The equilibrium between niobium carbonitride and austenite has been studied. Experimentally, X-raydiffaction technique was adopted to verify that the precipitates have the same composition and structure. Theoretical-l...The equilibrium between niobium carbonitride and austenite has been studied. Experimentally, X-raydiffaction technique was adopted to verify that the precipitates have the same composition and structure. Theoretical-ly, Hillert and Staffansson's regular model about stoichimetric phase was used to describe the thermodynamic proper-ties of multi-component precipitate. Calculated results agree well with experimental values from literatures.展开更多
A new method is proposed for determining the composition and stability constant of coordination compounds of the form M m R n ; it can be used to differentiate mono and poly nuclear coordination compounds. ...A new method is proposed for determining the composition and stability constant of coordination compounds of the form M m R n ; it can be used to differentiate mono and poly nuclear coordination compounds. The equation derived is lg( A i/(A max - A i) m)=n lg c′ R+lg( m·β(c M/A max ) ( m -1) ). The method is based on Bent French limited logarithm method. The demonstration of the proposed method has yielded correct results for Sc 3+ chlorophosphonazo Ⅲ system and Fe 3+ Chromazurol S system.展开更多
Many observational studies have shown that deformation, like vertical vorticity and divergence, is closely related to the occurrence and distribution of strong precipitation. In this paper, to involve deformation in p...Many observational studies have shown that deformation, like vertical vorticity and divergence, is closely related to the occurrence and distribution of strong precipitation. In this paper, to involve deformation in precipitation diagnosis, a new parameter called potential deformation（PD） is derived and then applied to precipitation detection within a simulated mesoscale convective system（MCS）. It is shown that PD includes both stretching deformation and shearing deformation and shares similar characteristics with deformation insofar as it does not change with the rotating coordinate. Diagnosis of the simulated MCS reveals that PD performs well in tracing the MCS＇ precipitation. In terms of their distributional pattern, the large-value areas of PD are similar to the precipitation in the different development stages of the MCS. A detailed analysis of the physical processes contained within the PD shows that it can reflect the three-dimensional moisture variation,vertical wind shear and wind deformation within the MCS. These structures are usually a comprehensive reflection of the characteristics of the surface cold pool, rear inflow jet, downward cold air flow and upward warm moist flow within the precipitating convective cells. For this reason, the PD shows much stronger anomalies in the precipitating atmosphere than the non-precipitating atmosphere, which implies considerable potential for its application in detecting heavy precipitation within MCSs.展开更多
Most of the crude oils contain waxes which precipitate when temperature drops, resulting in deposition in pipelines and production equipment. It is necessary to set up a model which can predict the wax appearance tem-...Most of the crude oils contain waxes which precipitate when temperature drops, resulting in deposition in pipelines and production equipment. It is necessary to set up a model which can predict the wax appearance tem-perature and the amount of solid precipitated in the different conditions. A modified thermodynamic solid-liquid equilibrium model to calculate wax precipitation in crude oil systems has been developed recently. The assumption that precipitated waxes consist of several solid phases is adopted in this research, and the solid-solid transition is also considered in the modified model. The properties of the pseudo-components are determined by using empirical correlations. New correlations for properties of solid-solid and solid-liquid transitions are also established in this work on the basis of the data from the literature. The results predicted by the proposed model for three crude oil systems are compared with the experimental data and the calculated results from the literature, and good agreement is observed.展开更多
The sensitivity of precipitation to sea surface temperature(SST) and its diurnal variation is investigated through a rainfall partitioning analysis of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model experiments based on surface...The sensitivity of precipitation to sea surface temperature(SST) and its diurnal variation is investigated through a rainfall partitioning analysis of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model experiments based on surface rainfall budget.For all experiments,the model is set up using zero vertical velocity and a constant zonal wind and is integrated over 40 days to reach quasi-equilibrium states.The 10-day equilibrium grid-scale simulation data and a time-invariant SST of 29°C are used in the control experiment.In the sensitivity