A Fast and Accurate Method for the Analysis of Multi-conductor Coplanar Wave-Guide Transmission Lines

This paper introduces the complex image concept, and uses the method to analyze multi conductor coplanar waveguides. The method of spectral domain Green's function for modeling point charge and line charge structures is studied, in which Chebyshev polynomials are used as basis functions to solve the integral equation by the Galerkin's method. It is believed that the complex method has the features of accuracy and rapid convergence, and it is possible to make the technique useful as CAD tool for coplanar waveguide design.

Analysis of the far spatial coherent suppressed single peak field distribution of a rectangular wave-guide laser

A theory of the far spatial coherent-suppressed single-peak field distribution of a rectangular wave-guide CO2 laser is presented. The theoretical analysis shows that a rectangular wave-guide laser can have an output intensity distribution in far field similar to that produced from a wave-guide array laser, which is in agreement with the experimental result. A single-peak mode output is obtained within 5 metres. The experimental far-field spread angle in the bigger-Fresnel number direction is 0.63 mrad, compared to the calculated one, 0.6 mrad, and when the length of the laser resonator is changed, a double-peak or multi-peak in far-field distribution of the laser is obtained.

Modulating perovskite crystallization and band alignment using coplanar molecules for high-performance indoor photovoltaics

The proper bandgap and exceptional photostability enable CsPbI_(3) as a potential candidate for indoor photovoltaics(IPVs),but indoor power conversion efficiency(PCE) is impeded by serious nonradiative recombination stemming from challenges in incomplete DMAPbI_(3) conversion and lattice structure distortion.Here,the coplanar symmetric structu re of hexyl sulfide(HS) is employed to functionalize the CsPbI_(3) layer for fabricating highly efficient IPVs.The hydrogen bond between HS and DMAI promotes the conversion of DMAPbI_(3) to CsPbI_(3),while the copianar symmetric structure enhances crystalline order.Simultaneously,surface sulfidation during HS-induced growth results in the in situ formation of PbS,spontaneously creating a CsPbI_(3) N-P homojunction to enhance band alignment and carrier mobility.As a result,the CsPbI_(3)&HS devices achieve an impressive indoor PCE of 39.90%(P_(in):334.6 μW cm^(-2),P_(out):133.5 μW cm^(-2)) under LED@2968 K,1062 lux,and maintain over 90% initial PCE for 800 h at ^(3)0% air ambient humidity.

Phase II Clinical Study of Three-Dimensional Printed Coplanar Template Combined with CT-Guided Percutaneous Core Needle Biopsy of Pulmonary Nodules in Elderly Patients

Background: As the population age structure gradually ages, more and more elderly people were found to have pulmonary nodules during physical examinations. Most elderly people had underlying diseases such as heart, lung, brain and blood vessels and cannot tolerate surgery. Computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous core needle biopsy (CNB) was the first choice for pathological diagnosis and subsequent targeted drugs, immune drugs or ablation treatment. CT-guided percutaneous CNB requires clinicians with rich CNB experience to ensure high CNB accuracy, but it was easy to cause complications such as pneumothorax and hemorrhage. Three-dimensional (3D) printing coplanar template (PCT) combined with CT-guided percutaneous pulmonary CNB biopsy has been used in clinical practice, but there was no prospective, randomized controlled study. Methods: Elderly patients with lung nodules admitted to the Department of Oncology of our hospital from January 2019 to January 2023 were selected. A total of 225 elderly patients were screened, and 30 patients were included after screening. They were randomly divided into experimental group (Group A: 30 cases) and control group (Group B: 30 cases). Group A was given 3D-PCT combined with CT-guided percutaneous pulmonary CNB biopsy, Group B underwent CT-guided percutaneous pulmonary CNB. The primary outcome measure of this study was the accuracy of diagnostic CNB, and the secondary outcome measures were CNB time, number of CNB needles, number of pathological tissues and complications. Results: The diagnostic accuracy of group A and group B was 96.67% and 76.67%, respectively (P = 0.026). There were statistical differences between group A and group B in average CNB time (P = 0.001), number of CNB (1 vs more than 1, P = 0.029), and pathological tissue obtained by CNB (3 vs 1, P = 0.040). There was no statistical difference in the incidence of pneumothorax and hemorrhage between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: 3D-PCT combined with CT-guided percutaneous CNB can improve the puncture accuracy of elderly patients, shorten the puncture time, reduce the number of punctures, and increase the amount of puncture pathological tissue, without increasing pneumothorax and hemorrhage complications. We look forward to verifying this in a phase III randomized controlled clinical study. .

