Hydrodynamic Performance and Power Absorption of A Coaxial DoubleBuoy Wave Energy Converter

As an important wave energy converter(WEC),the double-buoy device has advantages of wider energy absorption band and deeper water adaptability,which attract an increasing number of attentions from researchers.This paper makes an in-depth study on double-buoy WEC,by means of the combination of model experiment and numerical simulation.The Response Amplitude Operator(RAO)and energy capture of the double-buoy under constant power take-off(PTO)damping are investigated in the model test,while the average power output and capture width ratio(CWR)are calculated by the numerical simulation to analyze the influence of the wave condition,PTO,and the geometry parameters of the device.The AQWA-Fortran united simulation sy stem,including the secondary developme nt of AQWA software coupled with the flowchart of the Fortran code,models a new dynamic system.Various viscous damping and hydraulic friction from WEC system are measured from the experimental results,and these values are added to the equation of motion.As a result,the energy loss is contained in the final numerical model the by united simulation system.Using the developed numerical model,the optimal period of energy capture is identified.The power capture reaches the maximum value under the outer buoy's natural period.The paper gives the peak value of the energy capture under the linear PTO damping force,and calculates the optimal mass ratio of the device.

Recovery of cobalt from converter slag of Chambishi Copper Smelter using reduction smelting process

The reduction smelting process for cobalt recovery from converter slag of the Chambishi Copper Smelter in Zambia was studied. The effects of reducing agent dosage, smelting temperature and time and the addition of slag modifiers （CaO and TiO2） were investigated. In addition, the depleted slag and cobalt-bearing alloy were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Under the determined conditions, 94.02% Co, 95.76% Cu and less than 18% Fe in the converter slag were recovered. It was found that the main phases of depleted slag were fayalite and hercynite; and the cobalt-bearing alloy mainly contained metallic copper, Fe-Co-Cu alloys and a small amount of sulfide.

Performance Analysis and Improvement of Flat Torque Converters Using DOE Method

Automotive torque converters have recently been designed with an increasingly narrower profile for the purpose of achieving a smaller axial size and reducing weight. Design of experiment(DOE) and computational fluid dynamics(CFD) techniques are applied to improve the performance of a flat torque converter. Four torque converters with different flatness ratios(0.204, 0.186, 0.172, and 0.158) are designed and simulated first to investigate the effects of flatness ratio on their overall performance, including efficiency, torque ratio, and impeller torque factor. The simulation results show that the overall performance tends to deteriorate as the flatness ratio decreases. Then a parametric study covering six geometric parameters, namely, inlet and outlet angles of impeller, turbine, and stator is carried out. The results demonstrate that the inlet and outlet angles play an important role in determining the performance characteristics of a torque converter. Furthermore, the relative importance of the six design parameters is investigated using DOE method for each response(stall torque ratio and peak efficiency). The turbine outlet angle is found to exert the greatest influence on both responses. After DOE analysis, an optimized design for the flat torque converter geometry is obtained. Compared to the conventional product, the width of the optimized flat torque converter torus is reduced by about 20% while the values of stall torque ratio and peak efficiency are only decreased by 0.4% and 1.7%, respectively.The proposed new optimization strategy based on DOE method together with desirability function approach can be used for performance enhancement in the design process of flat torque converters.

Flow zone distribution and mixing time in a Peirce-Smith copper converter

Peirce-Smith copper converting involves complex multiphase flow and mixing.In this work,the flow zone distribution and mixing time in a Peirce-Smith copper converter were investigated in a 1:5 scaled cold model.Flow field distribution,including dead,splashing,and strong-loop zones,were measured,and a dimensionless equation was established to determine the correlation of the effects of stirring and mixing energy with an error of<5%.Four positions in the bath,namely,injection,splashing,strong-loop,and dead zones,were selected to add a hollow salt powder tracer and measure the mixing time.Injecting a quartz flux through tuyeres or into the backflow point of the splashing wave through a chute was recommended instead of adding it through a crane hopper from the top of the furnace to improve the slag-making reaction.

