Size distribution of inclusions in 12%Cr stainless steel with a wide range of solidification cooling rates

The effect of solidification cooling rate on the size and distribution of inclusions in 12%Cr stainless steel was investigated. A wide range of solidification cooling rates（from 0.05 to 106 K·s^-1） was achieved using various solidification processes, including conventional casting, laser remelting, and melt spinning. The size and distribution of inclusions in the steel were observed and statistically collected. For comparison, mathematical models were used to calculate the sizes of inclusions at different solidification cooling rates. Both the statistical size determined from observations and that predicted from calculations tended to decrease with increasing cooling rate; however, the experimental and calculated results did not agree well with each other at excessively high or low cooling rate. The reasons for this discrepancy were theoretically analyzed. For the size distribution of inclusions, the effect of cooling rate on the number densities of large-sized（〉 2 μm） inclusions and small-sized（≤ 2 μm） inclusions were distinct. The number density of inclusions larger than 1 μm was not affected when the cooing rate was less than or equal to 6 K·s^-1 because inclusion precipitation was suppressed by the increased cooling rate.

Effect of Slow Cooling in Reducing Pore Size in a Sintered Powder Metallurgical 6061Aluminium Alloy

The usage of powder metallurgy aluminium compacts in lieu of ferrous components in automotives helps to lower vehicle weight. The major drawback in the commercially available press sintered aluminium alloy is porosity which is mainly dependent on the powder metallurgical process parameters such as compaction pressure, sintering temperature and cooling rate after sintering. In this paper the effect of particle size and furnace controlled cooling after sintering on porosity level and micro hardness of an elemental 6061 aluminium alloy has been investigated. Aluminium particle sizes of 20 μm and 150 μm were used. The elemental 6061 aluminium alloy powders are warm compacted at 175 MPa. After sintering for about one hour at 600°C, the aluminium compacts were furnace cooled at the rate of 1°C /min to different temperatures of 500°C, 400°C, 300°C and 200?C. When the cooling temperature after sintering inside the furnace is effected at various temperatures from 600°C to 200°C, for a precipitate hardened aluminium compacts with aluminium particle size of 20 μm, the porosity level reduced by 26% and that for aluminium particle size of 150μm, the porosity level reduced by 23%. Marked improvement in micro hardness value is also observed correspondingly.

Performance and Internal Flow of Contra-Rotating Small-Sized Cooling Fan

High pressure and large flow rate small-sized cooling fans are used for servers in data centers and there is a strong demand to increase its performance because of increase of quantity of heat from servers. Contra-rotating rotors have been adopted for some of high pressure and large flow rate cooling fans to meet the demand. The performance curve of the contra-rotating small-sized cooling fan with 40 mm square casing was investigated by an experimental apparatus and its internal flow condition was clarified by the numerical analysis. The fan static pressure of the front rotor was extremely low and it increased significantly at the rear rotor. The uniform flow was achieved at the inlet of the rear rotor because of the special shape of the casing between the front and rear rotors. On the other hand, the tip leakage flow was large enough to influence on the main flow of the test cooling fan by the design specification of high pressure with compact rotor diameter.

Effect of Cooling Conditions on Grain Size of AZ91 Alloy

The grain size of AZ91 alloy was investigated in terms of the effects of cooling rate, superheat and steel gauze. It was found that rapid cooling rate and low superheat favoured the achievement of fine grain structures. The gauze had a less profound effect on the grain size in AZ91 magnesium alloy than that in A356 aluminum alloy. The mechanisms by which these factors affect grain refinement of AZ91 have also been discussed.

Grain Size Prediction after Continuous Cooling Transformation from Deformed Austenite to Ferrite

On the basis of transformation thermodynamics and kinetics theories,an algorithm for predicting ferrite grain size after continuous cooling transformation from deformed austenite to ferrite is suggested.The calculated results of computer simulation with the algorithm are in so good agreement with the measured ones in controlled rolling and controlled cooling experiments that the theoretical algorithm is feasible.

