The Development Process,Current Situation and Prospects of the Conversion of Farmland to Forests and Grasses Project in China

The Conversion of Farmland to Forests and Grasses Project is the most symbolic and globally important ecological engineering effort to build the human and natural life community.After the call and mobilization stage since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,the first round of Conversion of Farmland to Forests and Grasses occurred at the end of the 20 th century.With the second round of Conversion of Farmland to Forests And Grasses launched in 2014,the central government has invested 535.3 billion yuan altogether by 2020,and 34.83 million ha have been returned to forest and grassland in 25 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities)(2435 counties included).Among them,14.23 million ha were returned from farmland;barren hills and wasteland afforestation accounted for 17.53 million ha;and sealed mountain forest cultivation represented 3.07 million ha,accounting for 40%of the total afforestation area of national key projects in the same period,and 41 million households and 158 million farmers benefited directly.The project construction has made great achievements.The total value of ecological benefits has reached 1.42 trillion yuan,plus economic benefits of 0.26 trillion yuan,and social benefits of 0.73 trillion yuan,for a total amount of 2.41 trillion yuan.This effort has made outstanding contributions toward building an ecological civilization and a beautiful China.Looking forward to the future,the Conversion of Farmland to Forests and Grasses will embark on a new stage of high-quality development,which will strive to achieve high-quality construction,high efficiency and a high level of management.China will promote the third round of conversion of farmland to forest and grassland from 2021 to 2035,and it is expected to return 6.67 million ha to forests and grasses.

Carbon Sink Effects in Conversion of Farmland to Forest Project in Karst Drainage Basin——A Case of Hongfenghu Drainage Basin in Guizhou Province

[Objective]Study on carbon sink effects in Conversion of Farmland to Forest Project in Hongfenghu drainage basin in order to provide evidences for assessing carbon sink potential of conversion of farmland to forest in Guizhou Province.[Method]By investigating the implement of Conversion of Farmland to Forest Project in Hongfenghu drainage basin from 2000 to 2006,the carbon sink amount and effect of seven main tree species in the foreat region like Cunninghamia lanceolata,Cryptomeria fortunei,Amygdalus persica,Prunus salicina,Armeniaca vulgaris,Camptotheca acuminate and Catalpa bungei were calculated,based on which the amount of forest carbon sinks in Hongfenghu drainage basin in 2015 was estimated.[Result]Biomass storage and carbon sink amount in middle and young aged forests were increasing over time from 2000 to 2006,which reached 1.05×107 kg by 2006 and would engage more and more potential.Cunninghamia lanceolata has the superior carbon sink capacity in the seven tree species in the research region,of which the amount of carbon sink per unit area will be 106.51 t/hm2 by 2015,followed by Cryptomeria fortunei with the amount of carbon sink per unit area by 99.42 t/hm2.Armeniaca vulgaris has the weakest carbon sink capacity of all the seven species with the amount of 13.03 t/hm2.The total amount of carbon sink in seven tree species was 2.35×107 kg,while the average amount of carbon sink per unit area was 26.17 t/hm2,which could produced economic benefit of 7.17×106 yuan calculated on the price of 305.0 yuan/t or 5.91×106 yuan calculated on the price of 254.1 yuan/t.[Conclusion]Economic benefits of carbon sink effects of Conversion of Farmland to Forest Project in Hongfenghu drainage basin were great with huge appreciation potential.

Importance of Comprehensive Ecological Restoration of Mountains,Rivers,Forests,Farmland,Lakes and Grass:A Case Study of the Shichuan River

With China's economic development and population growth,China's ecological environment continues to deteriorate.The comprehensive ecosystem restoration of the Shichuan River aims to build an ecosystem containing"mountains,rivers,forests,farmland,lakes and grass"by determining scientific and reasonable thickness of foreign soil,pollution restoration,ecological reconstruction,safeguard measures,etc.It brings new vitality to local ecological environment remodeling and economic development.