experiments,time-invariant SSTs are 27°C and 31°C with an average value of 29°C when the minimum and maximum values of diurnal SST differences are 1°C and 2°C,respectively.The results show that the largest contribution to total rainfall is from the rainfall with water vapor convergence and local atmospheric drying and hydrometeor gain/divergence(~30%) in all experiments.When SST increases from 27°C to 29°C,the contribution from water vapor convergence decreases.The increase of SST reduces the contribution of the rainfall with water vapor convergence primarily through the decreased contribution of the rainfall with local atmospheric drying and hydrometeor gain/divergence and the rainfall with local atmospheric moistening and hydrometeor loss/convergence.The inclusion of diurnal variation of SST with the diurnal difference of 1°C decreases the rainfall contribution from water vapor convergence primarily through the decreased contribution of the rainfall with local atmospheric moistening and hydrometeor loss/convergence.The contribution of the rainfall from water vapor convergence is barely changed as the diurnal difference of SST increases from 1°C to 2°C.展开更多
A new method of producing tungstic acid with a yield over 98% at room temperature and low acidity is advanced and referred to as Complcx -Homogeneous Precipitation Method. If combined with the treatment of activated c...A new method of producing tungstic acid with a yield over 98% at room temperature and low acidity is advanced and referred to as Complcx -Homogeneous Precipitation Method. If combined with the treatment of activated charcoal in recovering the remnant tungsten left in the filter liquor, a perfect closed technological process can be obtained. The key to this method is to prevent the formation of pseudo-metatungstatc during scdium rungstate being acidified directly with the aid of the complexing-protecting agent H2O2, The perexo-mtermediate, which was prepated and identified as dipcroxytetratnngstate by IR and Raman analysis by comparison with diperorytetramolybdate, can be decomposed by SO2 tapidly and quantitatively. The tungstic acid precipitate can be filtered and washed easily. The related mechanisin is studied.展开更多
Accurate tokamak plasma equilibrium solution in flux coordinates is crucial for many stability and transport studies.Different approaches for dealing with singularities in solving the nonlinear Grad-Shafranov(GS)equat...Accurate tokamak plasma equilibrium solution in flux coordinates is crucial for many stability and transport studies.Different approaches for dealing with singularities in solving the nonlinear Grad-Shafranov(GS)equation in flux coordinates or also known as straight field line coordinates are proposed in this paper.The GS equation is solved by iterating the position of grids directly in flux coordinates,and hence,no additional errors are introduced due to mapping process for a convergent solution.The singularity at magnetic axis in flux coordinates is removed by using a novel coordinate transform technique.Different from other techniques previously developed,no assumption in boundary condition at magnetic axis is used.This is consistent with the fact that there is no physical boundary at the magnetic axis.A flux coordinate system with poloidal coordinate chosen as the geometric poloidal angle is proposed.It conquers the difficulty in no definition of poloidal coordinate in flux coordinates at separatrix because of the singularity at x-point(s)in a divertor configuration.It also simplifies the process for computing poloidal flux coordinate during the iteration for solving the nonlinear GS equation.Non-uniform grids can be applied in both radial and poloidal coordinates,which allows it to increase the spacial resolution near x-point(s)in a divertor configuration.Based on the model proposed in this paper,a new Flux coordinates based EQuilibrium solver(FEQ)in tokamaks is developed.The numerical solutions from this code agree well with both the analytic Solov’ev solution and the numerical one from the EFIT code for a divertor configuration in the EAST tokamak.This code can be applied for simulating different equilibria with prescribed shape,pressure and current profiles,i.e.including both limiter and divertor configurations,positive triangularity and negative triangularity,differentβ,arbitrary magnetic shear profile etc.It provides a powerful and convenient fixed-boundary inverse equilibrium solver including both magnetic axis and separatrix in the solution for tokamak researches.展开更多