CFD Simulation and Experimental Study of a New Elastic Blade Wave Energy Converter

Small moving vehicles represent an important category of marine engineering tools and devices(equipment)typically used for ocean resource detection and maintenance of marine rights and interests.The lack of efficient power supply modes is one of the technical bottlenecks restricting the effective utilisation of this type of equipment.In this work,the performance characteristics of a new type of elastic-blade/wave-energy converter(EBWEC)and its core energy conversion component(named wave energy absorber)are comprehensively studied.In particular,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations and experiments have been used to analyze the hydrodynamics and performance characteristics of the EBWEC.The pressure cloud diagrams relating to the surface of the elastic blade were obtained through two-way fluid-solid coupling simulations.The influence of blade thickness and relative speed on the performance characteristics of EBWEC was analyzed accordingly.A prototype of the EBWEC and its bucket test platform were also developed.The power characteristics of the EBWEC were analyzed and studied by using the blade thickness and motion cycle as control variables.The present research shows that the EBWEC can effectively overcome the performance disadvantages related to the transmission shaft torque load and power curve fluctuations of rigid blade wave energy converters(RBWEC).

Electrolysis of Converter Matte in Molten CaCl₂-NaCl

The electrolytic production of nickel-copper alloy by electrochemical reduction of converter matte in molten salt has been investigated. The sintered solid porous pellets of Ni3S2, Cu2S and converter matte were electrolyzed at a voltage of 3.0 V in molten CaCl2-NaCl under the protection of argon gas at 700℃, respectively. The electro-reduction processes were investigated and the products were characterized. The results show that the molten salt electro-reduction process can be used to produce nickel, copper and nickel-copper alloy directly from Ni3S2, Cu2S and converter matte precursors in molten CaCl2-NaCl, respectively. CaS would be formed as the intermediate compound during the electro-reduction process, and then the formed CaS can be gradually decomposed and removed with the increase of the electrolysis time. The experimental results show that the molten salt electro-reduction process has the potential to be used for the reduction of sulfide minerals in molten CaCl2-NaCl.

Numerical Study of Wave Energy Converter Platform Geometry Layout Design

The present work is aimed at determining the optimal geometry layout of a wave energy converter platform for plate energy harvesting performance.A linear potential fluid theory method was applied to analyzing the interaction between the platform and plate.Three factors of layout geometry were tested and the performance of the plate was analyzed.The methodology of design of experiments was used to confirm factor significance and build response surface model.The 1st order model and the 2nd order model were built to describe the relation between factors and plate performance.The significance of two factors and their interactions were revealed,and an optimal parameter set was found.The wave form in front of the plate confirmed the interactions.It is clear that a wide entrance and enclosing channel for waves can maximize the plate performance.

梅钢转炉合金模型开发

为降低转炉合金成本,采用线性规划为核心算法,开发了转炉合金模型。模型通过设计碳冗余质量分数和磷冗余质量分数、确定合金收得率和LF增碳质量分数等主要参数、基于优先加足低价合金的原则分配转炉合金用量,在满足钢水成分的前提下降低了合金成本,可产生经济效益3.27元/t。

面向新型电力系统的柔性直流换流器统一控制架构

新型电力系统的发展对柔性直流输电技术提出了更高需求,随着异构串联型直流换流器拓扑架构的提出,柔直换流器已在拓扑层面实现结构统一。然而,在控制层面,传统柔直换流器控制虽然具备功率解耦控制能力,但交流电压、直流电压和子模块电容电压之间存在紧密耦合,难以发挥柔直换流器全控型器件运行灵活性高的优势。首先,基于现有直流换流器控制架构,提出控制自由度的概念,并引入调制比的表征方法,构建模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的多自由度控制体系;然后,通过分析MMC换流器内部的电压耦合机理及其与调制比的关系,系统地揭示了现有MMC换流器的各种控制策略之间的关联性,形成具备“功能统一、结构统一”的MMC换流器的4自由度统一控制架构。并针对柔直系统中不同控制目标的MMC换流器分析4自由度控制架构的应用及其控制潜能;最后,在单端MMC物理动模实验系统中对MMC换流器4自由度控制在典型应用场景下的性能进行实验验证。

