Grid Model for High-accuracy Coordinate Transformation of China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000

After implementing CGCS2000,establishing grid models for high-accuracy coordinate transformation which are mainly used to transform border lines and coordinate grids of topographic maps becomes an important issue in mapping applications.Consequently,a grid model for high-accuracy coordinate transformation of CGCS2000 is proposed.Specifically,we firstly analyze a minimum curvature equation of coordinate transformation,which possesses the characteristics of both the global and local smoothness,achieving better consistency with the consecutive smoothness for the coordinate transformation of map’s linear feature.Then an iterative calculation method of grid nodes and an approach for establishing regional grid models based on collocation by two-step minimization are proposed.Meanwhile,a data structure of grid model is constructed.Finally we give the optimized grid interval and transformation accuracy in China corresponding to the proposed grid model.Using 48 433 points of 2000 National Geodetic Control Network of China,we take the proposed model into practice by constructing grid models for coordinate transformation from BJS54 and XAS80 to CGCS2000,and the external positional accuracies for both models are 0.26 m and 0.03 m respectively.

Uzbekistan's coordinate system transformation from CS42 to WGS84 using distortion grid model

Currently,a non-geocentric geodetic coordinate system introduced in 1942(CS42),based on the Krasovsky ellipsoid and the Baltic system of normal heights introduced in 1977,is used for geodetic works in the Republic of Uzbekistan.The development of the GNSS network proposes a task of transition to a new geocentric system based on the World Geodetic System 1984(WGS84)ellipsoid.Many software products adopt 3-or 7-parameter conversions,which can cause errors up to several meters and are not suitable for many applications.In this case,local transformations using a grid of differences between observation points with known coordinates in both datums would give the best accuracy.In this paper,we discuss various interpolation methods(Kriging,Minimum Curvature,Inverse Distance to a Power and Radial Basis Function)to solve the distortion modeling between CS42 and WGS84 systems for national datum improvement.The results show that the distortion models share a common tendency for all interpolation methods:the maximum horizontal displacements are concentrated along the West Tien Shan lineament,which is the boundary of the relief lowering.The discrepancies between the grid-based(calculated)and GPS-measured coordinates are evaluated.Statistical and spatial analysis has confirmed that for the co-ordinate transformation from CS42 to WGS84 and vice versa,grid-based transformation with Radial Basis Function interpolation has a high accuracy transformation.Analysis of the available data across the eastern part of the country shows that some positional distortions existed between the CS42 and WGS84 datums.For the best RBF method,the magnitude of these distortions is about 0.019-0.755 m with a standard deviation of 0.015 m.

A VERTICAL COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION FOR 3-D NUMERICAL MODELLING OF OCEAN CIRCULATION

A so called sine-sigma vertical coordinate transformation is proposed. A vertical implicit scheme is de-rived by using cubic-spline representation of vertical current profiles. The derived 3-D nurmericalmodel has been applied to simulate the water leved field and the vertical structures of wind-induced cur-rents in an enclosed rectangular region, and the tides in the Bohai Sea. The model is believed to besatisfactory after comparing its results with an analytical soclution and observed data from tidal staions.

Correlation of coordinate transformation parameters

Coordinate transformation parameters between two spatial Cartesian coordinate systems can be solved from the positions of non-colinear corresponding points. Based on the characteristics of translation, rotation and zoom components of the transformation, the complete solution is divided into three steps. Firstly, positional vectors are regulated with respect to the centroid of sets of points in order to separate the translation compo- nents. Secondly, the scale coefficient and rotation matrix are derived from the regulated positions independent- ly and correlations among transformation model parameters are analyzed. It is indicated that this method is applicable to other sets of non-position data to separate the respective attributions for transformation parameters.

Three-dimensional tidal current numerical model of the Oujiang Estuary

The characteristics of three-dimensional （3-D） tidal current in the Oujiang Estuary are investigated according to in situ observations. The Oujiang Estuary has features of irregular coastline, complex topography, many islands, moveable boundary, and submerged dyke, therefore, σ 3-D numerical model oil an unstructured triangular grid has been degeloped. The σ coordinate transforination, the moveable boundary and submerged dyke treatment techniques were employed in the model so it is suitable for the tidal simulations in the Oujing Estuary with submerged dyke and moveable boundary problems. The model is evaluated with the in situ data, and the results show that the calculated water elevations at 19 stations and currents at 19 profiler stations are in good agreement with measured data both in magnitude and phase. This numerical model is applied to the 3-D tidal circulation simulations of experiments in stopping flow transport through the South Branch of the Oujiang Estuary, and the feasibility to cutoff the flow in the South Branch of the Oujiang Estuary is demonstrated by numerical simulation experiments. The developed numerical model simulated the 3-D tidal current circulations in complicated coastal and estuarine waters very well.

