Performance Analysis and Improvement of Flat Torque Converters Using DOE Method

Automotive torque converters have recently been designed with an increasingly narrower profile for the purpose of achieving a smaller axial size and reducing weight. Design of experiment(DOE) and computational fluid dynamics(CFD) techniques are applied to improve the performance of a flat torque converter. Four torque converters with different flatness ratios(0.204, 0.186, 0.172, and 0.158) are designed and simulated first to investigate the effects of flatness ratio on their overall performance, including efficiency, torque ratio, and impeller torque factor. The simulation results show that the overall performance tends to deteriorate as the flatness ratio decreases. Then a parametric study covering six geometric parameters, namely, inlet and outlet angles of impeller, turbine, and stator is carried out. The results demonstrate that the inlet and outlet angles play an important role in determining the performance characteristics of a torque converter. Furthermore, the relative importance of the six design parameters is investigated using DOE method for each response(stall torque ratio and peak efficiency). The turbine outlet angle is found to exert the greatest influence on both responses. After DOE analysis, an optimized design for the flat torque converter geometry is obtained. Compared to the conventional product, the width of the optimized flat torque converter torus is reduced by about 20% while the values of stall torque ratio and peak efficiency are only decreased by 0.4% and 1.7%, respectively.The proposed new optimization strategy based on DOE method together with desirability function approach can be used for performance enhancement in the design process of flat torque converters.

Numerical simulation of the flow field of a flat torque converter

A flexible flat torque converter was proposed to fulfill the requirement of miniaturization and power density maximization for automobiles.Constructed by two arcs joined by lines,the torus was designed directly from design path.The influence of flatness on the performance of the torque converter was evaluated.The software CFX and standard k-ε model were adopted to simulate the internal flow fields of the torque converter under different flatness ratios.The results indicated that the performance of the torque converter got worse as the flatness declined,but the capacity of pump increased.The efficiency and the torque ratio dropped slightly as the flatness ratio decreased.So the torque converter could be squashed appropriately to get high power density without too much efficiency sacrifice.But when the flatness ratio was below 0.2,there was a significant drop in the efficiency.

Application of Amplitude Ratio Profiles Extracted with Prestack Kirchhoff Integral Migration

The Z component and X component profiles of seismic waves extracted with the prestack Kirchhoff integral migration could approximate to the primary wave （P wave） and converted shear wave （PS wave） profiles under certain conditions. The relative change of their reflection amplitude reflects the formation stress anomaly and subsurface media anisotropy. The principle and method for extracting amplitude ratios were studied and the application of amplitude ratio profiles was also examined when processing and interpreting actual seismic data. The amplitude ratio profile is an effective supplementary means of identifying the stratigraphic boundary and lithology.

Study of Hydrodynamic Characteristics of A Sharp Eagle Wave Energy Converter

According to Newton＇s Second Law and the microwave theory, mechanical analysis of multiple buoys which form Sharp Eagle wave energy converter （WEC） is carried out. The movements of every buoy in three modes couple each other when they are affected with incident waves. Based on the above, mechanical models of the WEC are established, which are concerned with fluid forces, damping forces, hinge forces, and so on. Hydrodynamic parameters of one buoy are obtained by taking the other moving buoy as boundary conditions. Then, by taking those hydrodynamic parameters into the mechanical models, the optimum external damping and optimal capture width ratio are calculated out. Under the condition of the optimum external damping, a plenty of data are obtained, such as the displacements amplitude of each buoy in three modes （sway, heave, pitch）, damping forces, hinge forces, and speed of the hydraulic cylinder. Research results provide theoretical references and basis for Sharp Eagle WECs in the design and manufacture.

提高新能源场站稳定性的构网型与跟网型变流器容量配比估算

大规模新能源接入使得电网短路比降低,系统电压支撑强度下降,导致静态电压稳定和次/超同步振荡等稳定问题凸显。构网型变流器具有较强的电压支撑能力,在新能源场站配置一定比例的构网型变流器可以提升系统稳定性,但由于构网型变流器容量与稳定裕度的解析关系不明,导致构网型变流器容量合理占比的理论值估算十分困难。该文针对新能源基地接入低短路比弱电网场景,从小干扰稳定视角探讨构网型与跟网型变流器容量配比的估算方法及其典型值。首先,对构网型变流器进行电压源等值,并通过广义短路比指标分析了构网型变流器配置比例对系统强度以及稳定裕度的影响规律;其次,针对改造构网型风电机组和额外加装构网型变流器两种技术方案,以行业相关标准为边界条件并结合典型升压变压器参数,估算了实际工程中容量配比的典型值;最后,利用多风电场系统案例验证了结论的有效性。

