Research on Converting Cultivated Land into Forests and Regional Sustainable Development

The capability of sustainable development of Wuchuan County is evaluated comprehensively with theories and methods of regional sustainable development capability evaluation, which are extensively applied at home and abroad. The results indicate that the developing speed and patterns of Wuchuan County cannot satisfy the demand of the regional sustainable development. Moreover, the patterns, distributions, tree species, growing patterns, and other aspects must consider the restriction of ecological water utilization. It is put forward that the standards for selecting the converting lands are slope, desertification degree, and rainfall.In addition, the control of soil erosion and the prevention of land desertification are selected as the dualpurpose of the converting project.

Quantitative Simulation of Dynamic Changes in Cultivated Land in Areas of Reclamation and Returning Cultivated Land to Forest or Pastures under RCPs Climate Scenarios

Northeast China as one of important agricultural production bases is an area under reclamation and returning cultivated land to forests or pastures. Therefore, it is of great practical significance in guaranteeing the sustainable development and national food security to study the spatial and temporal variation of cultivated land in Northeast China under future climate scenarios. In this study, based on data of land use, natural environment and social-economy, dynamics of land system（DLS） model was used to to simulate the spatial distribution and changing trends of cultivated land in the typical areas of reclamation and returning cultivated land to forest or pastures in Northeast China during 2010-2030 under land use planning scenario and representative concentration pathways（RCPs） scenarios quantitatively.The results showed that the area of cultivated land had an overall decreasing trend under the land use planning scenario, but the area of upland field increased slightly from 2000 to 2010 and then declined greatly, while the area of paddy field continuously declined from 2000 to 2030. Under the Asia-Pacific Integrated model（AIM）scenario, the total area of cultivated land had a tendency to increase considerably,with the upland field expanding more obviously and the paddy field declining slightly.In addition, the cultivated land showed a greater decreasing trend under the model for energy supply strategy alternatives and their general environmental impact（MESSAGE） scenario compared to the land use planning scenario. Moreover, analysis on the conversion between different land use types indicated that the reclamation and returning cultivated land to forests or pastures was likely to continue under future scenarios, but the frequency of occurrence could decrease as the time goes by. The conclusions can provide significant decision-making information for the rational agricultural planning and cultivated land protection in Northeast China to adapt to the climate change.

Cultivation Techniques of Panax notoginseng F.H. Chen under Different Forests

To overcome the issues of high cost and continuous cropping obstacles in facility cultivation of Panax notoginseng_ F. H. Chen, satisfy the market demand, save the production cost, improve the utilization rate of forest land, increase the in-come of forest farmers and protect the ecological environment, the cultivation tech-niques of high-quality P. notoginseng seedlings from Wenshan, Yunnan under four kinds of forests （walnut forest, China fir forest, grape forest and kiwi forest） were in-vestigated in this study. The results showed that the height growth, crown diameter, survival rate and 3-year-old tuber weight of P. notoginseng_under walnut forest were higher than those under the other three kinds of forests; the height growth, crown diameter, survival rate and 3-year-old tuber weight of P. notoginseng under China fir forest were higher than those under grape forest and kiwi forest; and the crown di-ameter and survival rate under grape forest were higher, and the height growth and tuber weight under grape forest were lower than those under kiwi forest. Walnut is a broad-leaved deciduous tree species, so large-scale cultivation of P. notoginseng_should be conducted under broadleaf deciduous forest with canopy density around 0.8, taking advantage of the cool environment and rich humus layer under forest. This cultivation technology could save labor, shade, fertilizer and other costs, and accord with the ecological habit and the growth rules of P. notoginseng, thus im-proving yield and achieving high economic benefit.

Estimation of soil organic carbon stock and its controlling factors in cropland of Yunnan Province,China

Soil organic carbon(SOC)is the most important indicators of soil quality and health.Identifying the spatial distribution of SOC and its influencing factors in cropland is crucial to understand the terrestrial carbon cycle and optimize agronomic management.Yunnan Province,characterized by mountainous topography and varied elevation,is one of the highest SOC regions in China.Yet its SOC stock of cropland and influencing factors has not been fully studied due to the lack of adequate soil investigation.In this study,the digital mapping of SOC at 1 km resolution and the estimation of total SOC stock in cropland of Yunnan Province was undertaken using 8637 topsoil(0-20 cm)samples and a series of spatial data through Random Forest(RF)model.It was showed that across the cropland of Yunnan Province,the mean SOC density and total stock were 4.84 kg m^(-2) and 337.5 Mt,respectively.The spatial distribution indicated that relatively high SOC density regions resided in the northwest and northeast parts of Yunnan Province.Elevation(19.5%),temperature(17.3%),rainfall(14.5%),and Topographic wetness index(9.9%)were the most important factors which controlled spatial variability of SOC density.Agronomic practices(e.g.,crop straw treatments,fertilizer management)should be optimized for the sustainable development of crop production with high SOC sequestration capacity in Yunnan Province.