Effect of cooling rate and forced convection on as-cast structure of 2205 duplex stainless steel

To forecast the as-cast structure and ferrite-austenite phase ratio of 2205 duplex stainless steel(DSS), the effects of cooling rate and forced convection were observed in a high-vacuum resistance furnace in which the forced convection was created by the rotation of the crucible. The as-cast structure of all 2205 DSS samples is full equiaxed grains, and the microstructure consists of a great amount of desirable intra-granular austenite inside the continuous ferrite grain matrix, besides Widmanstatten austenite and grain boundary austenite. The ferrite grain size decreases gradually with the increase in the cooling rates(20 to 60 oC·min-1) or the forced convection, while the ferrite grains of the samples solidified with a strong convection are barely changed when the cooling rate is below 50 oC·min-1. Moreover, a small grain size is beneficial for the austenite formation but the influence is not very obvious under the cooling rates in the range of 5 to 50 oC·min-1. Compared with grain size, the cooling rate has a greater influence on the final ferrite content. A model based on the experimental results is established to predict the ferrite content, which could be approximated by δ(%) = 20.5·exp(c/80.0) + 0.34 d +34.1, where cis the cooling rate in oC·min-1 and d is the grain size in mm. By using this model, the dependence of the final ferrite content on cooling rate and grain size is well described.

A Financial Approach to Evaluate an Optimized Combined Cooling, Heat and Power System

Iran’s removing subsidy from energy carrier in four years ago leads to spike electricity price dramatically. This abrupt change increases the interest on distributed generation (DG) because of its several benefits such as lower electricity generation price. In Iran among all type of DGs, because of wide natural gas network infrastructure and several incentives that government legislated to support combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP) investors, this type of technology is more prevalent in comparison with other technologies. Between existing CCHP technologies, certain economic choices are to be taken into account. For different buildings with different load curves, suitable size and operation of CCHP should be calculated to make the project more feasible. If CCHP does not well suited for a position, then the whole energy efficiency would be plunged significantly. In this paper, a model to find the optimal size and operation of CCHP and auxiliary boiler for any users is proposed by considering an integrated view of electricity and natural gas network using GAMS software. Then this method is applying for a hospital in Tehran as a real case study. Finally, by applying COMFAR III software, useful financial parameters and sensitivity analysis are calculated.

Effect of Continuous Cooling Conditions on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High Carbon Steel Rod

The effect of cooling rate and austenitizing condition on the mechanical properties of high carbon steel (SWRH82B) has beeninvestigated. Specimens were made of high carbon steel rod and heat-treated by Gleeble-2000 to produce a wide variation in prior austenite size. Different cooling rates were carried out, and then pearlite interlaminar spacing and mechanical properties were measured andtested respectively. According to the results, it could be found that under the continuous cooling with the increase of cooling rate, tensilestrength greatly increases and reduction in area exhibits a slightly increase for an equivalent value of prior austenite grain size. Whenprior austenite size increases, reduction in area decreases, and tensile strength increases slightly for an equivalent value of pearlite interlaminar spacing. It is concluded that prior austenite size primarily controls ductility and pearlite interlaminar spacing controls tensilestrength. Mathematical formulae are given for these relations.

Directional solidification casting technology of heavy-duty gas turbine blade with liquid metal cooling(LMC) process

In this work, some important factors such as ceramic shell strength, heat preservation temperature, standing time and withdrawal rate, which influence the formability of directionally solidified large-size blades of heavy-duty gas turbine with the liquid metal cooling(LMC) process, were studied through the method of microstructure analysis combining. The results show that the ceramic shell with medium strength(the high temperature flexural strength is 8 MPa, the flexural strength after thermal shock resistance is 12 MPa and the residual flexural strength is 20 MPa) can prevent the rupture and runout of the blade. The appropriate temperature(1,520 ℃ for upper region and 1,500 ℃ for lower region) of the heating furnace can eliminate the wide-angle grain boundary, the deviation of grain and the run-out caused by the shell crack. The holding time after pouring(3-5 min) can promote the growth of competitive grains and avoid a great deviation of columnar grains along the crystal orientation <001>, resulting in a straight and uniform grain structure. In addition, to avoid the formation of wrinkles and to ensure a smooth blade surface, the withdrawal rate should be no greater than the growth rate of grain. It is also found that the dendritic space of the blade decreases with the rise of solidification rate, and increases with the enlarging distance between the solidification position and the chill plate.

Effect of Cooling Rate on the Microstructure of ZA48 Alloy

The effect of cooling rate on the microstructure of ZA48 alloy was investigated. The alloy was prepared using a relatively simple technique, i e, rapid cooling of the melt in a steel wedge mould. The dependence of microstructure on the cooling rate （about 40 to 10^3 K/s） was determined by the secondary dendrite arm space size measurement, optical microscopy（OM）, and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. It is found that the matrix structure over a large cooling rate is composed of α-Al dendrite and eutectoid （α＋η）, the size of α-Al dendrite decreases with increasing cooling rate. The relationship between the cooling rate and the secondary dendrite arm space size has been established. TEM shows that a large number of small and dispersed precipitations can be seen in the primary α phase of tip region. Electron diffraction pattern shows that the precipitate phase is Zn3Mg2 phase.