Eco-environment Restoration and Regional Differentiation Characteristics Based on “Building Terrace and Returning Slope Farmland to Forests and Grass”

Based on the scientific and technological achievements in the past decade in the Loess Hilly-gully Region and the successful demonstration experience in Yan'an Yangou watershed, we summarize the characteristics of eco-environment restoration pattern based on "building terrace and returning slope farmland to forests and grass". According to the data on land use, slope farmland and the agricultural population in 1999, we calculate the area of new terrace that needs to be built, the area of garden plot that needs to be extended, vegetation restoration area and investment demand in counties (cities, districts). Establishing and using some indicators, such as basic farmland extension indicator, garden plot extension indicator, vegetation restoration index and investment demand density, we conduct type classification and analysis of regional differentiation characteristics in 55 counties (cities, districts). The results show that in the Loess Hilly-gully Region, 691 600 hm2 of new terrace needs to be built, 792 000 hm2 of economic forests and orchards need to be extended, 5 410 200 hm2 of vegetation needs to be restored, and the total investment demand is 15.82 billion yuan; in terms of geographical distribution, obviously there are two key areas for eco-environment restoration (one is located in the border area between northern Shaanxi and northwestern Shanxi, and the other is located in the eastern Gansu and southern Ningxia area); the classified regional guidance policies should be formulated as soon as possible, and the limited funds should be concentrated in the key areas.

The Regional Climate Effects of Replacing Farmland and Re-greening the Desertification Lands with Forest or Grass in West China

The West Development Policy being implemented in China causes significant land use and land cover (LULC) changes in West China, of which the two most important types of LULC change are replacing farmland and re-greening the desertification land with forest or grass. This paper modifies the prevailing regional climate model (RCM) by updating its lower boundary conditions with the up-to-date satellite database of the Global Land Cover Characteristics Database (GLCCD) created by the United States Geological Survey and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The modified RCM is used to simulate the possible regional climate changes due to the LULC variations. The preliminary results can be summarized as that the two main types of LULC variation, replacing farmland and greening the desertification lands with forest or grass in west China, will affect the regional climate mostly in northwest and north China, where the surface temperature will decrease and the precipitation will increase. The regional climate adjustments in South, Southwest China and on the Tibet Plateau are uncertain.

Application of the Modified Neighborhood Interference Model to the Cultivation of Forest and Herbaceous Ecosystem

This paper is an extension of the application of neighborhood interference model--being modified--to the study of the interference between forest plants and herbaceous plants. The exploration of the neighborhood interference between triploid Populus tomentosa and Lolium multiflorum shows that the interference of Lolium multiflorum on triploid populus tomentosa is positive, with the primary interference factor living weight, and secondary factor cover degree; the growth of an individual tree is affected by the number, height, and coverage of the Lolium multiflorum; the more dense the coverage of the Lolium multiflorum in a certain area, the taller, faster and more trees will grow as a result of a greater positive neighborhood interference. The modified neighborhood interference model well serves as an effective approach to extend the application of neighborhood interference researches.

Review of Conversion of Farmland to Forests Project:Ranking First in Investment in the World

The Conversion of Farmland to Forests Project (CFF) is one of the six great forest ecological Projects inChina and one of the ten great forest ecological Projects in the world, ranking the third in overall scale and the first ininvestment. CFF was officially initiated in 2002, covering 1897 counties (county-level cities and districts) in 25provinces (autonomous regions or municipalities) of China. The whole investment is more than 40 billion US$ duringabout 20 years (from 1999 to 2017), aiming to form better ecology system in fragile ecology regions and effectivelycontrol the soil and water erosion of the Yangtze and the Yellow River and sandstorm of the Three-north Regions inChina. The experimental Project of CFF began in 1999, including Sichuan, Shanxi and Gansu province, and the scopeof CFF was widened later. About 1.16 million ha of farmlands were converted to forestlands, and one million ha ofplantation in mountains and wasted lands were completed in 3 years, involving 20 provinces (autonomous regions andmunicipalities), 400 counties, 27 thousand villages, 5.7 thousand towns, 4.1 million farm families and 16 millionfarmers.

