The Features of Sedimentary Facies and Copper Enrichment Metallogenic Regularities of Kuzigongsu Group in Sareke Glutenite Type Copper Deposits,Wuqia,Xinjiang

1 Introduction Sareke glutenite-type copper deposit is the large size copper deposit discovered in recent years,and it is located Sarekebayi intracontinental pull-apart basin in the western margin of the Tarim basin.Conglomerate of

Genetic Types and Metallogenic Model for the Polymetallic Copper–Gold Deposits in the Tongling Ore District, Anhui Province, Eastern China

The Tongling ore district is one of the most economically important ore areas in the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt, eastern China. It contains hundreds of polymetallic copper–gold deposits and occurrences. Those deposits are mainly clustered(from west to east) within the Tongguanshan, Shizishan, Xinqiao, Fenghuangshan, and Shatanjiao orefields. Until recently, the majority of these deposits were thought to be skarn-or porphyry–skarn-type deposits; however there have been recent discoveries of numerous vein-type Au, Ag, and Pb-Zn deposits that do not fall into either of these categories. This indicates that there is some uncertainty over this classification. Here, we present the results of several systematic geological studies of representative deposits in the Tongling ore district. From investigation of the ore-controlling structures, lithology of the host rock, mineral assemblages, and the characteristics of the mineralization and alteration within these deposits, three genetic types of deposits(skarn-, porphyry-, and vein-type deposits) have been identified. The spatial and temporal relationships between the orebodies and Yanshanian intrusions combined with the sources of the ore-forming fluids and metals, as well as the geodynamic setting of this ore district, indicate that all three deposit types are genetically related each other and constitute a magmatic–hydrothermal system. This study outlines a model that relates the polymetallic copper–gold porphyry-, skarn-, and vein-type deposits within the Tongling ore district. This model provides a theoretical basis to guide exploration for deep-seated and concealed porphyry-type Cu(–Mo, –Au) deposits as well as shallow vein-type Au, Ag, and Pb–Zn deposits in this area and elsewhere.

The Material Source of a New Type of Copper Deposits-Evidence from Stable Isotopes

The new type of copper deposits concerned with in this paper are vein copperdeposits found in the Lanping-Simao Rift Basin, Yunnan, China. As is indicated by H,O, C, S, Pb and Sr isotopes, water and mineralisers in the ore-forming fluids were derivedfrom heated meteoric waer and mantle, respectively. The metallic elements (Cu, Ag, Pb,Zn, As, Sb, Fe, REE, etc.) are characterised by a mised source from the crust and themantle.

ROLE OF NaCl IN ORE-FORMING OF SAND-SHALE TYPE COPPER DEPOSITS

ＲＯＬＥＯＦＮａＣｌＩＮＯＲＥＦＯＲＭＩＮＧＯＦＳＡＮＤＳＨＡＬＥＴＹＰＥＣＯＰＰＥＲＤＥＰＯＳＩＴＳ①ＴａｎＫａｉｘｕａｎａｎｄＤａｉＴａｇｅｎＣｏｌｅｇｅｏｆＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅ，ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄＣｉｖｉｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｒｉｎｇ，Ｃｅｎ...

A Preliminary Review of Metallogenic Regularity of Copper Deposits in China

Copper resources in China are rich, but imported copper products are still required. Researches on metallogenic regularity of major types of copper deposits by geologists have involved in worldwide classification, significant copper belts, representative copper deposits, etc. Studies on metallogenic regularity of copper deposits in China also have made achievements with a long-term work. Combined with latest exploration advances obtained in recent ten years, this review aims to conclude the achievements of researches on copper metallogenic regularity in China. Based on data of 814 copper deposits and other ore （mineralized） occurrences, ten prediction types of copper deposits have been suggested. Porphyry and skarn copper ores are taken as the key targets. Porphyry copper deposits are the most important one which concentrate in Gangdese, Changdu-Sanjiang, Dexing and East Tianshan. The Cenozoic and Mesozoic are the major metallogenic epochs. Four main metallogenic epochs are been studied based on the copper ore geochronological data including Precambrian Era （Archean and Proterozoic）, Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era and Cenozoic Era. Based on the study of metallogenic series of ore deposits in China, twenty-seven metallogenic series of copper deposits are proposed. This is suggested to deepen the study of metallogenic regularity of copper ore and provide the theory guide for copper resources prediction in China.