Performance Evaluation of Wavelength Division Multiplexing Photonic Analogue-to-Digital Converters for High-Resolution Radar Systems

The performance of the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) photonic analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) used for digitization of high-resolution radar systems is evaluated numerically by using the peak signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) metric. Two different WDM photonic ADC architectures are considered for the digitization of radar signals with 5 GHz of bandwidth (spatial resolution of 3 cm), in order to provide a comprehensive study of the compromises present when deploying radar signals with high-resolution: 1) a four-channel architecture with each channel employing an ADC with 5 GSamples/s, and 2) an eight-channel architecture with each channel employing an ADC with 2.5 GSamples/s. For peak powers of the pulsed source between 10 and 20 dBm and a distance between the radar antenna and the sensing object of 2.4 meters, peak SNR levels between 29 and 39 dB are achieved with the eight-channel architecture, which shows higher peak SNR levels when compared with the four-channel architecture. For the eight-channel architecture and for the same peak powers of the pulsed source, peak SNR levels between 11 and 16 dB are obtained when the distance increases to 13.5 meters. With this evaluation using the peak SNR, it is possible to assess the performance limits when choosing a specific radar range, while keeping the same resolution.

水平偏心摆波能装置运动获能特性研究

以水平偏心摆波能装置为对象,通过物理模型试验和数值模拟,对装置在单自由度和多自由度下的运动和获能规律进行研究。不同波周期下,摆体出现小幅振荡、旋转和振荡旋转三种运动状态。研究表明,装置在单自由度下出现对获能不利的“锁停”现象,而多自由度的获能相对较好,平均功率随波浪周期出现两次峰值。第一次峰值对应波周期与能量输出(PTO)阻尼和摆臂长度正相关,峰值与PTO阻尼正相关;第二次峰值及对应波周期与外浮体轴比正相关。

一种软开关推挽变换器最优谐振电感设计方法

针对储能系统应用,基于推挽DC/DC谐振变换器,提出了一种新型谐振电感设计方法,解决了采用低压电池供电的推挽升压变换器存在输入输出增益比和效率不能兼顾的问题,提高了推挽变换器的整机效率。介绍了软开关推挽变换器基本原理,分析了变换器的正反向增益特性,计算了变换器的各部分损耗,给出了损耗与死区时间的约束曲线,寻找到了最优电感量设计值,并通过仿真数据得到了验证。最后搭建了600W软开关推挽变换器实验样机,验证了该设计方法的有效性和实用性。

Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Supplied via Matrix Converter for Wind Energy Conversion System

The present paper deals with the modeling and control of Wind Energy Conversion System WECS based Doubly Fed Induction Generator DFIG using the slip energy recovery principle. The proposed drive system uses a Matrix Converter (MC) to transfer the slip energy of the rotor into the mains instead of using cascaded ac-dc-ac converter whilst the stator side is fixed to the grid. Operation at both sub-synchronous and super-synchronous regions is possible with the proposed drive system. The different level control strategies for maximum power point tracking and active-reactive power are discussed. Simulation results of the proposed doubly fed induction generator drive system show the good performance of the control system strategy for both transient and steadystate conditions.

一种低转换比且效率超90%的混合式转换器

针对低转换比降压转换器的需求,提出了一种三电流通路(3CP)混合式电压转换器,并且为了提高轻载下转换器的转换效率,提出了一种轻重负载下的工作模式切换方法。由此实现了在低电压转换比的应用场景下,在全负载范围内均实现高转换效率:采用提出的方法,实现了一款基于CSMC180工艺的混合式DC/DC降压型转换器,其中输入电压为5 V,输出电压为0.6V,带负载能力为1 A。实验结果显示,应用此方法的转换器的峰值转换效率可超过90%。