In wastewater facilities, struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) precipitation and subsequent accumulation within sludge processing can be an expensive nuisance or a pathway to orthophosphate reclamation and beneficial reuse. ...In wastewater facilities, struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) precipitation and subsequent accumulation within sludge processing can be an expensive nuisance or a pathway to orthophosphate reclamation and beneficial reuse. Predictive solubility models developed in the past have been computationally intensive, highly conservative, and have employed uncertain equilibrium constants for the evaluation of solution saturation. The StrPI (Struvite Precipitation Index) developed in this study is a new, computationally light framework for predicting struvite precipitation based on saturation pH. The model permits process-specific calibration (i.e. StrPI plus a correction pH) to deal with the highly variable characteristics of wastewater streams and to eliminate the pH-independent overprediction inherent in existing solubility models. Verification of this model was performed across a range of waste compositions, ionic strengths, and root-mean-square velocity gradients using data from both synthetic laboratory experiments and field tests. The StrPI framework was found to be an effective and uncomplicated predictor of struvite precipitation in both environments.展开更多
随着光伏和风能等可再生能源在柔性配电网中的比例不断提高,可再生能源发电的间歇性输出给电力系统带来了不稳定性与波动性。现有的柔性合环开关因为硬件参数和容量限制,无法应对负荷超容量波动带来的频率超限及潮流转移造成的电网开路...随着光伏和风能等可再生能源在柔性配电网中的比例不断提高,可再生能源发电的间歇性输出给电力系统带来了不稳定性与波动性。现有的柔性合环开关因为硬件参数和容量限制,无法应对负荷超容量波动带来的频率超限及潮流转移造成的电网开路问题。因此,有必要将柔性合环开关与储能技术相结合,构建新型柔性互联配电网,对带电池储能系统的多端口柔性合环开关设计相应的控制策略。首先,对于硬件参数不同和工作状态差异造成的储能单元荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)不均衡,设计自适应的SOC均衡控制策略。其次,对负荷大波动和稳压侧开路故障,设计切换策略以调节电网频率并进行短时直流电压支撑,确保下级负荷的稳定运行。最后,利用基于MATLAB/Simulink平台的仿真模型和RTLAB硬件在环平台验证了所提协调控制策略的有效性和实用性。展开更多
Contract is a common and effective mechanism for supply chain coordination,which has been studied extensively in recent years.For a supply chain network model,contracts can be used to coordinate it because it is too i...Contract is a common and effective mechanism for supply chain coordination,which has been studied extensively in recent years.For a supply chain network model,contracts can be used to coordinate it because it is too ideal to obtain the network equilibrium state in practical market competition.In order to achieve equilibrium,we introduce revenue sharing contract into a supply chain network equilibrium model with random demand in this paper.Then,we investigate the influence on this network equilibrium state from demand disruptions caused by unexpected emergencies.When demand disruptions happen,the supply chain network equilibrium state will be broken and change to a new one,so the decision makers need to adjust the contract parameters to achieve the new coordinated state through bargaining.Finally,a numerical example with a sudden demand increase as a result of emergent event is provided for illustrative purposes.展开更多
This paper studies the problem of coordinated motion generation for a group of rigid bodies. Two classes of coordinated motion primitives, relative equilibria and ma- neuvers, are given as building blocks for generati...This paper studies the problem of coordinated motion generation for a group of rigid bodies. Two classes of coordinated motion primitives, relative equilibria and ma- neuvers, are given as building blocks for generating coordi- nated motions. In a motion-primitive based planning frame- work, a control method is proposed for the robust execution of a coordinated motion plan in the presence of perturba- tions. The control method combines the relative equilibria stabilization with maneuver design, and results in a close- loop motion planning framework. The performance of the control method has been illustrated through a numerical sim- ulation.展开更多
By combining the α/γ interface migration and the carbon diffusion at the interface in Fe-C alloys, a mathematical model is constructed to describe the mixed-control mechanism for proeutectoid ferrite formation from ...By combining the α/γ interface migration and the carbon diffusion at the interface in Fe-C alloys, a mathematical model is constructed to describe the mixed-control mechanism for proeutectoid ferrite formation from austenite. In this model, the α/γ interface is treated as non-equilibrium interface, i.e., the carbon concentration of austenite at γ/α interface is obtained through theoretical calculation, instead of that assumed as the local equilibrium concentration. For isothermal precipitation of ferrite in Fe-C alloys, the calculated results show that the rate of interface migration decreases monotonically during the whole process, while the rate of carbon diffusion from γ/α interface into austenite increases to a peak value and then decreases. The process of ferrite growth may be considered as composed of three stages: the period of rapid growth, slow growth and finishing stage. The results also show that the carbon concentration of austenite at γ/α interface could not reach the thermodynamic equilibrium value even at the last stage of ferrite growth.展开更多
文摘The equilibrium between niobium carbonitride and austenite has been studied. Experimentally, X-raydiffaction technique was adopted to verify that the precipitates have the same composition and structure. Theoretical-ly, Hillert and Staffansson's regular model about stoichimetric phase was used to describe the thermodynamic proper-ties of multi-component precipitate. Calculated results agree well with experimental values from literatures.