Changes of Organic Carbon in Soil under Different Land Use Patterns in Alpine Agricultural Region of Qinghai

Using organic carbon density grouping method,the change trends of soil total organic carbon(SOC),light fraction content and light fraction organic carbon under 4 land use patterns of returning cultivated land to forest(cropland,artificial forest,inter-cropping of forest and grassland and original sample plot)in alpine agricultural region of Qinghai were studied.The content of SOC was in order:intercropping of forest and grassland > original sample plot > artificial forest > cropland.There was signi...

基于Sentinel-2和Landsat卫星时序数据的耕地撂荒识别

充足的粮食供应是当下经济发展和社会稳定的重要保障之一,撂荒作为耕地边际化的极端表现,对其开展监测对保障耕地数量和质量至关重要。本文以四川省南充市营山县为研究区域,通过GEE平台,使用Sentinel-2和Landsat 7、8数据构建时序数据集,计算NDVI、EVI、NDWI、BSI、MSI等指数,分别利用支持向量机和随机森林法提取耕地撂荒,总分类精度为73.76%,Kappa系数为0.68,针对耕地撂荒最佳提取效果,F_(1)得分为0.6911。本文方法对山地丘陵地区耕地撂荒监测有较大的借鉴意义。

Land Consolidation with Seedling Cultivation Could Decrease Soil Microbial PLFA Diversity

The impact of land consolidation on the soil microbial PLFA diversity is of great importance for understanding the effective arable land usage,improving agricultural ecological conditions and environment.In this study,we collected the soil samples(0–20 cm)in experimental plots with 0(Z0),1(Z1a)and 4(Z4a)years of land consolidation in the forest station of Ningbo City,Zhejiang Province,southeastern China.The results were analyzed using ANOVA for randomized block design.Compared with control(Z0),the soil pH value under Z1a treatment increased by 14.6%,soil organic carbon(SOC)content decreased by 65.4%,so did the PLFA contents and relative abundance of all the microbial PLFA diversity(P<0.05),respectively.Meanwhile,for the Z1a treatment,the ratio of fungi to bacteria(F/B)significantly decreased by 35.9%(P<0.05),while the ratio of Gram-positive bacteria to Gram-negative bacteria(G+/G−)signific antly increased by 56.1%.This was strongly related to the increased soil pH values and the decrease of SOC.The Shannon index(H)and evenness index(E)of soil microbial PLFA diversity were significantly decreased after land consolidation(P<0.05).Compared to the Z1 treatment,the microbial PLFA diversity was improved slightly.Therefore,the land consolidation could significantly affect the composition of soil microbial PLFA diversity,and decrease the soil ecosystem stability.

三江流域(云南区段)耕地非粮化空间格局及驱动因素

为厘清中国西南典型丘陵山区的耕地非粮化态势并提供针对性的管控策略,以三江流域(云南区段)为研究区,探究该地区非粮化的空间格局及驱动因素,从耕地资源禀赋、社会经济因素和农业投入因素3个角度来识别非粮化的驱动力,划分非粮化的驱动类型,得到如下结果表明。1)2019年三江流域(云南区段)非粮化总面积为100.41万hm^(2),非粮化率均值为34.69%,其中金沙江流域中各县级单元的非粮化程度明显高于怒江和澜沧江流域。2)粮食单位产出量、乡村人口占比、坡度和人均耕地面积是耕地非粮化的重要驱动因子。3)耕地非粮化的驱动类型可划分为资源驱动型、劳动力驱动型和经济驱动型,其中劳动力驱动型是区域内主要的驱动类型,经济驱动型均为县级市或市辖区,资源驱动型主要分布在经济驱动型的周围。根据不同驱动类型的县域,寻求耕地非粮化的不同管控途径,有助于为国家粮食安全和耕地保护政策调整提供科学依据。