3D Geology Modeling from 2D Prospecting Line Profile Map

Using prospecting line profile map in combination with drilling and other information for 3D reconstruction of geological model is an important method of 3D geological modeling.?This paper?discusses the theory and implementation method of 2D prospecting line map into 3D prospecting line map and then into 3D model. The authors propose that it needs twice upgrading dimension to reconstruction 3D geology model from prospecting line profile map. The first upgrading dimension is to convert profile from 2D into 3D profile,?i.e.?the 2D points in the 2D profile map upgrading dimensional transformation to 3D points in a 3D profile. The second upgrading dimension is that transform 0D point 1D curve and 2D polygon feature into 1D curve, 2D surface and 3D solid feature. The paper reexamines contents and forms in prospecting line map from the two different viewpoints of geology and geographic information science. The process of 3D geology modeling from 2D prospecting map is summarized as follows. Firstly, profile is divided into several sections by beginning, end and drill point of the prospecting line. Next, a 3D folded upright profile frame is built by 2D folded prospecting line on the plan map. Then, 2D points of features on 2D profile are converted into 3D points on 3D profile section by section. And then, adding switch control points for the long line crossover two segments. Lastly, 1D curve features are upgraded to 2D surface.

湖南省地理空间数据CGCS2000坐标系转换技术研究

2000国家大地坐标系是我国现行法定统一的大地坐标系,对统一全国测绘基准、促进成果共享交换具有关键意义。省级地理空间数据向2000国家大地坐标系转换工作不仅精度要求高,同时还存在数据量大、区域广、格式复杂等问题须解决。结合湖南省实际情况,提出了以数据摸底、参数计算、软件研发、质量检定和入库发布为主要步骤的技术方法,通过构建全省统一布尔沙模型、研制批量转换和质量检定软件提高转换精度效率,实现了全省地理空间数据向2000国家大地坐标系的全面转换。

The seamless model for three-dimensional datum transformation

With extensive applications of space geodesy, three-dimensional datum transformation model has been necessarily used to transform the coordinates in the different coordinate systems.Its essence is to predict the coordinates of non-common points in the second coordinate system based on their coordinates in the first coordinate system and the coordinates of common points in two coordinate systems.Traditionally, the computation of seven transformation parameters and the transformation of noncommon points are individually implemented, in which the errors of coordinates are taken into account only in the second system although the coordinates in both two systems are inevitably contaminated by the random errors.Moreover, the coordinate errors of non-common points are disregarded when they are transformed using the solved transformation parameters.Here we propose the seamless (rigorous) datum transformation model to compute the transformation parameters and transform the non-common points integratively, considering the errors of all coordinates in both coordinate systems.As a result, a nonlinear coordinate transformation model is formulated.Based on the Gauss-Newton algorithm and the numerical characteristics of transformation parameters, two linear versions of the established nonlinear model are individually derived.Then the least-squares collocation (prediction) method is employed to trivially solve these linear models.Finally, the simulation experiment is carried out to demonstrate the performance and benefits of the presented method.The results show that the presented method can significantly improve the precision of the coordinate transformation, especially when the non-common points are strongly correlated with the common points used to compute the transformation parameters.

基于逆投影变换的纱筒纱线余量检测算法

纱筒纱线余量检测是纺织行业自动化生产过程中的重要一环,针对目前纱线余量检测算法检测精度低的问题,提出一种基于三点逆投影变换模型的纱筒纱线余量检测技术。根据实际生产过程中相机与纱筒的位置关系,建立三点逆投影变换模型进行初步矫正。为得到更好的图像矫正结果,设置补偿矩阵并根据内外筒位置信息优化变换矩阵,最后将逆投影变换后的图像按照改进的椭圆坐标变换模型展开为矩形,根据余量计算准则计算得到纱筒纱线余量。在自主搭建的检测平台上进行实验,结果表明,本文算法检测精度在5 mm以内,基本满足实际生产要求,可为纺织产业自动化生产提供依据。