中国式现代化视域下习近平生态文明思想整体系统观及其方法论

党的十八大以来,在推进中国式现代化建设的伟大征程中,以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持系统观念,基于对西方现代化道路的深刻反思和对自然界作为有机系统整体的精准认识,赓续与拓新马克思主义和中华优秀传统文化关于人与自然真实图景的系统辩证思想,形成和确立了丰富完备、逻辑严密的习近平生态文明思想整体系统观。秉持山水林田湖草沙是生命共同体的系统理念,这一整体系统观锚定生态文明建设和环境治理的目标任务,坚持推进中国式现代化生态文明建设与环境治理的系统层级观,坚持共同体构架的国内外合作治理的系统联动机制,对其内核“是什么”的问题作了精要而又深邃的回答。习近平生态文明思想层层追问中国式现代化生态文明建设之道,彰显了其整体系统思维在回答生态文明建设根本性问题上的强大方法论功能;以系统工程方式“全方位全地域全过程”推进生态文明建设与环境治理的全面系统展开,立体呈现了习近平生态文明思想整体系统观鲜明的方法论特质,为中国式现代化新征程上全面推进美丽中国建设提供了科学思想方法,开拓了中国式现代化恢宏壮丽的生态篇章。

山水林田湖草沙系统治理与水土保持高质量发展

[目的]中国水土流失治理已由“全面治理,重点治理”迈向“系统治理,攻坚克难”的新阶段。分析山水林田湖草沙系统治理的内涵、准则及其与水土保持的关系,旨在丰富新时代水土保持理论体系,引领水土保持高质量发展。[方法]在长期理论探索和实践验证的基础上,梳理山水林田湖草沙系统治理理念的发展过程,阐明其内涵、目标与实践准则。[结果]水土流失长期治理实践总结提升形成的以小流域为单元的综合治理技术路线是山水林田湖草沙生命共同体系统思想最朴素的实践体现。小流域综合治理的系统性主要体现为治理对象的系统协调,总体布局的系统统筹,治理措施的系统考量,治理成效的多效益兼顾,实施和管理的多部门协同和多主体参与的共治共享6个方面。水土保持高质量发展实践需要遵循的基于系统治理理念的具体举措包括:利用系统思维理解水土保持高质量发展的内涵和要求,精准诊断山水林田湖草沙系统短板及其控制性要素,构建山水林田湖草沙多层次全方位立体化防控体系,构筑完备的水土保持管理与技术保障体系。[结论]在新的历史时期,应该完整准确理解并全面贯彻落实山水林田湖草沙系统治理的理念,探索整体提升水土保持学术研究水平和治理效能的新路径、新模式、新机制。同时应结合区域或流域实际,对农田、水利、牧业、林业及生产建设活动进行全面综合系统的规划和治理,推动水土保持高质量发展。

玛曲县退化湿地生态修复治理技术探索

以玛曲县尼玛镇秀玛村至贡北湿地、尼玛镇忠克隧道至县城湿地和欧拉秀玛乡湿地3个存在严重生态环境问题的湿地为例,分析了不同湿地存在的生态环境问题及成因,并提出了山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复理念下的湿地生态修复治理技术。结果表明:湿地水域面积萎缩、鼠害、河道内切和草场退化是该地区的主要生态环境问题,主要受自然和人为2部分因素的影响。基于山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复理念的湿地生态修复技术主要包括鼠害防治、植被恢复、退牧还湿、围栏建设和标识牌建设5部分,根据不同区域的湿地退化程度采取将多种修复技术相结合以实现湿地修复,以期为玛曲县及类似地区的湿地生态修复治理提供参考。

Farmland to Forest Conversion Suspended

Due to a lack of farmland,a reforestation project in its eighth year has been tem- porarily suspended

山水林田湖草一体化保护和系统治理——湖南省宁乡市陈家桥村的案例经验与启示

乡村山水林田湖草一体化保护和系统治理是非沙化区域参与建设美丽中国的重要工作。2015年,湖南省宁乡市陈家桥村以“美丽屋场”建设为载体,分修复与治理、巩固与创新、发展与收益三阶段对村域山水林田湖草一体化保护和系统治理展开探索。通过在工作中激发群众主体活力、开展要素协同治理、提升生态系统功能,形成了“山林草”治理的“大改革+低干预”模式、“水湖”治理的“互联互通”模式“、田”治理的“防治结合”模式,归纳出广泛凝聚力量、完善资金保障、科学合理规划、推进村民共治等经验,可为全国有一定经济基础或有开发价值的乡村提供借鉴与启示。

