Research on the Application of Electromagnetic Method in the Exploration of Altered Rock-type Gold Deposits in the East Kunlun Metallogenic Belt

Introduction The East Kunlun Orogenic Belt is located in the northeastern part of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau(Li et al.,2007),stretching from the East Kunlun to the Elashan area in an east–west direction(Guo et al.,2018).It is an important part of the Central Orogenic Belt(Xiong et al.,2023).It is considered one of the important gold mineralization regions in the Tethys tectonic domain(Norbu et al.,2023)and an essential potential base for mineral resources in China.Wulonggou and Gouli gold mines have been discovered successively,earning the reputation of the"Golden Belt of Qinghai Province"(Feng et al.,2004;He et al.,2023).

Relation between Atmospheric Deposition and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Rice in Mining Areas of Guangxi

Firstly, the concept, sources and damage of atmospheric deposition were introduced, and then the relation between atmospheric deposition and accumulation of heavy metals in rice in Guangxi was analyzed to provide reference for the implementation of effective risk early warning of pollution from heavy metal deposition and safe production of rice in mining areas of Guangxi.

Ore-forming Fluid and Mineral Source of the Hongshi Copper Deposit in the Kalatage Area, East Tianshan, Xinjiang, NW China

The Hongshi copper deposit is located in the middle of the Kalatage ore district in the northern segment of the Dananhu-Tousuquan island-arc belt in East Tianshan, Xinjiang, NW China. This study analyses the fluid inclusions and H, O, and S stable isotopic compositions of the deposit. The fluid-inclusion data indicate that aqueous fluid inclusions were trapped in chalcopyrite-bearing quartz veins in the gangue minerals. The homogenization temperatures range from 108°C to 299°C, and the salinities range from 0.5% to 11.8%, indicating medium to low temperatures and salinities. The trapping pressures range from 34.5 MPa to 56.8 MPa. The δ^（18）O_（H_2O） values and δD values of the fluid range from -6.94‰ to -5.33‰ and from -95.31‰ to -48.20‰, respectively. The H and O isotopic data indicate that the ore-forming fluid derived from a mix of magmatic water and meteoric water and that meteoric water played a significant role. The S isotopic composition of pyrite ranges from 1.9‰ to 5.2‰, with an average value of 3.1‰, and the S isotopic composition of chalcopyrite ranges from -0.9‰ to 4‰, with an average value of 1.36‰, implying that the S in the ore-forming materials was derived from the mantle. The introduction of meteoric water decreased the temperature, volatile content, and pressure, resulting in immiscibility. These factors may have been the major causes of the mineralization of the Hongshi copper deposit. Based on all the geologic and fluid characteristics, we conclude that the Hongshi copper deposit is an epithermal deposit.

Heavy Metals’ Spatial Distribution Characteristics in a Copper Mining Area of Zhejiang Province

The spatial distribution characteristics of six heavy metals and metalloid in soil of Zhuji Lipu copper mining area, Zhejiang Province, was studied by using geostatistics approaches combined with GIS. These elements included Pb, As, Cr, Cu, Zn and Ni. The statistical analyses showed that concentrations of these elements were lognormal distribution. Concentrations of Pb, As, Cu, Zn and Ni were strongly correlated with each other indicating that these elements in soils may be from the same pollution source. However, accumulation of Cr was unique with its geometric mean being close to that in the control soil. This indicates that Cr content was mainly influenced by soil factors. The Kriging method was applied to estimate the unobserved points. The Kriging interpolation maps reflected significant spatial distribution of these elements as influenced by both pollution and geological factors. The present study indicated that GIS based geostatistics method could accurately analyze the spatial variation of heavy metals and metalloid in the mining area. Overall, higher concentrations of heavy metals and metalloid were found in the center of both the north and south sides. The content of copper in the south was significantly higher than that in the north due to paddy field land uses. In addition, the terrain of four terraces tilted to the center and the broad irrigation accident occurred in the 4th trench in the south of sampling area were also contributed to the higher concentrations of these elements.