高温条件下基于虚场法的钛合金弹塑性参数识别与提取

目的准确表述TC4钛合金的力学性能,对TC4钛合金进行了单轴热拉伸实验,使用虚场法识别和提取不同高温条件下TC4钛合金的弹塑性参数。方法在不同试验温度(650、700、750℃)下,选用TC4钛合金(Ti-6Al-4V合金),按轧制方向以应变速率为0.1 s^(-1)进行热拉伸试验。采用立体数字图像相关系统(DIC)测量试样的真实应变,得到真实应力-应变曲线,并捕捉热拉伸过程中的随机点,计算出试样的真实应变场。通过虚场法(VFM)在试件的弹性阶段设置不同虚拟位移场,建立虚场方程组以识别不同试验组中的弹性模量和泊松比,利用JC本构模型建立适合试件塑性变形阶段的虚场方程,使用K-Means聚类算法提取模型中的塑性参数。结果在考虑计算误差的情况下,使用VFM识别出的弹性模量、泊松比与参考数值的加权相对误差分别在4.8%、6.4%以下;提取出的塑性参数可以用于建立JC本构模型,弹塑性参数的识别和提取均符合预期。结论使用VFM可以有效识别出TC4在不同高温条件下的弹性参数,K-Means聚类算法在提取塑性参数方面的效果较为显著。

基于科教融合的材料类创新实验课程思政探索与实践

课程思政是落实立德树人这一教育根本任务的综合教育理念,是实现知识体系教育与思想政治教育有机统一的重要途径之一。科教融合是当今世界高等教育的一个重要理念,是高校实施素质教育的重要要求之一。该文针对哈尔滨工业大学钛合金材料设计、制备及表征的创新实验课,对基于科教融合的创新实验课程中融入思想政治教育进行探索与实践。实践结果表明,在创新实验课的建设过程中,要充分发挥授课教师的科研优势,使科教融合真正地落实到实验课程中;要将课程思政内容贯穿于创新实验的始终,从实验的具体内涵、实验的各个步骤和环节中发掘思政资源,实现创新实验课的全过程、全方位育人。

可生物降解Zn-2Ag-0.04Mg合金生物相容性及体内骨再生能力的动物实验研究

目的:采用动物实验的方式,分析可生物降解Zn-2Ag-0.04Mg合金生物相容性及体内骨再生能力。方法:将30只实验兔随机均分为Zn支架组、Zn-2Ag支架组和Zn-2Ag-0.04Mg支架组(每组10只),建立兔股骨缺损模型后,分别使用不同材料的支架固定,术后6周及术后6个月,取出部分大白兔股骨,使用Micro-CT对股骨远端入口周围直径为3 mm的区域进行扫描和三维重建,分析支架体内成骨性能,使用X线观察局部骨缺损愈合情况,并观察股骨组织学情况。结果:入组实验兔实验中未出现异常行为及死亡现象,伤口均愈合良好,无感染及渗出情况出现;二维和三维显微CT结果显示,Zn-2Ag-0.04Mg支架组的新生骨明显多于Zn支架组,Zn-2Ag-0.04Mg合金支架组的骨体积更大(P<0.05);Zn-2Ag-0.04Mg支架组的成骨指数也高于Zn支架组(P<0.05);术后6个月时,Zn-2Ag-0.04Mg组的支架比Zn组或Zn-2Ag组小(P<0.05);肝脏、肾脏和心脏的HE染色未检测到任何异常,证实了Zn-2Ag-0.04Mg合金支架的生物安全性。结论:Zn-2Ag-0.04Mg支架具有良好的生物相容性和体内骨再生能力,具有较好的临床应用前景。