Low-Microwave Loss Coplanar Waveguides Fabricated on High-Resistivity Silicon Substrate

Three kinds of coplanar waveguides （CPWs） are designed and fabricated on different silicon substrates---common low-resistivity silicon substrate （LRS）, LRS with a 3μm-thick silicon oxide interlayer, and high-resistivity silicon （HRS） substrate. The results show that the microwave loss of a CPW on LRS is too high to be used, but it can be greatly reduced by adding a thick interlayer of silicon oxide between the CPW transmission lines and the LRS.A CPW directly on HRS shows a loss lower than 2dB/cm in the range of 0-26GHz and the process is simple,so HRS is a more suitable CPW substrate.

Ultra-wideband bilateral tapered slot-line antenna fed by coplanar waveguide

In order to broaden the bandwidth of a tapered slot- line antenna （TSA）, a bilateral tapered slot-line antenna （BTSA） with a new feeding structure of coplanar waveguide （CPW） is developed. Based on the fact that the bandwidth limitation of TSA mainly depends on its feeding structure, an improved CPW-based feed structure etched on the backboard of the BTSA is adopted to perform traveling-wave transition. Both the simulation results and measurement data verify that the proposed feeding structure results in ＂high-pass＂ frequency response for antenna impedance matching. The voltage standing wave ratio （VSWR） is less than 2：1 when the frequency is higher than 3 GHz. The antenna gain exceeds 7 dBi with good radiation patterns when the bandwidth is from 4 to 16 GHz. This ultra wideband （UWB） antenna with a compact size is specially available for the electronic systems of counter-measure and microwave imaging.

TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF A PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMIC WITH TWO COPLANAR CRACKS UNDER ELECTROMECHANICAL IMPACT

The transient response of two coplanar cracks in a piezoelectric ceramic under antiplane mechanical and inplane electric impacting loads is investigated in the present paper. Laplace and Fourier transforms are used to reduce the mixed boundary value problems to Cauchy-type singular integral equations in Laplace transform domain, which are solved numerically. The dynamic stress and electric displacement factors are obtained as the functions of time and geometry parameters. The present study shows that the presence of the dynamic electric field will impede or enhance the propagation of the crack in piezoelectric ceramics at different stages of the dynamic electromechanical load. Moreover, the electromechanical response is greatly affected by the ratio of the space of the cracks and the crack length.

Characterization and Modeling of Finite-Ground Coplanar Waveguides in 0.13μm CMOS

We discuss the characterization and modeling of coplanar waveguides （CPW） realized in TSMC 0. 13μm CMOS process. EM-field simulations with momentum are performed to estimate the important parameters of the transmission lines, such as characteristic impedance and propagation loss. Coplanar waveguide libraries are designed with Z values of 30,50,70, and 100Ω. Finally, the propagation constant and the characteristic impedance are measured in a frequency range from 0. 1 to 40GHz with a vector-network analyzer,using the short-open-loadthru （SOLT） de-embedding technique. The distributed parameters of the CPWs are extracted from the measured S-parameters.

Dosimetric Study of Coplanar and Non-Coplanar Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Planning for Esophageal Carcinoma