Application of high-frequency magnetotelluric method in porphyry copper deposit exploration：a case study of Duobaoshan deposit area

The Duobaoshan mine area in Heilongjiang is located in the northeast section of Xingmeng orogenic belt and is in the west side of Hegang Mountain-Heihe fault zone. There exist many deposits in this area,and its metallogenic conditions are superior,which has been one of the hotspots in geological prospecting and metallogenic research in Northeast China. On the basis of previous studies,the authors used the EH-4 electromagnetic imaging system to carry out the data acquisition of three survey lines in Woduhe Village,Duobaoshan Town,Nenjiang County. Through the analysis of apparent resistivity section under TE and TM polarization modes,integrating regional geological data,it is concluded that:(1) the electrical characteristics of the metal ore in this area show a relatively low resistance,and according to its resistivity difference with surrounding rocks,the geometrical structures and apparent resistivity parameters of the low resistivity bodies in the lower section of the survey line are defined,and the electrical anomalies can be identified;(2)faults F1 and F2 may have a good metallogenic environment,so they are recommended for further exploration;(3) low resistance metal ore bodies have good correlation with local small structures or faults,which may play an iconic role for the delineation of key target areas;(4) in the process of using apparent resistivity to define the geometric structures of ore bodies underground,comprehensive analysis integrating the advantages of TE and TM models should be carry out to achieve more reliable inversion results.

Features and significance of the Yudai porphyry copper deposit in the Kalatag district,eastern Tianshan,NW China

1 Introduction The eastern Tianshan region covers around 60000 km2in area and is located in the eastern part of Xinjiang.The district contains various types mineral commodities including Cu,Ni,Au,Fe,Pb and Zn(Wang et al.,2006).The Dannanhu belt in eastern part of the area is interpreted as a volcanic arc and forms an important mineralized zone bordered by the Turpan-Hami Basin to the north and Kanggur back-arc basin to the south.

Geochronology,petrogenesis,and geological significance of the quartz vein-type copper deposits in Longwei area,north-west Dayaoshan,Guangxi

Quartz-vein-type copper deposits were discovered in SN-trend ore-bearing structures in north-west Dayaoshan,Guangxi.Lack of reports on the precise metallogenic age of these deposit has become a bottleneck in metallogenic research in this area.In this study,the quartz vein-type copper mine in Longwei area of Jinxiu was selected as the research object.Fresh illite samples in the fault gouges and ore samples were collected for testing and analysis.Based on the Re-Os isotope dating study,the age of pyrite isochron,belonging to the Caledonian period,was determined to be 417±25 Ma,whereas that of chalcopyrite isochron belonging to the Indosinian period,was found to be 243±18 Ma.Pyrite crystallized considerably earlier than chalcopyrite.The obtained EPMA data were combined with rock mineralogical analysis data,Metasomatous mineral pyrite and metasomatic mineral chalcopyrite were identified to have originated from different hydrothermal systems.In the Indosinian period,copper deposits in the Longwei area underwent pyrite crystallization,pyrite fragmentation,copper-bearing hydrothermal filling,and metasomatism,consolidating and forming minerals.The study determined the mineralisation time and ore sources of copper deposits in the Longwei area.The study provides evidence for the existence of Indosinian hydrothermal activities in the north-western Dayaoshan area.

Appraisal of Engineering Phases of a Mineral Asset: From Exploration to Mine Approval

It is well known that the most common methodology for evaluating a mineral asset is the NPV. Most of the mining companies employ this technique for evaluating the expected economic benefits provided by the exploration and exploitation of a mineral deposit. However, companies also wish to know how their assets are creating value through the several exploration and development phases. The purpose being to assess the progressive value of the mineral asset in agreement with the information and data cumulated through the different steps from exploration to project approval. This paper establishes the value of a copper mineral deposit through their successive phases from exploration to feasibility and approval using the options’ binomial nodes framework. Results are applied to two copper negotiations for method validation.