西藏自治区和青海省耕地质量评价及影响因素研究

以西藏自治区和青海省为研究区,从土壤性状和技术条件评价耕地质量,识别其主导限制因子,探索其宏观影响因素,以期为提升耕地生产力、保障高原地区粮食安全提供支撑.基于主观和客观综合赋权确定指标权重,引入随机森林(RF)方法探索区域宏观自然-经济-社会因素影响.结果显示:西藏自治区和青海省耕地主要以中等地为主,面积占比为44.6%,中等地多为青海省的湟水谷地地区的坡耕地,较高的田面坡度制约了耕地高效利用.海拔和距城镇距离对于高原地区整体耕地质量具有重要影响.在多数地区,海拔与耕地质量呈现出负相关关系;距城镇距离对于耕地质量的影响存在空间差异;在藏中南和边疆带区,受到技术条件影响,高质量耕地往往布局在城市周边;在高原东北部河谷地区,邻近城市周边的耕地土壤质量更低,土壤退化更易发生.

祁连山北坡亚高山草地退耕还林草混合植被对土壤碳氮磷的影响

土壤有机碳、氮素和磷素是生态系统中极其重要的生态因子,土地利用变化将会引起土壤中碳、氮、磷等元素含量的变化。以祁连山北坡亚高山草地区域内三种利用方式（自由放牧天然草地、开垦20年的燕麦（Avena nuda）耕地、退耕8年的还林草混合植被）的土壤为研究对象,通过采集0~30 cm的土壤,分析土壤的理化性质得到土壤碳、氮、磷的含量,再将其转换为土壤碳、氮、磷储量,分析三种利用方式下土壤碳、氮、磷储量的差异以及影响土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量比的因子,旨在探讨退耕还林草工程对该地区土壤养分的影响。结果表明,3个样地的土壤碳、氮、磷储量差异显著（P〈0.05）,天然草地的有机碳、全氮储量（72.17、6.80 t·hm-2）显著高于退耕还林草地的（66.75、4.96 t·hm-2）和燕麦耕地的（36.61、3.61 t·hm-2）。这是因为,其一,比较而言天然草地受干扰小。其二,对于退耕还林草地和燕麦耕地来说,由于刈割获取地上部分,可能使得从土壤中获取的有机碳和氮素大于归还的。全磷储量则表现为燕麦耕地的（2.51 t·hm-2）显著高于天然草地的（2.17 t·hm-2）和退耕还林草地的（1.96 t·hm-2）。这是因为燕麦耕地中化肥的施用使得磷元素富集起来,所以其储量较高。与天然草地相比,耕种20年的燕麦地0-30 cm的有机碳和全氮储量分别低了35.56、3.19 t·hm-2,年平均减少速率分别为1.78、0.16 t·hm-2·a-1。与燕麦耕地相比,退耕8年的还林草地土壤有机碳和全氮储量显著升高了30.14、1.35 t·hm-2,年平均增加速率分别为3.77、0.17 t·hm-2·a-1。退耕8年的还林草地轻组有机碳比例（10.93%）显著高于天然草地（9.72%）和燕麦耕地（8.61%）。土壤含水量、容重和微生物量碳氮是影响土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量的重要因子。总结认为,退耕还林草混合植被对土壤碳、氮、磷库具有重要的恢复和改善作用,但短期内难以恢复到天然草地水平。因此,为了改善和恢复退化的土壤生态系统,应大力实施退耕还林草工程,并保证退耕还林草地具有较长的年限。

陕北典型退耕还林区林下草本物种生态位研究

基于样方法进行不同资源位的群落调查,并用群落物种多样性、生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位相似性比例分析了安塞县典型退耕区16种不同退耕模式及年限群落林下草本物种生态位特征。结果表明:乔木林下草本群落物种多样性高于灌木林。生态位宽度以达乌里胡枝子和阿尔泰狗娃花最大,它们的Shannon-Wiener(Bs-w,i)和Levins(Bl,i)指数分别为0.89、0.83和0.64、0.58。生态位宽度较大的种间生态位重叠程度大,如阿尔泰狗娃花、铁杆蒿、长芒草等。生态位宽度与生态位相似比例值并不一致。生态位相似性比例小于0.5的种对有174对,约占种群总对数的91.6%,说明种群对环境需求有较大的差异,各种群能较好地共生于群落中。