文摘A new method is proposed for determining the composition and stability constant of coordination compounds of the form M m R n ; it can be used to differentiate mono and poly nuclear coordination compounds. The equation derived is lg( A i/(A max - A i) m)=n lg c′ R+lg( m·β(c M/A max ) ( m -1) ). The method is based on Bent French limited logarithm method. The demonstration of the proposed method has yielded correct results for Sc 3+ chlorophosphonazo Ⅲ system and Fe 3+ Chromazurol S system.
基金supported by the Special Scientific Research Fund of the Meteorological Public Welfare of the Ministry of Sciences and Technology (Grant No. GYHY201406002, GYHY201406001)National Key Technology Support Program (Grant No. 2015BAC03B04)+4 种基金a National Program on Key Basic Research project (Grant No. 2013CB430105)the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 91437215)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41505040, 41375052 41405055 and 41575065)the Open Project of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (La SW), the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS) (Grant No. 2015LASW-B05)the Beijing Natural Sciences Foundation (Grant No. 8142035)
文摘Many observational studies have shown that deformation, like vertical vorticity and divergence, is closely related to the occurrence and distribution of strong precipitation. In this paper, to involve deformation in precipitation diagnosis, a new parameter called potential deformation（PD） is derived and then applied to precipitation detection within a simulated mesoscale convective system（MCS）. It is shown that PD includes both stretching deformation and shearing deformation and shares similar characteristics with deformation insofar as it does not change with the rotating coordinate. Diagnosis of the simulated MCS reveals that PD performs well in tracing the MCS＇ precipitation. In terms of their distributional pattern, the large-value areas of PD are similar to the precipitation in the different development stages of the MCS. A detailed analysis of the physical processes contained within the PD shows that it can reflect the three-dimensional moisture variation,vertical wind shear and wind deformation within the MCS. These structures are usually a comprehensive reflection of the characteristics of the surface cold pool, rear inflow jet, downward cold air flow and upward warm moist flow within the precipitating convective cells. For this reason, the PD shows much stronger anomalies in the precipitating atmosphere than the non-precipitating atmosphere, which implies considerable potential for its application in detecting heavy precipitation within MCSs.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.10272029).
文摘Most of the crude oils contain waxes which precipitate when temperature drops, resulting in deposition in pipelines and production equipment. It is necessary to set up a model which can predict the wax appearance tem-perature and the amount of solid precipitated in the different conditions. A modified thermodynamic solid-liquid equilibrium model to calculate wax precipitation in crude oil systems has been developed recently. The assumption that precipitated waxes consist of several solid phases is adopted in this research, and the solid-solid transition is also considered in the modified model. The properties of the pseudo-components are determined by using empirical correlations. New correlations for properties of solid-solid and solid-liquid transitions are also established in this work on the basis of the data from the literature. The results predicted by the proposed model for three crude oil systems are compared with the experimental data and the calculated results from the literature, and good agreement is observed.
