极值的影响规律,提出了一种图形指标,能够应用在抽蓄前期设计中评价S特性对尾水压力影响优劣,并验证其准确性。结果表明,相继甩工况后甩机组流量变化率第一波下降时,机组运行轨迹线呈现完整倒S形,S区形状变化改变了机组流量变化率的大小,导致出现在靠近轨迹线S形下拐点前的尾水压力极值发生变化,给出的图形指标形状越趋近于竖向细长的规则长方形,相应的尾水最小压力的改善效果越好。

Exploration of the mechanism of cavitation vortex rope and vortex development in the draft tube of tubular turbine units

Draft tube vortex rope is considered a special cavitation flow phenomenon in tubular turbine units.Cavitation vortex rope is one of the most detrimental factors affecting the safety of hydraulic turbines.In this study,ANSYS CFX software was utilized to numerically simulate the internal cavitation flow of a hydraulic turbine draft tube.The evolution of the cavitation vortex core was characterized by vortex line distribution and vorticity transport equation.The shape and number of blades influenced the revolving direction and distribution characteristics of the vortex close to the runner cone,which formed a counterclockwise-clockwise-counterclockwise distribution pattern.Simultaneously,there were many secondary flows in the draft tube.Mutual cancellation and dissipation between the flows was one of the reasons for reduction in vorticity.When the cross-sectional shape of the draft tube was changed,the vorticity was distributed from the center of the vortex rope to all parts of the cross-sectional draft tube,with extreme values at the center and at the walls.The vortex stretching and dilatation terms played a major role in the change in vorticity,with the baroclinic torque having an effect at the center of the vortex rope,this study is helpful to understand the flow of water in the draft tube and guide the design and optimization of the draft tube in engineering application.

基于弱可压的混流式水轮机流动特性数值研究

高水头混流式水轮机由于水轮机上下游具有较高的压差,水流在高压力下呈弱可压缩性,影响机组内流特性的分布规律。为进一步探究弱可压缩性对水轮机压力脉动及涡流特性的影响,本文考虑水流的弱可压缩性,对Francis99高水头模型水轮机部分负荷流动特性开展非稳态数值研究。结果表明,在忽略和考虑可压缩两种模式下,水轮机无叶区及转轮内压力脉动信号脉动规律较一致。可压缩模式同时预测到尾水管内的低频高振幅和高频低振幅压力脉动信息,且与测试结果更为吻合,表明弱可压缩性对尾水管内流动信息的准确捕捉有重要影响。对压力信号进行同步和非同步分解后发现,表征涡带旋转的非同步分量主导了尾水管涡带的运动。进一步,考虑水流的可压缩性捕捉到的螺旋状尾水管涡带在整个演化周期内均显示为连续结构,且回流区与涡带位置相对应,表明涡带所占据的区域内主要由回流运动主导。

某水电厂1号混流式水轮机尾水管压力脉动试验研究

尾水管压力脉动是混流式水轮机运行稳定性的重要评价指标,研究尾水管压力脉动和机组振动稳定性对指导机组的安全运行、技术改造及科学调度具有十分重要的意义。对某水电厂1号机组进行了变负荷稳定性试验,分析了各工况下尾水管压力脉动、顶盖振动和水导轴承摆度信号之间的相关性。试验结果表明在部分负荷区域,尾水管压力脉动与顶盖振动及水导摆度信号高度相干,尾水管内低频涡带是引起机组振动的关键因素,对顶盖振动和水导摆度都有重要影响。

巨型混流式水轮机尾水管涡带CFD研究

本文结合SST k-ω湍流模型,建立水轮机全流道三维数值模拟方法,探究巨型混流式水轮机在低水头不同负荷工况下尾水管内部涡带形成机理及压力脉动变化规律。研究结果表明:在低负荷工况下,尾水管进口主流在转轮出口正向速度环量的作用下,易形成偏心螺旋状涡带,其旋转方向与转轮一致,此时尾水管内部可监测到主频为0.17倍转频(1.85 Hz)的低频压力脉动。而随着机组过流量增加,尾水管直锥段出现与转轮运动方向相反的涡带分布,并伴随着以2.16倍转频为主的高频压力脉动现象。通过比较不同泄水锥结构的计算结果,延长泄水锥结构可以抑制部分工况下螺旋状涡带的产生,使得尾水管内部主频压力脉动幅值减弱近45.9%。

抽蓄机组流量不同步变化对尾水管低压的影响

尾水低压现象对抽水蓄能电站的设计影响显著,为阐明尾水低压现象出现机理,基于一洞两机抽水蓄能电站输水发电系统,采用刚性水体动量方程,研究了甩负荷过程机组尾水管低压现象.为揭示输水系统布置对尾水低压现象的影响机制,定义了流量不同步变化抑制系数,并基于特征线法建立了系统的过渡过程仿真模型,通过移动上下游岔管位置,对比抽蓄电站不同类型甩负荷工况的结果,研究了不同流量变化抑制系数对尾水管最小压力的影响.结果表明:尾水低压出现的本质是同一水力单元2台机组流量变化不同步引起的压力交替变化,进而加剧了机组自身的流量变化;随着流量不同步变化抑制系数的减小,甩负荷过程中流量交替变化现象和尾水管低压现象均得到改善.

桨叶层数对导流筒搅拌槽内搅拌影响的数值模拟

搅拌桨叶层数对导流筒搅拌槽的搅拌特性有着极其重要的影响。以赣南某稀土企业容积为10m3的导流筒搅拌槽实物模型数据为参考,利用Solidworks三维软件建立了导流筒搅拌槽及不同搅拌桨叶层数的三维模型。运用流体软件Fluent对其进行网格等数据处理,然后根据相关公式选取桨叶层间距450mm为基础数据,以相近性原则选取甘油水溶液为载体,对料液在不同搅拌桨叶层数的导流筒搅拌槽中的混合过程进行仿真模拟。以时均速度分布、速度、湍流动能和功率消耗等参数作为评价依据,选不同桨叶层数的导流筒搅拌槽的搅拌特性进行分析评价,验证了双层搅拌桨叶的导流筒搅拌槽的搅拌特性较好。