基于退耕还林工程的生态环境质量动态变化研究——以云南兰坪县为例

2014年云南省怒江傈僳族自治州(简称怒江州)正式启动新一轮退耕还林还草工程,为探讨该轮退耕还林工程对怒江州兰坪白族普米族自治县(简称兰坪县)生态环境质量的影响,选择退耕还林工程实施前(2013年)、实施中(2017年)和实施末期(2020年)3个时间,基于遥感生态指数模型,选取绿度、干度、湿度和热度4个指标,运用主成分分析法对兰坪县2013—2020年的生态环境质量动态变化进行研究。结果表明:1)2013—2020年兰坪县生态环境质量处于上升趋势,中排乡、石登乡和河西乡的生态环境质量改善较为明显;2)2013—2020年,75%以上区域的生态环境质量等级保持不变,其他区域的生态环境质量等级呈小幅度变化,生态环境质量变好的区域面积要大于生态环境质量变差的区域面积;3)退耕还林斑块的生态环境质量提升程度要高于退耕还林2 km缓冲区以及整个研究区的生态环境质量提高程度,退耕还林工程对生态环境质量的改善具有显著影响,可通过进一步推进退耕还林工程来改善兰坪县的生态环境质量;4)研究区潜在的退耕区主要分布在中排乡、石登乡、营盘镇和兔峨乡4个乡镇,其可作为进一步退耕还林的重点区域。

汾河流域山水林田湖草生态系统服务价值时空变化特征

汾河是黄河的重要支流,汾河流域的生态保护和高质量发展需要精准把握山水林田湖草动态变化及其生态系统服务价值时空分异规律。基于1980—2020年4期土地利用覆被变化遥感监测数据,采用土地利用动态分析和价值当量因子评估等方法,以县域为单位对汾河流域山水林田湖草生态系统服务价值时空变化规律进行研究。结果表明:1980—2000年汾河流域土地利用变化缓慢,2000—2010年变化速度加快,2010—2020年变化速度又逐渐放缓,1980—2020年林地和未利用土地增加幅度小,耕地和草地逐年减少,分别减少996.55 km^(2)和725.85 km^(2),水域减少20.18%;转型迁移主要发生在2000—2010年,其他地类向城乡、工矿、居民用地迁移量最大,为1 858.45 km^(2),耕地和草地是山水林田湖草生态系统中转型迁移最活跃的地类;1980—2020年汾河流域山水林田湖草生态系统服务价值减少18.34亿元,县域地均生态系统服务价值上游>中游>下游,高值区集中在上中游,从动态变化看,流域内88.6%的县域生态系统服务价值均存在不同程度的下降,其中,中下游变化幅度大,草地、耕地和水域大面积减少成为汾河流域生态系统服务价值减少的主要原因。

宁夏退耕还林还草成果巩固问题探讨

退耕还林还草是中共中央、国务院在20世纪末着眼中华民族长远发展和国家生态安全作出的重大决策。23年来的退耕还林还草工程实践取得了巨大的生态、经济和社会效益,赢得了社会各界赞誉。“十四五”以来,国家基于粮食安全和耕地保护考虑,已将工程重心转移到巩固已有建设成果上来。文中基于宁夏回族自治区退耕还林还草工程现状,总结退耕还林还草成果巩固的经验做法,梳理分析现存问题,并提出今后推动退耕还林还草高质量发展的建议:1)深挖后续产业发展潜力,促进“以林养林”;2)合理优化退耕林地树种组成和植被配置模式,改善退耕林质量;3)提高生态效益补偿标准;4)稳定基层管理队伍。

阳泉市主要生态环境问题及山水林田湖草沙一体化保护与修复技术

为了遏制水土流失、修复损毁土地、减轻矿山生态环境破坏等,研究了阳泉市主要生态环境问题,该研究区主要生态环境问题为矿山生态环境破坏严重、地表水生态环境形势严峻、森林资源生态效益较差、农田环境质量有待提升以及草地资源损失较严重等。针对上述问题,提出了山水林田湖草沙一体化保护与修复技术,主要为“修山、护河、治污、扩湿、增绿、整地、保水源”为主体的修护。研究可有效改善区域生态环境,维护生态屏障功能,保障国家生态安全。