A GIS Approach to Prediction of Copper Deposits

This paper describes three main parts of GIS technique used in prospecting of copper deposits. Firstly, this paper briefly introduces GIS technique for data preparation. Then it discusses the geo anomaly (GA) analysis and targets delineation methods, where the unit ore equivalent calculation of planar GA and the transformation and evaluation of linear GA are dominant. In addition, the method for copper prospecting is demonstrated. Finally a case study of copper deposit prospecting in Yuanjiang, Yunnan Province is presented by the use of MAPGIS.

Reserve estimation of an open pit mine under price uncertainty by real option approach

Reserve estimation is a key to find the correct NPV in a mining project. The most important factor in reserve estimation is the metal price. Metal price fluctuations in recent years were exaggerated, and imposed a high degree of uncertainty to the reserve estimation, and in consequence to the whole mine planning procedure. Real option approach is an efficient method of decision making in the uncertain conditions. This approach has been used for evaluation of defined natural resources projects until now. This study considering the metal price uncertainty used real option approach to prepare a methodology for reserve estimation in open pit mines. This study was done on a copper cylindrical deposit, but the achieved methodology can be adjusted for all kinds of deposits. This methodology was comprehensively described through the examples in such a manner that can be used by the mine planners.

滇西北红牛-红山矽卡岩型铜矿床石榴子石原位LA-SF-ICP-MS U-Pb定年及地球化学特征

红牛-红山铜矿床是义敦岛弧南段已发现最大的(远端)矽卡岩型矿床,目前其赋矿矽卡岩成岩时代缺乏直接的年代学证据。矽卡岩成岩年龄的精准测定对于该矿床在义敦岛弧南段中生代2期斑岩成矿事件中的定位具有重要意义。红牛-红山矿床矽卡岩中石榴子石可分为2期,早期石榴子石多见于贫矿矽卡岩,粗粒结构,为均质体;晚期石榴子石多见于富矿矽卡岩,细—中粒结构,发育振荡环带,具非均质光性异常。对2期石榴子石开展了原位LA-SF-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和微区成分分析,获得早期石榴子石和晚期石榴子石的U-Pb年龄分别为84.2±3.0 Ma和81.7±3.5 Ma。主量和微量元素含量表明,2期石榴子石属钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列,亏损Rb、Ba、K、Sr等,富集Th、U、P;其中,早期石榴子石相对富钙铁榴石组分、LREE/HREE值高,Eu呈高正异常,晚期石榴子石相对富钙铝榴石、LREE/HREE值低、Eu无异常。结合本区燕山晚期碰撞型斑岩成矿事件,认为约80 Ma为本矿床远端矽卡岩成岩成矿时期,成矿作用与同期酸性斑岩关系密切。石榴子石地球化学特征揭示,干矽卡岩阶段水/岩比值高,以渗滤交代作用为主,早期流体为氧化、高温、富铁、弱碱性的相对封闭体系,晚期为相对还原、相对低温、富铝、酸性的开放体系。

物探方法CSAMT在桂北某金矿区深边部找矿预测应用

桂北某金矿为少硫化物构造破碎带蚀变岩型矿床,赋存于含砾杂砂岩层,受NNE向断裂构造带控制,与金矿化有关的围岩蚀变类型主要为硅化、黄铁矿化、毒砂化。基于对金矿区内断层的含矿性及断层与成矿关系的研究结果,选择可控源音频大地电磁测深法(CSAMT)为主要的物探勘查技术,力求在矿区深边部取得金矿找矿突破。CSAMT方法探测结果表明,其电阻率异常基本能够准确地反映断裂构造的位置及向深部延伸的展布特征,推测断裂构造带可延深至高程500 m以下,在深部及走向方向上大大拓展了金矿找矿空间。在桂北地区某金矿区经一系列钻孔验证,发现了工业矿体。从而说明物探CSAMT方法在桂北金矿勘查效果良好,值得进一步推广应用。