陶瓷基复合材料编织结构参数对气膜冷却效果影响研究

针对陶瓷基复合材料(CMC材料)在航空发动机高温部件中应用时的冷却需求,考虑到CMC材料内部非均质非均匀结构和热物性特征与均质金属材料的巨大差异,探究了CMC材料编织结构几何参数对气膜综合冷却效果的影响,研究中以三维五向编织CMC材料为例,建立了反映材料内部细观编织结构的平板气膜全尺寸计算模型,从细观纱线尺度引入各组分热物性参数,计算分析了不同编织角度和纤维束截面尺寸等几何特征参数对气膜综合冷效的影响规律。研究结果表明,纤维束由于导热系数相对较高成为平板内部的主要热量传输通道,编织角发生变化时纤维束方向也随之改变,进而影响材料内部热量传输通道及整体各向异性等效导热系数。本文计算工况下,在气膜孔下游0~10D (D为气膜孔直径)区域,编织角度为40°时气膜综合冷效相对较高;在远离气膜孔区域,气膜板的冷却效果随着编织角度的增大而减弱。纤维束截面尺寸的改变对气膜综合冷效的影响较小,但是随着纤维束截面尺寸的增加,平板内部温度更加均匀。

喷雾降温系统中纯水液滴群蒸发域的模拟研究

为了避免喷雾降温系统中液滴沉降到设备及人体表面对工艺及人体热舒适造成影响,需要针对纯水液滴群蒸发域问题进行研究。本文采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,研究了喷雾降温系统作用下,不同热源温度、液滴初始粒径对液滴群蒸发域的影响,分析了室内温度分布及液滴粒径分布,探讨了室内热源温度及液滴初始粒径对蒸发域高度的影响规律。结果表明:随着热源温度的增加,热羽流对喷雾射流的抑制作用增强,液滴群的蒸发域随之增大;当液滴初始粒径增大时,液滴群的蒸发域随之减小,喷雾射流范围内的温度随之增加;液滴群蒸发域高度随着热源温度的增加而呈线性增大,随液滴初始粒径的增加而呈线性减小,当热源温度大于400℃,液滴初始粒径大于60μm时,其对液滴群蒸发域高度的影响较小。

大型立式准直太阳模拟器研制关键技术

针对立式容器结构的综合辐照舱对太阳辐照环境模拟的需求,研制了一套大型立式太阳模拟器,其采用了立式离轴准直型光学系统,能够精准模拟满足辐照度、辐照均匀性、准直性和太阳光谱分布的空间太阳辐照环境。在设备研制过程中,完成了大型立式离轴光机结构设计、结构变形影响分析、大尺寸单体金属镜加工、准直镜柔性支撑设计、集成冷却设计和氙灯快速装校等关键技术研究。大气环境和真空低温环境下的测试结果表明,该太阳模拟器实现了在真空低温环境下辐照面ϕ1000 mm,辐照度2.3个太阳常数(最高可扩展至5个太阳常数),面辐照不均匀度±4.86%,准直角±1.83°的光学指标。

小型铅冷快堆堆芯物理计算软件的开发与临界实验验证

在铅冷快堆(LFR)型号研发中,准确高效的堆芯物理计算是堆芯核设计的基础。针对小型LFR特殊的能谱与材料环境,首先利用蒙特卡罗开源软件OpenMC实现栅元与组件的蒙特卡罗均匀化。基于有限体积法的开源软件OpenFOAM开发了中子扩散求解器DESOF,通过Python形成完整的堆芯物理计算软件MCDESOF。利用超级均匀化方法实现了组件的等效均匀化,通过4种典型的LFR燃料组件模型对MCDESOF进行了数值验证。开展了LFR临界实验,将MCDESOF计算结果与测量结果进行对比,临界附近的反应性偏差小于100 pcm,安全棒价值偏差小于200 pcm,计算准确度达到与蒙特卡罗全堆建模计算的水平,所需的计算时间小于蒙特卡罗全堆建模计算时间的25%。

双碳目标下高温气冷堆替代中小型火电的思考

碳达峰碳中和是我国一项重要的国家战略决策,“双碳”目标的提出给能源行业带来了深刻的变革,我国能源结构将进一步优化,电力行业必须实现低碳转型,新能源取代火电已成为必然。本文分析了新形势下火电企业面临的巨大挑战、发电规模受到限制、经营成本不断上升,尤其是中小型火电机组,面临着淘汰和关停的局面,而高温气冷堆具有固有安全性、发电效率高、用途广泛的显著特点,使其替代中小型火电成为可能。本文通过厂址适应性、技术可行性、经济可行性三方面,分析了高温气冷堆替代中小型火电的可行性,并从相关法律法规适用性、内陆厂址所带来的问题、开展公众沟通等方面提出建议。