子模块混合型MMC直流输电系统的优化设计及其直流故障穿越策略

短路故障是影响柔性直流输电系统安全运行的主要问题之一,针对直流侧双极短路故障,首先研究基于串联双电容子模块(SDSM)与半桥子模块(HBSM)的混合型模块化多电平换流器(MMC)结构,该结构与传统的半桥-全桥子模块混合MMC相比具有较低的成本和损耗,分析直流侧短路暂态运行下SDSM和HBSM的配置比例设计要求;其次考虑到SDSM无自主负电平输出能力,提出基于电流相位的故障穿越策略,采用分层控制的思想,构建相电流状态矩阵并结合其相位差,保障换流站在故障期间能降压运行,维持系统稳定工作;最后在Matlab/Simulink中仿真验证上述分析以及所提故障穿越策略的可行性。

面向新型电力系统的柔性直流换流器统一控制架构

新型电力系统的发展对柔性直流输电技术提出了更高需求,随着异构串联型直流换流器拓扑架构的提出,柔直换流器已在拓扑层面实现结构统一。然而,在控制层面,传统柔直换流器控制虽然具备功率解耦控制能力,但交流电压、直流电压和子模块电容电压之间存在紧密耦合,难以发挥柔直换流器全控型器件运行灵活性高的优势。首先,基于现有直流换流器控制架构,提出控制自由度的概念,并引入调制比的表征方法,构建模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的多自由度控制体系;然后,通过分析MMC换流器内部的电压耦合机理及其与调制比的关系,系统地揭示了现有MMC换流器的各种控制策略之间的关联性,形成具备“功能统一、结构统一”的MMC换流器的4自由度统一控制架构。并针对柔直系统中不同控制目标的MMC换流器分析4自由度控制架构的应用及其控制潜能;最后,在单端MMC物理动模实验系统中对MMC换流器4自由度控制在典型应用场景下的性能进行实验验证。

含跟网型储能的新能源多馈入系统小扰动电压支撑强度分析

储能正常工作时包含充电和放电两种运行模式,导致多储能变流器和多新能源变流器构成的多馈入系统工作点多变,加剧了系统小扰动同步稳定性分析的困难程度。为此,该文聚焦锁相环主导的小扰动同步稳定问题,首先,推导了兼顾储能充/放电运行模式的电网强度评估指标广义短路比,并提出了基于广义短路比及设备临界短路比的系统电压支撑强度分析方法,进而实现了系统小扰动同步稳定裕度的快速评估;然后,探究了跟网型储能变流器的充/放电运行模式对系统小扰动同步稳定裕度的影响规律,并根据矩阵联锁特征值定理论证了跟网型储能变流器工作在充电模式时,系统的小扰动同步稳定裕度高于放电模式;最后,基于仿真算例验证了所提系统小扰动同步稳定性分析方法的有效性。

高废钢比对转炉冶炼工艺的影响分析及控制措施

从转炉终点碳温控制、对炉衬的冲击影响、冶炼终点钢水氮含量等几个方面出发,分析了高废钢比对转炉冶炼工艺的影响,并结合生产实践,总结了高废钢比条件下,降低高废钢比对转炉冶炼的影响及保证转炉炼钢工艺质量的几点技术措施。结果表明,通过提高废钢质量、优化转炉成渣、改进转炉造渣工艺等措施,能够有效规避高废钢比对转炉炼钢环节产生的不利影响。

混合型高降压比Fibonacci开关变换器

48 V数据中心母线电压迫切需要一类兼具高降压比、高效率的电源变换器。针对传统开关电容型高降压比变换器存在飞跨电容数量多的问题,这里提出一种交错式混合型高降压比Fibonacci开关变换器。结合Fibonacci电容网络高降压比的优势与串联电容Buck低纹波的优势,这里将两类拓扑进行整合及冗余开关复用,进而提升效率与功率密度。与其他开关电容型高降压比变换器相比,在飞跨电容数量相等或更少的情况下,该变换器具有更高的降压比。通过设计飞跨电容容值与交错各相占空比,实现了电容的完全软充电与各相电感电流的自动均衡,优化了变换器的工作特性。最后,搭建了一台36~60 V输入、0.6~2.5 V/30 A输出的实验样机,48~1 V峰值效率为92.1%,实验结果验证了分析的正确性与所提拓扑的可行性。