Purpose: To compare the dosimetric impact of coplanar intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and non-coplanar IMRT for the esophageal carcinoma. Methods: There are forty-five esophageal carcinoma patients, fifteen of whom were cervical and upper thoracic (Group 1) and thirty were middle and lower thoracic (Group 2). Gross tumor volume (GTV), clinical target volume (CTV), and organs at risk (OAR) were contoured by the chief physician in the CMS-XiO treatment planning system. For each patient, one coplanar plan and two non-coplanar plans have been created using the same physical objective function. A detailed dose-volume histogram (DVH) comparison among three plans was then carried out in a tabulated format. Results: 1) In Group 1 patients with PTV volume less than 100cc, the mean dose and dose gradient of non-coplanar plan were much better than those in coplanar plan. 2) In Group 2 patients, the conformity index (CI) for coplanar and two non-coplanar plans were 0.69 ± 0.13, 0.41 ± 0.13, and 0.68 ± 0.15, respectively. The V5, V10, V20, and the mean dose to the lung were lower in the non-coplanar plans compared to ones in coplanar plan. However, the non-coplanar plans resulted in an increase in a dose to the heart, but the dose was still within heart toxicity tolerance. Conclusion: For Group 1 patients, the non-coplanar IMRT plan had less dose gradient and better mean dose than the coplanar IMRT plan. For Group 2 patients, the non-coplanar IMRT could the decrease dose to the lung tissue, thus lowering the probability of radiation pneumonia to esophageal cancer patients. The drawback of non-coplanar IMRT is that, even within toxicity tolerance, it could deliver a higher dose to the heart and spinal cord compared to the coplanar plan. Therefore, for patients with cardiology and neurology concern, non-coplanar IMRT should be used with caution.

An analytical model for coplanar waveguide on silicon-on-insulator substrate with conformal mapping technique

In this paper, the authors present an analytical model for coplanar waveguide on silicon-on-insulator substrate. The four-element topological network and the conformal mapping technique are used to analyse the capacitance and the conductance of the sandwich substrate. The validity of the model is verified by the full-wave method and the experimental data. It is found that the inductance, the resistance, the capacitance and the conductance from the analytical model show they are in good agreement with the corresponding values extracted from experimental Sparameter until 10 GHz.

New Formulation of the Mulilayer Iterative Method: Application to Coplanar Lines with Thick Conductor

The skin effect is an electromagnetic phenomenon that makes the current flows only on the surface of the conductors at high frequency. This article is based on the phenomenon to model a structure made in coplanar technology. In reality, these types of structures integrated metal layers of different thickness of copper (9 μm, 18 μm, 35 μm, 70 μm). The neglect of this parameter introduces errors, sometimes significant, in the numerical calculations. This is why an iterative method (FWCIP) based on the wave concept was restated. Validation of results was carried out by comparison with those calculated by Ansoft HFSS software and Agilent ADS Technology. They show a good matching.

Fatigue Investigations on Steel Pipeline Containing 3D Coplanar and Non-Coplanar Cracks

Fluctuated loadings from currents,waves and sea ground motions are observed on offshore steel pipelines,and they will result in small cracks to propagate continuously and cause unexpected damage to offshore/geotechnical infrastructures.In spite of the availability of efficient techniques and high-power computers for solving crack problems,investigations on the fatigue life of offshore pipelines with 3D interacting cracks are still rarely found in open literature.In the current study,systematic numerical investigations are performed on fatigue crack growth behaviours of offshore pipelines containing coplanar and non-coplanar cracks.Extended finite element method(XFEM)is adopted to simulate the fatigue crack growth.The qualitative validations of numerical results are made for certain cases with available experimental results.Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the influences of various important parameters on fatigue crack growth.The results will be helpful to assess the fatigue behaviours of steel pipeline with 3D interacting cracks.

A study on the microwave responses of YBCO and TBCCO thin films by coplanar resonator technique

YBa2Cu3O7（YBCO） thin films have been prepared by thermal coevaporation on LaAlO3（LAO） substrates, and Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8（TBCCO） thin films are synthesized by magnetron sputtering method on LAO substrates. The transition temperature Tc is 90 K forYBCO/LAO and 104 K for TBCCO/LAO. Microwave responses of the films are studied systematically by coplanar resonator technique. Energy gaps of the films obtained are △0 = 1.04kBTc for YBCO films and △0 =0.84kBTc for TBCCO films by analysing the temperature dependence of resonant frequencies of coplanar resonator. Penetration depth at 0 K A0 = 198.nm for YBCO films and A0 = 200 nm for TBCCO films could also be obtained by using the weak coupling theory and two fluid theory. Results of penetration depth and energy gap confirm the weak coupling properties of the films. In addition, microwave surface resistances Rs of YBCO/LAO and TBCCO/LAO are also investigated by analysing the quality factor and insert loss of the coplanar resonator. Surface resistance of TBCCO/LAO is less than that of YBCO/LAO, so that TBCCO/LAO films may have more potential applications.