保温缓冷条件对金川集团镍冶炼厂高镍锍结晶性能的影响

高镍锍在分选过程中存在铜镍矿物结晶粒度小,金属互含高等难题。金川集团镍冶炼厂为了改善铜、镍分选效果,提高产品质量,开展了高镍锍保温缓冷试验,并通过TG-DSC测试、粒径统计、MLA以及SEM检测,分析了缓冷条件对高镍锍结晶性能的影响。研究结果表明,辉铜矿的生长情况影响高镍锍中辉铜矿和锍镍矿互含情况,在最佳缓冷条下可得到晶粒粒度+74μm占比98%以上的辉铜矿晶体;SEM检测表明,最佳缓冷样品中辉铜矿区域Ni含量0.3%,硫镍矿Cu含量2.6%;MLA检测表明,最佳缓冷条件下,样品中辉铜矿和锍镍矿的单体解离度分别为93.97%和86.58%,与现场样品相比,控温缓冷后样品的性能得到了显著改善。

氧化铜纳米流体喷雾冷却传热性能实验研究

为了研究纳米流体在舰载大功率定向能武器喷雾冷却中的传热规律,以氧化铜纳米流体为工质,采用实验与仿真相结合的方法,分析了工质参数及系统参数影响下喷雾冷却的传热特性。分析结果表明:单相区传热阶段,纳米流体传热均优于纯水,且粒径越小,效果越明显,但是当加热功率超过1 000 W时纳米流体对传热的强化作用逐渐削弱,且粒径越小强化作用越小甚至导致换热恶化;纳米流体密度及喷雾流量对传热的影响均呈现出先促进后削弱的变化规律;纳米流体在散热表面温度分布更加均匀方面起到了一定的促进作用;添加质量分数0.004%的分散剂可以降低纳米溶液发泡现象;提升传热系数1.77%,但是当质量分数增至0.007%以上,会使纳米颗粒板结,导致传热弱化。

动力电池液冷板换热技术研究现状

动力电池液冷换热技术目前发展较为成熟,其中液冷板换热是常见的液冷换热形式,直接影响着动力电池的换热性能。分析了液冷板换热技术发展脉络,结合其换热原理,从液冷板结构、流道尺寸优化、冷却液介质及液冷板制造工艺分析了动力电池液冷板换热技术的研究现状。研究发现:新型结构型式液冷板的换热性能高,但其结构复杂,制造难度大;液冷板流道尺寸优化可提高换热效率并节省系统能耗;乙二醇溶液是目前常见的冷却液介质,一些高性能新能源车采用纳米流体冷却液;采用冲压、钎焊工艺制造的液冷板广泛应用于新能源汽车。

电动汽车电机冷却水道设计

散热性能对电机的工作效率有重要影响,电机温升问题直接影响电动汽车的稳定性和安全性。优化设计冷却水道有助于提高电机的散热效率,延长电机使用寿命,降低能耗,符合节能减排要求。首先通过Maxwell软件分析电机正常工况下的损耗;然后建立电机等效三维模型,采用外壳水道冷却方式建立4种冷却水道模型,通过Fluent软件分析不同冷却水道的散热性能,对比水道的综合冷却效果,进一步研究了4种水道的不同水道截面尺寸对电机散热性能的影响;最后运用综合评价方法,获得最适合当前电机的水道类型和水道截面尺寸。

热处理工艺对电池冷却板钎焊后尺寸的影响

对芯材铸锭采用不同热处理工艺,冷轧成品分别采用250℃×2 h和400℃×2 h的退火处理,然后进行模拟钎焊处理。采用金相显微镜观察样品的金相组织,并用游标卡尺测量成品样品钎焊前后的尺寸数据。实验结果表明,铸锭不均热处理,Mn过饱和度高,成品高温退火易形成长条状大晶粒,钎焊后晶粒尺寸变化不明显。无论铸锭是否均热处理,成品采用低温退火后组织均为纤维组织,采用高温退火后为再结晶组织,钎焊后均为再结晶组织。钎焊前、后组织中的空位、位错、晶界数量变化导致材料密度变化,是钎焊后出现尺寸缩减的主要原因。对于电池冷却板的材料和工艺设计,采用铸锭不均热处理、成品高温退火的工艺,其钎焊后产品尺寸缩减值最小。