基于变截面积流道的液力变矩器叶栅系统设计

流道截流面积分布对液力旋转机械的液力性能具有重要影响.为了减少扩散等液力损失,变矩器流道截面积分布通常采用等截面积分布的形式,但并未充分发挥截面积分布参数在流场调节和性能优化方面的优势.因此,文中研究提出了过流截面积表征模型,并建立了基于可变截面积分布的变矩器循环圆及叶栅设计系统,对变截面积流道的液力变矩器循环圆设计方法进行了研究.通过设计多组不同截面积分布的实例,采用DOE方法进行比较分析,进一步研究了叶轮截面积分布形式对变矩器性能的影响.同时,通过对不同叶轮的组合设计,获得了组合型性能优化的循环圆设计结果.实验结果表明,基于变截面积流道优化设计的变矩器泵轮转矩提升了18.5%,起动变矩比也提高了3.9%.说明基于变截面积分布的液力变矩器循环圆设计方法是一种有效的优化设计方法,能够在保持外形尺寸的同时提升变矩器性能.

90 t转炉冶炼低碳含铝钢脱氧合金化实践

针对90 t转炉冶炼低碳含铝钢时合金收得率低的问题,分析了影响合金收得率的主要原因,采取优化转炉终点钢水中的氧含量,优化复合脱氧合金配比,调整渣料组成并合理使用挡渣塞后,降低了脱氧铝的消耗,合金收得率提高至87.4%,整体合金成本降低7元/t以上。

记忆合金椎体支架在猪椎骨内的植入实验

目的探讨记忆合金椎体支架在动物椎体内扩张支撑的初步结果,检验支架设计的可操作性。方法将自行研制的记忆合金可扩张椎体支架植入猪椎体,可吸收骨材料填充入椎体支架空腔内。实验对同一猪选择两节椎体L1、L3间隔植入的对照方式。本次实验选用3头大白猪:1号猪(编号8420)、2号猪(编号8439)、3号猪(编号8424),分7、13、26周3个时间观察点作为终末结果观察节点。术后4周与实验预定结束时间点前1周采集X线片,实验结束后取标本的Micro-CT影像观测支架在猪椎体内的植入情况,对支架在椎体内的稳定性和支架扩张结果进行分析。结果支架在植入椎体内的操作过程中顺利,获得微创置入预期;支架植入椎体内如期扩张并且随即稳定卡在椎体空腔内。在本实验的观察过程中,2号猪(编号8439)术后出现犬坐,术后3 d恢复正常行走,但在第46 d发现死亡,检查后为睾丸疝,因与实验时间差距不大,其实验结果被列入观察,将2号猪(编号8439)与1号猪(编号8420)互换观察,1号猪(编号8420)与3号猪(编号8424)完成后两组实验观察。支架植入猪椎体在影像观察中未见滑移、移出椎体。大体标本观察,支架均稳定在椎体内。支架在植入后4周与处死前1周的影像测量中高度略有变化,术后4周支架影像测量高度为(8.967±0.952)mm,处死前1周的支架影像测量高度为(9.532±0.708)mm,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论记忆合金椎体支架具有良好的临床可操作性与椎体内植入的安全性,具有良好的力学支撑和椎体内的可扩张性能;记忆合金可扩张椎体支架对于椎体压缩骨折的微创治疗是一项有前景的微创技术。

Fe-Si-B非晶合金粉末的制备及吸波性能

采用正交试验法,利用硼氢化钠水溶液还原氯化亚铁和氟硅酸钠水溶液中的Fe和Si,制备出一种粒径为200~500 nm的球形粉末,采用X射线衍射仪、同步热分析仪、透射电子显微镜及选区电子衍射、X射线光电子能谱仪以及电感耦合等离子体光谱分析表明该粉末是成分为Fe87.6Si1.08B11.31的非晶态合金。利用矢量网络分析仪研究了该粉末的吸波性能,结果表明:该粉末在14.56 GHz处最小反射损耗为-44.8 dB,对应的匹配厚度为1.5 mm,有效带宽为6.16 GHz且为最大吸收带宽。对电磁波的损耗以磁损耗为主,介电损耗为辅,其中介电损耗以偶极极化为主,磁损耗以涡流损耗和自然共振为主。