一种新型软开关双向大变比DC-DC变换器研究

目前,开关电源等电力电子设备主要的能量损耗集中在开关器件上的开关损耗,因此国内外学者对软开关技术进行了大量的深入研究,以期提高电力电子设备的效率。提出一种新型软开关双向大变比DC-DC变换器,通过软开关方案的设计与应用,减小了功率开关管电压尖峰,实现了各功率开关管相应的零电压开通与关断、零电流开通与关断,提升了变换器的效率。对所提变换器的工作原理和模态变化进行了详细的理论分析,并搭建了1台48~400 V、400 W实验样机,验证了理论分析的正确性。

柔性直流输电系统在低短路比下的功率运行区间控制方法

深入探讨柔性直流输电系统的功率运行区间控制策略,对于提高电能传输质量并保障系统稳定至关重要。在此背景下,提出了一种柔性直流输电系统在低短路比下的功率运行区间控制方法。首先,分析低短路比条件下柔性直流系统的功率运行特性和影响因素,并确定了限制模块化多电平换流器的柔性直流输电(modular multilevel converter-high voltage direct current,MMC-HVDC)稳态运行区域的约束条件。然后,基于这些约束条件,构建了柔性直流输电系统在低短路比下的功率运行区间的理论计算模型,并开发了低短路比柔性直流系统和弱交流系统相连的柔性系统功率运行范围的计算程序。最后,在仿真环境中使用逐点扫描法和隐函数绘图法绘制了MMC在PQ平面上的稳态运行区域的边界,互相印证计算结果的准确性,同时证实了所提控制方法的有效性。

舰船脉冲功率负载Buck变换器自适应阻尼比控制方法

针对脉冲功率负载的周期性功率突变造成接口变换器输出电压瞬时跌落和持续扰动的问题,提出一种Buck变换器的自适应阻尼比控制方法,使得输出电压的响应性能能够直接通过阻尼比实现精确调节,不依赖于控制参数,且对输入电压扰动具有抑制作用。该方法通过引入类电压环消除了时变的输入和占空比的非线性饱和,建立输出电压与其参考值的单输入单输出二阶系统,将不确定负载扰动的控制问题转化为二阶系统的阻尼比控制问题。此外,在不影响电压调节性能的前提下,通过附加占空比调节实现并联变换器供电结构的均流控制。仿真和硬件在环实验结果表明,在脉冲功率负载的不同暂态过程,并联变换器均能够实现快速平滑的电压调节和输出电流均衡。

基于分离源的高增益矩阵变换器特性分析

针对矩阵变换器(MC)存在的电压传输比限制以及现有升压型MC结构元件多、调制复杂的问题,提出了一种新型的分离源型矩阵变换器(SS-MC)。该结构采用电感、电容和3个二极管替代了双级MC中间的直流链路部件,从而构成分离源升压网络,避免了配置额外的直通占空比。对SS-MC的拓扑结构和分离源网络升压的工作原理进行了分析,阐述了其采用的空间矢量脉宽调制(SVPWM)策略,并针对SVPWM的缺点提出了基于充电预测的模型预测控制(CPB-MPC)策略。仿真和实验结果表明:所提出的SS-MC结构使用常规的SVPWM即可达到较高的电压传输比,但无源元件会存在较大的纹波;使用CPB-MPC策略可以有效抑制纹波,提高MC的输出电能质量。

基于分离源矩阵变换器的PMSM无源动态演化控制策略

为了改进传统的永磁同步电机驱动器系统及其PID控制的不足,提出了一种无源动态演化控制策略,并应用于永磁同步电机(permanent magnet synchronous motor,PMSM)和分离源矩阵变换器(split source matrix con-verter,SSMC)中。为打破传统矩阵变换器电压传输比0.866的限制,采用电感、电容和3个二极管代替了双级矩阵变换器中间的支流链路部件,并且证明了分离源网络的升压能力。另外,在矢量控制中,永磁同步电机的转速外环和电流内环都使用了传统PID控制器,但由于PID控制器的参数调节比较困难、控制精度不高、超调量较大和抗干扰能力不强等问题,为此提出了基于动态演化理论和无源理论的控制策略,设计了分离源矩阵变换器和永磁同步电机系统基于互联和阻尼分配(the interconnection and damping assignment,IDA)的无源控制器(passivity-based control,PBC)和动态演化控制器(dynamic evolution controller,DEC)。仿真与实验的结果表明,基于该控制策略的SSMC-PMSM驱动系统能够使永磁同步电机稳定运行在额定转速,并且具有稳定性强、抗干扰能力强和动态响应好等特点。