基金State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (2009CB421505)Projects of the Natural Science Foundation of China (4107504441075079)
文摘The sensitivity of precipitation to sea surface temperature(SST) and its diurnal variation is investigated through a rainfall partitioning analysis of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model experiments based on surface rainfall budget.For all experiments,the model is set up using zero vertical velocity and a constant zonal wind and is integrated over 40 days to reach quasi-equilibrium states.The 10-day equilibrium grid-scale simulation data and a time-invariant SST of 29°C are used in the control experiment.In the sensitivity experiments,time-invariant SSTs are 27°C and 31°C with an average value of 29°C when the minimum and maximum values of diurnal SST differences are 1°C and 2°C,respectively.The results show that the largest contribution to total rainfall is from the rainfall with water vapor convergence and local atmospheric drying and hydrometeor gain/divergence(~30%) in all experiments.When SST increases from 27°C to 29°C,the contribution from water vapor convergence decreases.The increase of SST reduces the contribution of the rainfall with water vapor convergence primarily through the decreased contribution of the rainfall with local atmospheric drying and hydrometeor gain/divergence and the rainfall with local atmospheric moistening and hydrometeor loss/convergence.The inclusion of diurnal variation of SST with the diurnal difference of 1°C decreases the rainfall contribution from water vapor convergence primarily through the decreased contribution of the rainfall with local atmospheric moistening and hydrometeor loss/convergence.The contribution of the rainfall from water vapor convergence is barely changed as the diurnal difference of SST increases from 1°C to 2°C.
文摘A new method of producing tungstic acid with a yield over 98% at room temperature and low acidity is advanced and referred to as Complcx -Homogeneous Precipitation Method. If combined with the treatment of activated charcoal in recovering the remnant tungsten left in the filter liquor, a perfect closed technological process can be obtained. The key to this method is to prevent the formation of pseudo-metatungstatc during scdium rungstate being acidified directly with the aid of the complexing-protecting agent H2O2, The perexo-mtermediate, which was prepated and identified as dipcroxytetratnngstate by IR and Raman analysis by comparison with diperorytetramolybdate, can be decomposed by SO2 tapidly and quantitatively. The tungstic acid precipitate can be filtered and washed easily. The related mechanisin is studied.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFE0301100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11875292)。
文摘Accurate tokamak plasma equilibrium solution in flux coordinates is crucial for many stability and transport studies.Different approaches for dealing with singularities in solving the nonlinear Grad-Shafranov(GS)equation in flux coordinates or also known as straight field line coordinates are proposed in this paper.The GS equation is solved by iterating the position of grids directly in flux coordinates,and hence,no additional errors are introduced due to mapping process for a convergent solution.The singularity at magnetic axis in flux coordinates is removed by using a novel coordinate transform technique.Different from other techniques previously developed,no assumption in boundary condition at magnetic axis is used.This is consistent with the fact that there is no physical boundary at the magnetic axis.A flux coordinate system with poloidal coordinate chosen as the geometric poloidal angle is proposed.It conquers the difficulty in no definition of poloidal coordinate in flux coordinates at separatrix because of the singularity at x-point(s)in a divertor configuration.It also simplifies the process for computing poloidal flux coordinate during the iteration for solving the nonlinear GS equation.Non-uniform grids can be applied in both radial and poloidal coordinates,which allows it to increase the spacial resolution near x-point(s)in a divertor configuration.Based on the model proposed in this paper,a new Flux coordinates based EQuilibrium solver(FEQ)in tokamaks is developed.The numerical solutions from this code agree well with both the analytic Solov’ev solution and the numerical one from the EFIT code for a divertor configuration in the EAST tokamak.This code can be applied for simulating different equilibria with prescribed shape,pressure and current profiles,i.e.including both limiter and divertor configurations,positive triangularity and negative triangularity,differentβ,arbitrary magnetic shear profile etc.It provides a powerful and convenient fixed-boundary inverse equilibrium solver including both magnetic axis and separatrix in the solution for tokamak researches.