热处理工艺对40CrNiMoA合金组织及力学性能的影响

为了提高矿用链轮耐磨性,延长其使用寿命,选取电渣离心铸造40CrNiMoA合金链轮件作为母材,研究热处理工艺对40CrNiMoA合金组织和力学性能的影响。采用正交试验法,研究不同热处理工艺对合金显微硬度、摩擦磨损及拉伸强度等力学性能的影响,并将测试结果进行极差分析和综合加权评分计算,得出最优热处理工艺参数,最后进行试验验证。结果表明,正交试验法得到的最优热处理工艺为880℃淬火0.5 h,600℃高温回火2 h,样品热处理后的组织主要为回火索氏体,维氏硬度为364 HV,抗拉强度为1166 MPa,磨损率为0.427×10^(-4)mm^(3)/(N·m);验证试验结果与正交试验分析结果相近,且热处理后的样品性能可达到使用要求。研究结果可为矿用链轮件热处理工艺提供理论依据,对有效解决链轮耐磨性和使用寿命问题具有参考价值。

Experimental Study on Hydrodynamic Response of Semisubmersible Platform-Based Bottom-Hinged Flap Wave Energy Converter

A semisubmersible platform-based(SPB)bottom-hinged flap(BHF)wave energy converter(WEC)concept is presented in this paper,and its platform hydrodynamic response was studied experimentally.Aimed at studying the special WEC-mounted platform response problem,both regular and irregular wave experiments were conducted.The frequency domain results of regular wave experiments are described in the form of response amplitude operators.The time domain results of irregular wave experiments are treated by statistical analysis and fast Fourier transformation.Regular wave experiments and irregular wave experiments show good consistency.The mooring system strongly affects the whole system,which is a considerable factor for WEC design.The influences of BHF mounted on the platform are revealed in both statistic and frequency spectral ways.The results of experiments give a guide for SPB design aiming to support BHF-WEC.

铝合金微弧氧化复合电解液的优化研究

为了得到成膜性和耐磨性良好且较厚的陶瓷膜层,以磷酸钠和六偏磷酸钠为基础电解液,同时加入钨酸钠和四硼酸钠作为添加剂,组成一种新型的复合电解液。在此复合电解液体系下,对1060铝合金进行微弧氧化处理。以膜层厚度和膜层表面孔隙率为优化指标,利用L_(9)(3^(4))正交试验优化电解液配方,研究了在此电解液配方下制备出的陶瓷膜层的微观形貌、表面孔隙率、物相组成、厚度、显微硬度和耐磨性。结果表明:用磷酸钠浓度为32.0 g/L、四硼酸钠浓度为16.0 g/L、钨酸钠浓度为4.5 g/L、六偏磷酸钠为30.0 g/L的配方制备出的陶瓷层表面微孔均匀、膜层致密,陶瓷层厚度达22.8μm,膜层孔隙率为3.86%,显微硬度达475 HV,耐磨性较基体有较大幅度提升,陶瓷层主要由γ-Al_(2)O_(3)和少量α-Al_(2)O_(3)构成。

Experimental and simulation research on hollow AZ31 magnesium alloy three-channel joint by hot extrusion forming with sand mandrel

Magnesium alloy is one of the lightest metal structural materials.The weight is further reduced through the hollow structure.However,the hollow structure is easily damaged during processing.In order to maintain the hollow structure and to transfer the stresses during the high temperature deformation,the sand mandrel is proposed.In this paper,the hollow AZ31 magnesium alloy three-channel joint is studied by hot extrusion forming.Sand as one of solid granule medium is used to fill the hollow magnesium alloy.The extrusion temperatures are 230℃ and 300℃,respectively.The process parameters(die angle,temperature,bottom thickness,sidewall thickness,edge-to-middle ratio in bottom,bottom shape)of the hollow magnesium alloy are analyzed based on the results of experiments and the finite element method.The results are shown that the formability of the hollow magnesium alloy will be much better when the ratio of sidewall thickness to the bottom thickness is 1:1.5.Also when edge-to-middle ratio in bottom is about 1:1.5,a better forming product can be received.The best bottom shape in these experiments will be convex based on the forming results.The grain will be refined obviously after the extrusion.Also the microstructures will be shown as streamlines.And these lines will be well agreement with the mold in the corner.