巴基斯坦雷克迪克外围(Saindak)斑岩型铜金矿找矿远景

雷克迪克外围(Saindak)斑岩型铜金矿聚集区是巴基斯坦最重要的铜金矿产地之一,具有良好的找矿前景,基于此,提出斑岩型铜金矿找矿远景分析。首先分析了雷克迪克外围(Saindak)矿区的地层;其次总结了斑岩型铜金矿的侵入特征及成矿规律;根据上述分析,总结了斑岩型铜金矿的找矿前景,分析可知,矿区内具有较大的铜金矿找矿空间。

乌毛蕨叶光谱特征对矾山铜钼矿区钼金属找矿指示意义

针对植被覆盖区遥感技术在矿产勘查中的实际问题,提出了一种利用金属元素迁移规律和金属胁迫后植被光谱发生变异的特点开展植被覆盖区地质找矿的遥感新方法。该方法基于植被叶片光谱曲线反射和吸收特征的原理,结合地球化学数据,间接实现重金属元素分布遥感制图。采集矿区和矿区周围背景区乌毛蕨叶样本及对应光谱数据,基于化学分析测定获得矿区和背景区乌毛蕨叶钼元素含量,明确矿区乌毛蕨叶受到了钼元素影响。对比分析矿区和背景区乌毛蕨叶在波形、红边位置、叶绿素及水吸收、植被指数上的差异,结果表明,受钼金属胁迫后矿区乌毛蕨叶光谱在光谱曲线和水吸收特征方面较背景区均存在明显差异,其中970 nm处的水吸收特征差异最明显。研究成果可为遥感技术在植被覆盖区开展地质找矿提供新思路。

河北省涿鹿县杏园矿区矿床成因及找矿标志

本研究通过系统的地质、地球化学及地球物理分析,深入探讨了河北省涿鹿县杏园矿区的成矿背景、矿床特征及其找矿指标。利用先进的地质勘查技术,首次明确揭示了矿区内斑岩型与热液脉型矿床的共生关系及其空间分布规律,提出了新的成矿模型和勘查方向。研究结果不仅深化了对杏园矿区成矿规律的理解,而且对指导未来的地质勘查工作,推动矿产资源的合理开发与利用具有重要意义。

Two series of copper-gold deposits in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River area (MLYRA) and the hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and lead isotopes of their ore-forming hydrothermal systems

Based on studies on the geological characteristics of the copper-gold deposits in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River area (MLYRA) and their hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and lead isotope compositions, it is concluded that there existed two series of copper-gold deposits. They are evolutional products of two ore-forming hydrothermal systems in different geodynamic settings and geological era. Series I is stratiform or stratabound copper-gold deposits. These deposits were formed by submarine exhalation and sedimentation of hydrothermal solutions in Her-cynian tensional tectonic environment after bot brine ascending along contemporaneous faults and exhaled into the sea-floor. Series II consists of copper-gold deposits related to medium and acidic magmatic intrusions. Their mineralizations took place in Yanshanian in a tensional or a transitional period to the tensional tectonic environment from the composite of the tethys tectonic regime and the Paleo-Pacific ocean tectonic regime, as well as in the upper mantle doming and crustal thinning environment. Copper-gold deposits were formed from the hydrothermal fluids, mixtures of magmatic water and part of meteoric water, by complex water-rock interactions and coupling dynamic processes of transport-chemical reactions. Superposition is an important condition for the formation of the large-scale copper-gold ore deposits.

安徽省枞阳县丁庄铜金矿远景区地质特征及找矿条件分析

本文在相关资料基础上,对丁庄铜金矿远景区地质特征进行了系统总结。从地质、物探与化探角度分析了丁庄铜金矿远景区找矿条件,总结了其地质特征、地球物理特征和地球化学特征,认为区内矿床、赋矿地层、控矿构造等成矿条件优越,深部可能存在蚀变较好的次火山岩,指示下一步应以寻找斑岩型铜金矿床为主要方向开展工作。安徽省枞阳县丁庄铜金矿远景区地质特征及找矿条件分析具备系统性,为该区地质普查工作提供了地质依据,明确了找矿方向。