文摘In wastewater facilities, struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) precipitation and subsequent accumulation within sludge processing can be an expensive nuisance or a pathway to orthophosphate reclamation and beneficial reuse. Predictive solubility models developed in the past have been computationally intensive, highly conservative, and have employed uncertain equilibrium constants for the evaluation of solution saturation. The StrPI (Struvite Precipitation Index) developed in this study is a new, computationally light framework for predicting struvite precipitation based on saturation pH. The model permits process-specific calibration (i.e. StrPI plus a correction pH) to deal with the highly variable characteristics of wastewater streams and to eliminate the pH-independent overprediction inherent in existing solubility models. Verification of this model was performed across a range of waste compositions, ionic strengths, and root-mean-square velocity gradients using data from both synthetic laboratory experiments and field tests. The StrPI framework was found to be an effective and uncomplicated predictor of struvite precipitation in both environments.
文摘随着光伏和风能等可再生能源在柔性配电网中的比例不断提高,可再生能源发电的间歇性输出给电力系统带来了不稳定性与波动性。现有的柔性合环开关因为硬件参数和容量限制,无法应对负荷超容量波动带来的频率超限及潮流转移造成的电网开路问题。因此,有必要将柔性合环开关与储能技术相结合,构建新型柔性互联配电网,对带电池储能系统的多端口柔性合环开关设计相应的控制策略。首先,对于硬件参数不同和工作状态差异造成的储能单元荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)不均衡,设计自适应的SOC均衡控制策略。其次,对负荷大波动和稳压侧开路故障,设计切换策略以调节电网频率并进行短时直流电压支撑,确保下级负荷的稳定运行。最后,利用基于MATLAB/Simulink平台的仿真模型和RTLAB硬件在环平台验证了所提协调控制策略的有效性和实用性。
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (No. 2006BAH02A06)"333 Engineering"Project of Jiangsu Province
文摘Contract is a common and effective mechanism for supply chain coordination,which has been studied extensively in recent years.For a supply chain network model,contracts can be used to coordinate it because it is too ideal to obtain the network equilibrium state in practical market competition.In order to achieve equilibrium,we introduce revenue sharing contract into a supply chain network equilibrium model with random demand in this paper.Then,we investigate the influence on this network equilibrium state from demand disruptions caused by unexpected emergencies.When demand disruptions happen,the supply chain network equilibrium state will be broken and change to a new one,so the decision makers need to adjust the contract parameters to achieve the new coordinated state through bargaining.Finally,a numerical example with a sudden demand increase as a result of emergent event is provided for illustrative purposes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11072002,10832006)
文摘This paper studies the problem of coordinated motion generation for a group of rigid bodies. Two classes of coordinated motion primitives, relative equilibria and ma- neuvers, are given as building blocks for generating coordi- nated motions. In a motion-primitive based planning frame- work, a control method is proposed for the robust execution of a coordinated motion plan in the presence of perturba- tions. The control method combines the relative equilibria stabilization with maneuver design, and results in a close- loop motion planning framework. The performance of the control method has been illustrated through a numerical sim- ulation.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No.50075053the Emphasized Item of Development Funds of Science and Technology of Shanghai City,China(No.03H201).
文摘By combining the α/γ interface migration and the carbon diffusion at the interface in Fe-C alloys, a mathematical model is constructed to describe the mixed-control mechanism for proeutectoid ferrite formation from austenite. In this model, the α/γ interface is treated as non-equilibrium interface, i.e., the carbon concentration of austenite at γ/α interface is obtained through theoretical calculation, instead of that assumed as the local equilibrium concentration. For isothermal precipitation of ferrite in Fe-C alloys, the calculated results show that the rate of interface migration decreases monotonically during the whole process, while the rate of carbon diffusion from γ/α interface into austenite increases to a peak value and then decreases. The process of ferrite growth may be considered as composed of three stages: the period of rapid growth, slow growth and finishing stage. The results also show that the carbon concentration of austenite at γ/α interface could not reach the thermodynamic equilibrium value even at the last stage of ferrite growth.