地方坐标系与CGCS2000坐标系转换方法的研究

探讨我国常用坐标系与CGCS2000坐标系的转换方法。以平面四参数、三维七参数数学模型为基础,分析其不同转换模型的内涵和适用性,并以MATLAB为平台实现常用坐标系到CGCS2000国家大地坐标系的转换,转换结果达到厘米级,满足实际工作的精度要求。

CGCS2000与独立坐标系转换模型适用性研究

针对CGCS2000与城市独立坐标系转换中,如何根据需要选择合适转换模型,使产生的转换坐标具有高精度或者高符合性问题,利用CGCS2000与独立坐标系边长差和方位角差比较方法,分析转换模型特性。并通过实例对常用转换模型进行验证,归纳出模型的适用性,解决坐标转换中不同需求模型选择问题。文中方法对其它坐标转换有一定借鉴作用。

CGCS2000高精度坐标转换格网模型的建立

CGCS2000启用后,用于地形图图廓线和坐标网变换的高精度坐标转换格网模型的建立成为实用中的重要问题。本文阐述我国CGCS2000高精度坐标转换格网模型的建立方法。一是讨论坐标转换最小曲率方程,该方程同时具备整体光滑和局部光滑特性,可以更好地符合地图线状要素坐标转换时的连续光滑性;二是提出格网节点迭代计算方法以及拟合推估两步极小法构建区域性格网模型的方法,构建了格网模型数据结构;三是给出全国范围CGCS2000高精度坐标转换格网模型的最优格网间距和转换精度,按48 433个2000国家大地控制网点坐标构建了BJS54和XAS80到CGCS2000坐标转换格网模型,转换后的点位外符精度分别为0.26m和0.03m。

基于多端口直流变压器的氢燃料电池-储能协调控制策略

面向氢燃料电池在微网领域日趋广泛的应用,依托宁波慈溪氢电耦合直流微网示范工程中的风/光/氢燃料电池直流互联系统,研究其氢燃料电池接入的核心设备——三端口直流变压器的端口功率协调控制策略。为缩短仿真时间,提出并采用了一种适用于多模块串并联多有源桥结构直流变压器的开关周期平均模型,并应用该等效简化模型提出了一种燃料电池-储能混合供电系统能量协调控制策略。该控制策略可根据储能系统荷电状态、各端口功率容量、燃料电池动态响应速度等因素对各端口功率指令进行优化调整与智能分配,避免燃料电池发电功率过快变化、储能系统过充过放,并最大化氢能发电占比。经实际样机测试与MATLABSimulink仿真验证,该协调控制策略在直流变压器的多种控制模式下均有良好的工作性能,功率控制端口的实际功率可以跟随快速变化的指令值,负荷突变时电压控制端口的实际电压波动均能控制在4%以下。

BJS54测绘成果到CGCS2000的改正分析

2000中国大地坐标系(CGCS2000)是我国新启用的地心坐标系。采用七参数转换模型且计算区域内使用一套转换参数计算了1954北京坐标系(B JS54)下的经纬度坐标以及高斯平面坐标转换到2000中国大地坐标系(CGCS2000)的改正量,分析了这些改变量所对应的变化趋势以及对旧地形图的影响,提出了对纸质地形图和数字地形图的改正方法。垂线偏差和高程异常的改正量也进行了计算和分析。

两种七参数坐标转换模型的坐标转换精度分析

在具体的测量实践中,需要在1954北京坐标系、新1954北京坐标系、1980国家大地坐标系、WGS-84大地坐标系和2000国家大地坐标系之间进行坐标转换,以进行数据对比和精度分析。文中使用MATLAB软件对布尔莎七参数坐标转换模型和迭代的七参数坐标转换模型进行了编程实现,通过比较迭代的七参数坐标转换模型与普通布尔莎七参数坐标转换模型的坐标转换精度,得到了普通七参数坐标转换模型和迭代的七参数坐标转换模型的适用条件,为具体工程测量实践提供了参考。