不同草本层三倍体毛白杨林地土壤抗蚀性研究

以未退耕的陡坡耕地作对比,对退耕还林4年后三倍体毛白杨林地两种不同草本层模式进行的土壤抗蚀性研究,以及它们和林地细根和草根的相关性分析表明:林地土壤的水稳性团聚体含量上、中、下层和未退耕地在总量上差别不大,但林地上层和中层大粒级的水稳性团聚体含量明显高于未退耕地,林地又以自然草林地高于人工草林地;自然草林地有机质比人工草林地略高,但不明显,未退耕地则由于人为增施农家肥而高于林地;以微团聚体含量为基础的各项抗蚀指标,虽一定程度上也表明林地的抗蚀性高于未退耕地,但不如以水稳性团聚体含量明显;各抗蚀指标与林内细根和草根的相关性表明,就提高大粒级水稳性团聚体含量和水稳性团聚体总量来说,0～2mm细根总体上作用是很显著的,相关系数分别达到0 906和0 798;而≤1mm根系起主要的作用,这其中草根的作用不可忽视,无论细根分级如何,总而言之,凡和有机质相关系数显著的径级,同时也和团聚体呈显著相关关系。

退耕还林地在植被恢复初期碳储量及分配格局研究

利用标准样方法研究了川西最主要的两种退耕还林植被(苦竹林和桦木林)在恢复初期生态系统碳储量、碳素密度以及空间分配特征.结果表明:(1)苦竹不同器官碳素密度为0.348 5～0.518 6 gC/g,桦木不同器官碳素密度为0.451 9～0.513 7 gC/g;(2)苦竹林林下枯落物的碳素密度为0.341 7 gC/g,桦木林林下枯落物的碳素密度为0.395 3 gC/g;(3)不同植物器官的碳储量分配与各器官的生物量显著相关.苦竹林分中竹秆生物量占48.87%,其碳储量占53.06%;桦木林树干生物量占57.25%,其碳储量占57.27%;(4)两种森林生态系统碳储量的空间分布格局表现为以土壤碳储量最大,占64.19%～82.59%,其次是乔木层,占21.93%～33.90%,最小是桔落物层,占0.27%～1.91%;(5)在退耕还林初期,植被恢复后土壤各层碳素密度小于对照的各层土壤碳素密度,土壤有机碳储量减少;(6)退耕地转变为森林后,成为大气CO2的一个重要碳汇.

退耕还林还草过程中的经济补偿问题探讨

经济补偿作为一项政策措施 ,对保障当前西部开发进程中退耕还林还草工作的顺利展开 ,发挥着十分重要的作用。然而 ,作为我国植被生态建设中一个全新的举措 ,目前经济补偿政策的实施刚刚开始 ,有关的理论研究尚处于初步的探讨阶段。循着“为什么要补偿 ?→补偿多少 ?→如何补偿 ?”的思路 ,建立了经济补偿的概念模型 ,着重探讨了补偿标准的确定以及多层次补偿制度建立等问题 ,并对目前处于试点示范中的经济补偿政策进行了评述。

三倍体毛白杨—黑麦草复合模式细根和草根分布与生长特征

对退耕还林地三倍体毛白杨-黑麦草复合模式细根和草根分布与生长特征进行的研究结果表明,三倍体毛白杨直径 0～1和1～2 mm细根生物量在垂直分布上存在差异.直径0～1 mm细根在上层(0～20 cm)、中层(20～40 cm)和下层(40 cm以下)生物量分别为0.240 6, 0.325 0和0.241 0 t/hm2;而直径 1～2 mm细根在整个年生长过程中,其上、中和下层生物量分别为0.150 0, 0.125 0和0.027 0 t/hm2,说明直径 0～1 mm细根对根系生物量积累的贡献高于 1～2 mm.黑麦草草根生物量在垂直方向上,0～20 cm层生物量高达0.986 0 t/hm2,20 cm以下层生物量仅有0.117 0 t/hm2,呈现典型的'T'型分布规律.三倍体毛白杨直径 0～1和1～2 mm细根、细根总生物量和黑麦草草根在一个年生长周期均呈单峰型特征.树根和草根0～20 cm层生长在时间动态规律上同步增大或同步减小,但0～20 cm层草根生物量占上层总生物量的68.68%,高于细根生物量;20 cm以下层则细根生物量占下层总生物量的87.68%,高于草根生物量.因此,三倍体毛白杨幼林与黑麦草复合生态系统地下部分空间生物量积累的种间利用关系表现互利优势,适宜性强,在四川盆地西缘退耕还林工程中是较为适宜的推广模式.