Tunable coplanar waveguide resonator with nanowires

A tunable superconducting half-wavelength coplanar waveguide resonator （CPWR） with Nb parallel nanowires - 300 nm in width embedded in the center conductor was designed, fabricated, and measured. The frequency shift and the amplitude attenuation of the resonance peak under irradiation of 404-nm pulse laser were observed with different light powers at 4.2 K. The RF power supplied to such a CPWR can serve as current bias, which will affect the light response of the resonator.

Superconducting tunable filter with constant bandwidth using coplanar waveguide resonators

In this paper we propose a two-pole varactor-tuned superconducting filter using coplanar waveguide （CPW） spiralin-spiral-out （SISO） resonators. Novel internal and external coupling structures are introduced to meet the requirements for a tunable filter with a constant absolute bandwidth. The fabricated device has a frequency tuning range of 14.4% at frequencies ranging from 274.1 MHz to 317.7 MHz, a 3-dB bandwidth of 5.14±0.06 MHz, and an insertion loss of 0.08 dB-0.70 dB. The simulated and measured results are in excellent agreement with each other.

Multi-Reconfigurable Band-Notched Coplanar Waveguide-Fed Slot Antenna

This paper proposes an antenna design concept to achieve a multi-reconfigurable band-notch antenna by using a set of microswitches. The proposed idea was proved by the design of the coplanar waveguide(CPW)-fed slot antenna. The sample design gives a wideband antenna the impedance bandwidth of which covers the frequency ranged from 1.9 GHz to 6.55 GHz.The antenna could be configured to work either in single-band mode or in one of the defined dual-band modes.

Fabrication of Al air-bridge on coplanar waveguide

Superconducting coplanar waveguide（CPW） can be widely used as two-dimensional（2 D） resonator, transmission line or feedline, providing an important component for superconducting quantum circuit which is a promising candidate for quantum information processing. Due to the discontinuities and asymmetries in the ground planes, CPW usually exhibits the spurious resonance, which is a common source of decoherence in circuit quantum electrodynamics experiments. To mitigate the spurious resonance, we fabricated superconducting aluminum air-bridges on Nb CPW. The fabricated airbridges are approximately 3 m high and up to 120 m long. Compared with other methods, the fabrication procedures of our air-bridges are simpler, and the air-bridge can withstand strong ultrasound.

(e,2e) triple-differential cross sections for Ag^+ (4p, 4s) in coplanar symmetric geometry

The （e, 2e） triple-differential cross sections of Ag＋ （4p, 4s） are calculated based on the three-body distorted-wave Born approximation considering post-collision interaction in coplanar symmetric geometry. The energy of the outgoing electron is set to be 50, 70, 100, 200, 300,500, 700, and 1000 eV, and the intensity and splitting of forward and backward peaks are discussed in detail. Some new structures are observed around 15° and 85° for 4p and 4s orbitals. Structures in triple-differential cross sections at 15° are reported for the first time. A double-binary collision is proposed to explain the formation of such structures. The structures at 85° are also considered as the result of one kind of double-binary collision.

TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF COPLANAR INTERFACIAL CRACKS BETWEEN TWO DISSIMILAR PIEZOELECTRIC STRIPS UNDER ANTI-PLANE MECHANICAL AND IN-PLANE ELECTRICAL IMPACTS

The dynamic response of multiple coplanar interface cracks between two dissimilar piezoelectric strips subjected to mechanical and electrical impacts is investigated.Solutions to two kinds of electric boundary conditions on crack surfaces,i.e.electric impermeable and electric permeable,are obtained.Laplace and Fourier transforms and dislocation density functions are employed to reduce the mixed boundary value problem to Cauchy singular integral equations, which can be solved numerically.The effects of electrical load,geometry criterion of piezoelectric strips,relative location of cracks and material properties on the dynamic energy release rate are examined.

Theoretical Studies on the Coplanar Dicage Pentaprismane C_(16)H_(12)

A coplanar dicage pentaprismane molecule C16H12 has been studied by using DFT at B3LYP/D95* level and ab initio method at MP2/D95* level, and the vibrational frequencies of the molecule have been calculated at B3LYP/D95* level too. The results show that the molecule is thermodynamically stable. Some physico-chemical properties, such as geometry, simulated IR spectrum and heat of formation, have been reported.