DEM数据坐标转换和成果质量的检查方法

针对数字高程模型(DEM)数据三维坐标转换和转换成果质量检查的需求,本文研究了基于阿尔克·吉斯(ArcGIS)开发引擎平台的DEM数据的平面和高程坐标转换技术方法;同时根据DEM数据本身的特点,研究确定了合理的DEM数据转换成果质量检查内容和指标,解决了DEM数据转换成果质量检查标准的实际生产应用问题。本项目研究成果可保障北京市DEM数据在统一的基准下应用,推动与测绘地理信息相关的规划、建设和管理工作。

A multi-class time-dependent model for the analysis of waiting phenomena at a motorway tollgate

The planning, design and operational management of motorway toll booths are of great interest in traffic engineering, as these facilities directly influence the quality of the service offered to users. This paper focuses on a time-dependent queue model based on the coordinates transformation criterion for operations assessment at a motorway tollgate. This model allows to face the whole spectrum of situations that may characterize a toll booth,some of which often fall outside the boundaries of the probabilistic theory for stationary queues.The paper proposes an M=G=1 multi-class queue model for the evaluation of evolutionary profiles of waiting times and queue lengths by closed-form equations. The results obtained for three numerical test cases show a good approximation level, compared with the mean values of queue parameters obtained reiterating a discrete-state simulation model.The proposed time-dependent equations will be useful in technical cases, allowing to operate quickly and compactly even when probabilistic queue theory is not applicable or produce unrealistic results, and the burden of complexity of the simulation approach is not conveniently absorbable. The discussion highlights a significant flexibility of the model proposed in addressing situations with conventional vehicles, i.e., with total human control and proposes some considerations for application in future scenarios with the presence of connected vehicles(CVs).

State of the art and computational aspects of time-dependent waiting models for non-signalised intersections

Time-dependent models are of great importance in highway engineering as they are appropriate for evaluating waiting times and queue lengths at intersections,which are integral parts of various activities in planning,verification and decision support for infrastructure.After reviewing the literature of the main time-dependent models based on the coordinate transformation method and a discussion about some computational issues in time-evolution profiles for non-signalised intersections,the paper identifies the requirements these models have to satisfy in order to be used as"basic"cases for analysing complex evolutionary situations.Three"basic"cases are presented with their timedependent equations for vehicle waiting times and vehicle number;they have been completed and dimensionally homogenised in this paper.As they are recursive,these formulas can be applied for sequential intervals in the time domain in both vehicles and passenger car units.The closed-form expressions for state variables show to be mutually equivalent in comparison with discrete event simulation models and imbedded Markov chain results.For all the three models the paper presents a common deterministic simplification for average waiting time,with good approximation results in the tested cases.The proposed time-dependent formulas will contribute to a better adherence to the real phenomena,compared to the extremely simplified and unrealistic methods suggested by the international manuals for level of service assessment.The proposed formulas will be useful for current applications and possible future development in order to meet the emerging needs of road and transport engineering.

Fast registration of multisource three-dimensional city models in GeoGlobe

We address the registration problem of multisource three-dimensional(3D)human-made buildings with remote sensing images and the earth’s surface in the context of virtual globes.Challenges include fast transformation of 3D coordinates with different reference systems as well as the efficient use of original model information for rigorous and accurate model registration.This paper introduces a novel fast and scalable registration approach that can establish correspondences between heterogeneous external 3D city models and images/terrain surfaces of virtual globes in an efficient and accurate manner.The approach utilizes the projected 3D feature information of 3D city models to develop robust coordinate transformation and reliable model registration methods.The proposed approach builds a solid foundation for the fusion of multisource geospatial data in a united virtual globe reference framework.We report experimental results of online registration tasks for up to over 13K buildings in an integrated 3D virtual globe platform,namely,GeoGlobe.

基于激光跟踪仪的三维坐标转换方法

为了进一步提高工程测量三维坐标转换精度,本文开展了基于激光跟踪仪的三维坐标转换方法研究。首先,介绍了徕卡AT960激光跟踪仪的原理和测量精度;其次,推导了目前常用的大旋转角非线性13和7参数转换模型;最后,设计实测实验进行精度验证。实验步骤如下:利用徕卡AT960激光跟踪仪采集不同测站下的公共点三维坐标信息,然后利用非线性13参数和7参数模型将各个公共点坐标归算到统一坐标系下,对归算后的坐标进行精度分析。结果表明:非线性13和7参数转换模型的单位权中误差分别为9.79μm和9.54μm,整体精度基本一致,说明基于激光跟踪仪的三维坐标转换精度可以达到微米量级。