青海高原东部农业区耕地流失及其评价

为探究中国西部耕地流失规律,该文利用1999年、2009年遥感数据提取青海高原东部农业区耕地变化信息,分析耕地流失量和空间分布,并结合地形数据、经济社会发展基础数据等用Logistic方法定量分析耕地流失的主要影响因素。结果表明:1999年至2009年间,青海高原东部农业区耕地面积净减少1 393.25 km2,耕地流失1 811.78 km2,其中转化为建设用地157.05 km2,退耕还林/草1 654.73 km2。坡度>25°的耕地中78.82%已进行了退耕还林/草,说明青海高原东部农业区退耕还林/草成效显著。耕地流失去向评价结果表明,海拔对建设用地扩张的贡献率为-66.46%,坡度对退耕还林/草的贡献率高达91.25%,说明青海高原东部农业区建设占用和生态退耕的合理性。该研究为区域社会经济的可持续发展提供依据。

遥感和GIS支持下县域退耕还林还草空间决策分析——以呼和浩特市武川县为例

退耕还林还草是当前生态环境建设和保护的重要途径 ,在遥感和GIS技术支持下将武川县的土壤类型数据与地形坡度数据叠加分析同时参考土壤侵蚀、降水量和温度等方面的资料 ,进行土地适宜性评价 ,对TM影像目视解译得到土地利用现状数据 ,并与土地适宜性数据进行叠加分析 ,确定退耕还林还草地的数量及其空间分布。可为决策部门提供决策依据。此研究方法和技术路线作为一种技术模式 ,可进行推广 ,对西部大开发中退耕还林还草工程项目的顺利进行有重要意义[1 ] 。

气候情景下典型开垦与退耕区耕地动态变化的定量模拟

全球气候变化是当前关注的热点问题,研究气候情景下中国典型开垦与退耕区耕地动态变化对保障中国粮食安全具有重要意义。该研究以东北地区作为典型区,基于设计的土地利用规划情景和RCPs(representative concentration pathways)气候情景,采用土地利用变化动态(DLS,dynamics of land system)模型模拟了在规划情景和RCPs气候情景下开垦与退耕区2010-2030年耕地的空间分布格局,分析不同耕地类型未来的变化趋势。研究结果表明:规划情景下水田呈持续减少的态势,而旱田在2000-2010年有小幅增长的态势,而后出现大面积减少;AIM(Asia-Pacific integrated model)气候模式情景下旱田增长趋势也较明显,水田则保持小幅减少的态势;MESSAGE(model for energy supply strategy alternatives and their general environmental impact)气候模式情景下,耕地面积呈减少的态势。从不同用地类型之间的转移分析得出,该区域开垦与退耕相逆的现象在未来情景下仍会延续,但是发生的频率却随时间的推移逐渐降低。该研究为开垦与退耕区应对气候变化,合理进行农业规划和耕地保护提供参考。

四川旱耕地生产、生态问题及水土流失综合治理研究

四川地域辽阔 ,地貌以山地和高原为主 ,农耕地分布范围广 ,旱耕地比重大 ,水土流失和与之相关的旱、洪灾害等生产、生态问题突出 ,既导致农作物产量低而不稳 ,又给长江中下游带来安全隐患 ,因此 ,四川在实施西部大开发战略中 ,除实施天然林保护工程外 ,旱耕地 ,特别是旱坡耕地 (2°～ 2 5°)的水土流失综合治理 ,既具有极其重要的战略位置 。

泾河流域退耕还林(草)综合效益与生态补偿趋向——以宁夏回族自治区固原市原州区为例

采用典型农户调查和地方政府访谈等方法，对泾河流域上游地区的固原市原州区退耕还林（草）综合效益进行了评估。并基于退耕还林的效益和实施过程中出现的问题，对后续生态补偿趋势进行了探讨。结果表明，原州区退耕还林的生态效益显著，其价值量平均为1674．1元/（hm^2·年），按2000年-2004年完成的退耕面积，总效益高达8408.2×10^4元，年，退耕使当地严重的水土流失状况得到了控制。研究表明，退耕还林对当地农牧生产和农村社会经济具有双重效应，一方面，退耕促进了作物生产结构优化和基本农田生产力的提高，农村剩余劳动力转移速度加快；另一方面，草食性牧业生产受到了一定影响，农民收入也比预计值偏低。从后续生态补偿的趋势看，延长补偿期限是大势所趋，但补偿标准可适当降低。在补偿方式上，应改为单一现金补偿，并通过流域补偿方式多源筹集资金，同时要加大对替代产业的扶持力度。