光皮桦细根与扁穗牛鞭草草根分解的土壤微生物数量及优势类群

通过室内模拟试验研究向土壤添加单一光皮桦直径为0～1mm细根（处理1）、1～2mm细根（处理2）、扁穗牛鞭草草根（处理3）、0～2mm细根与扁穗牛鞭草草根混合物（处理4）分解过程中土壤微生物数量以及微生物优势类群的变化。结果表明，120d后，与未加植物根系的对照相比各处理都显著的增加了土壤微生物的数量，其中细根、草根混合处理的微生物总数大于添加单一细根和草根的处理（P〈0．05）。真菌在分解过程中占主要地位，其次是放线菌，最后是细菌。对土壤微生物进行分离、纯化、鉴定出参与细根、草根分解初期的主要优势类群是假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、木霉菌属（Trichoderma）、游动放线菌属（Actinoplanes），在培养后期（120d后）起主要作用的优势类群是芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、曲霉属（Aspergillus）、青霉属（Penicillium）、链霉菌属（Streptomyces）、诺卡氏菌属（Nocardia）。8种土壤微生物优势类群数量在分解过程中未表现出明显的变化规律，但分解120d后，各处理优势类群的数量显著大于对照（P〈0．05）。由此可见，细根、草根的不同处理对其分解过程中土壤微生物数量及种类有较大影响，不同的分解阶段发育着不同的土壤微生物。

山水林田湖草系统原理与生态保护修复研究

山水林田湖草系统原理是生态保护修复的重要理念和指导思想。从山水林田湖草系统原理内涵出发,对山水林田湖草系统生态保护修复进行初步探讨,并从生态系统完整性、生态系统健康和生态系统稳定性等方面进行阐述。结合我国生态环境现状、生态系统特征和生态保护修复的战略需求,总结了山水林田湖草系统生态保护修复的主要内容,包括基础状况调查与评估、生态保护修复工程成效巩固、退化生态系统保护修复、生物多样性保护格局优化、生态移民与产业升级的有序推动、生态保护与修复典型示范以及一体化信息管理平台建设7个方面。同时,对目前我国在陕西、河北、甘肃、江西、青海等省开展的山水林田湖草生态保护修复试点区情况进行介绍。

基于MODIS/NDVI的陕北地区植被动态监测与评价

陕北地区从1999年退耕还林试点工程实施以来,区域植被发生很大变化,退耕前后植被动态变化监测成为退耕还林工程评价任务之一,而当前植被恢复监测评价的难点在于如何确定哪些是由于退耕而引起的植被变化。针对此问题,选取适合陕北地区植被变化监测的MOD IS/NDVI数据,利用均值变化及趋势分析方法,从不同土地利用/覆被类型和不同坡度植被指数动态变化两方面分析退耕还林对植被动态变化的影响。结论如下:(1)陕北地区平均NDVI从2000—2008年呈现较明显的增长趋势,坡耕地和草地NDVI增长速度相对较快;(2)趋势分析结果显示,陕北绝大部分地区植被恢复良好,植被指数呈明显改善的面积占整个地区面积的64.96%,中度改善占18.58%,其中又以坡耕地、草地植被明显改善面积分别占陕北地区明显改善面积的45.43%和17.10%,坡耕地对陕北地区植被明显改善面积贡献最大;(3)7-15°、15-25°及25-35°坡度植被明显改善面积分别占总改善面积的39.91%、25.81%、2.28%,其中7-25°坡度植被明显改善面积占总面积的65.72%;(4)基于陕北地区近年气候呈暖干化发展趋势,同期降雨并未呈现显著变化,说明非气候因子中退耕还林等人为因素是引起NDVI增长的主要因素,退耕还林对于陕北地区植被恢复有明显促进作用。

退耕还林区林草复合模式土壤养分动态

This paper analyzed the difference of soil nutrient and the dynamics of available nutrient in soil solution of the forest and grass composite pattern and the farmlands on site.The result showed that the content of soil total N,hydrolysable N,organic matter in forest and grass composite pattern was higher than in farmland.The content of total P,available P,total K and slowly K was lower than that in farmland.The seasonal change of NH-4+-N,NO-3--N,PO-4 3-and K+ was influenced by the growing of plant,precipitation and temperature.