西坞口锰及铜锡多金属矿区地球物理化学特征及找矿研究

西坞口锰及铜锡多金属矿区地形切割剧烈,传统的电法勘探难以取得找矿效果,因此,寻找有效的找矿手段是该区域找矿工作取得突破的关键。结合区内磁异常和地球化学特征,分析区内成矿有利构造,进而达到找矿的目的。区内只有花岗闪长岩具有磁性,根据高精度磁测结果显示,磁异常分布基本反映了区内花岗岩体及含矿构造的走向分布。根据地球化学Hs1号综合异常带各元素分布特征,各元素异常具有明显的定向排列特性,其定向排列性与区内主要断层F2的方向基本一致。通过高精度磁测结合地球化学元素分析结果显示,在区内寻找铜锡矿具有显著效果。

云南个旧锡多金属矿集区电气石地球化学组成和硼同位素特征——对成矿流体性质和演化的约束

个旧锡矿集区发育与晚白垩世高分异花岗岩有关的世界级Sn-Cu多金属矿床,其成矿物质的来源及流体演化过程一直是研究的热点和难点。个旧地区电气石广泛发育于碳酸盐岩、花岗岩及矽卡岩中,但对电气石尚未进行系统研究,电气石与成矿之间的关系尚未明确。本文对不同类型电气石开展了系统的岩相学观察和电子探针(EPMA)、LA-ICP-MS微量元素和硼同位素分析。结果表明,所有电气石都属于碱性电气石,TurⅠ、TurⅡ、TurⅣ为热液成因,TurⅢ为岩浆成因。岩浆电气石相比于热液电气石具有更低的Mg、Ca等元素,TurⅠ电气石高含量的Sr表明受到了围岩的混染。电气石的微量元素变化表明,从似斑状花岗岩到等粒花岗岩,随着岩浆分异程度逐渐增加,Sn在岩浆中逐渐富集,在似斑状花岗岩和接触带矽卡岩中沉淀卸载。个旧不同类型电气石具有均一的δ11B值(−15.2‰~−12.8‰),与花岗岩的组成范围一致,表明成矿物质来源均来源于花岗质岩浆。

云南个旧卡房铜多金属矿床流体包裹体特征及其地质意义

卡房铜多金属矿床位于云南省个旧锡多金属矿集区,作为该区南段典型的铜多金属矿床,其深入的成矿流体性质及成矿物质来源研究尚为薄弱,限制了对该矿床成因的深入认识。本文对产于玄武岩中的似层状铜多金属矿体(主要成矿类型)开展了精细的野外岩相学、矿物学、C-H-O同位素及流体包裹体原位成分分析。结果显示,流体包裹体主要为气液两相水溶液包裹体,石英流体包裹体均一温度为264.5~330.5℃、盐度w(NaCleq)为16.24%~18.20%、密度为0.853~0.924 g/cm^(3);萤石流体包裹体均一温度为199.8~339.1℃、盐度w(NaCleq)为8.81%~18.88%、密度为0.822~0.955 g/cm^(3);方解石流体包裹体均一温度为112.1~199.4℃、盐度w(NaCleq)为4.96%~10.86%、密度为0.910~1.011 g/cm^(3),表明卡房铜多金属矿床成矿流体具有中低温、中低盐度、低密度特征,且早阶段到晚阶段,成矿温度和流体盐度明显降低。与Cu矿共生的石英δDV-SMOW值为–83.9‰~–78.9‰,δ18OH_(2)O值为4.63‰~12.14‰,方解石δ^(13)CV-PDB值为–7.11‰~0.64‰;同时,石英单个流体包裹体原位分析结果显示流体包裹体富集大离子亲石元素,如Na、K、Rb、Cs、Sr等。这些特征暗示了流体可能来源于与花岗质岩浆有关的热液流体,热液流体上升过程中与围岩碳酸盐岩发生强烈的水-岩反应;该过程可能萃取了玄武岩层中的Cu物质,诱发了Cu的富集并最终成矿。