Geology and Lead-Sulphur Isotope Compositions of the Tongyu Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulphide Copper Deposit in the Western Part of the North Qinling Orogen, China

The Tongyu copper deposit, located in the western part of the North Qinling Orogen, China, is one of several volcanic-hosted massive sulphide（VHMS） deposits with industrial value and is also a typical example of mineralization related to the subduction and metallogenesis during the Caledonian orogeny. We conducted systematic lead-sulphur isotope geochemical analyses of the Tongyu deposit to understand the possible ore-forming material sources and tectonic settings. Twenty-six sulphide samples yielded clustered δ^34SCDT values of 1.13‰-3.36‰, average 2.22‰, and show a tower-type distribution,implying that the sulphur of the Tongyu copper deposit mainly originated from a mantle source. The Pb isotope compositions of sulphides（^206Pb/^204Pb = 17.59225-18.56354, average 18.32020; ^207Pb/^204Pb =15.51770-15.69381, average 15.66217; ^208Pb/^204Pb= 37.99969-39.06953, average 38.52722） are close to the values of the volcanic host rocks（^206Pb/^204PbPb= 18.10678-18.26293, average 18.21158; ^207Pb/^204PbPb =15.63196-15.68188, average 15.65345; ^208Pb/^204PbPb= 38.43676-38.56360, average 38.49171）, thus consistent with the Pb in ores and volcanic host rocks having been derived from a common source that was island-arc Pb related to oceanic crust subduction. The northward subduction of the Palaeo-Qinling oceanic crust triggered dehydration of the slab, which generated a large amount of high-oxygen-fugacity aqueous hydrothermal fluid. The fluid rose into the mantle wedge, activated and extracted metallogenic material and promoted partial melting of the mantle wedge. The magma and ore-forming fluid welled up and precipitated, finally forming the Tongyu VHMS copper deposit.

Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Geochemical Characteristics of the Volcanic Host Rocks from the Tongyu VHMS Copper Deposit in the Western North Qinling Orogen and Their Geological Significance

Precise in situ zircon U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotopic measurement using an LA-ICP-MS system, whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry and Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry were conducted on the volcanic host rocks of the Tongyu copper deposit on the basis of further understanding of its geological characteristics. Three zircon samples from the volcanic host rocks yielded 206Pb/238 U weighted average ages ranging from 436±4 Ma to 440±5 Ma, which are statistically indistinguishable and coeval with the ca. 440 Ma northward subduction event of the Paleo-Qinling oceanic slab. The volcanic host rocks were products of magmatic differentiation that evolved from basalt to andesite to dacite to rhyolite, forming an integrated tholeiitic island arc volcanic rock suite. The primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns for most samples show characteristics of island arc volcanic rocks, such as relative enrichment of LILE（e.g. Th, U, Pb and La） and depletion of HFSE（e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr and Hf）. Discrimination diagrams of Ta/Yb vs Th/Yb, Ta vs Th, Yb vs Th/Ta, Ta/Hf vs Th/Hf, Hf/3 vs Th vs Nb/16, La vs La/Nb and Nb vs Nb/Th all suggest that both the volcanic host rocks from the Tongyu copper deposit and the volcanic rocks from the regional Xieyuguan Group were formed in an island arc environment related to subduction of an oceanic slab. Values of ISr（0.703457 to 0.708218） and εNd（t）（-2 to 5.8） indicate that the source materials of volcanic rocks from the Tongyu copper deposit and the Xieyuguan Group originated from the metasomatised mantle wedge with possible crustal material assimilation. Most of the volcanic rock samples show good agreement with the values of typical island arc volcanic rocks in the ISr-εNd（t） diagram. The involvement of crustal-derived material in the magma of the volcanic rocks from the Tongyu copper deposit was also reflected in the zircon εHf（t） values, which range from-3.08 to 10.7, and the existence of inherited ancient xenocrystic zircon cores（2616±39 Ma and 1297±22 Ma）. The mineralization of the Tongyu copper deposit shows syn-volcanic characteristics such as layered orebodies interbedded with the volcanic rock strata, thus, the zircon U-Pb age of the volcanic host rocks can approximately represent the mineralization age of the Tongyu copper deposit. Both the Meigou pluton and the volcanic host rocks were formed during the ca. 440 Ma northward subduction of the Paleo-Qinling Ocean when high oxygen fugacity aqueous hydrothermal fluid released by dehydration of the slab and the overlying sediments fluxed into the mantle wedge, triggered partial melting of the mantle wedge, and activated and extracted Cu and other ore-forming elements. The magma and ore-bearing fluid upwelled and erupted, and consequently formed the island arc volcanic rock suite and the Tongyu VHMS-type copper deposit.

Ore Genesis for Stratiform Ore Bodies of the Dongfengnanshan Copper Polymetallic Deposit in the Yanbian Area, NE China:Constraints from LA-ICP-MS in situ Trace Elements and Sulfide S–Pb Isotopes

The Dongfengnanshan Cu polymetallic deposit is one representative deposit of the Tianbaoshan ore district in the Yanbian area, northeast(NE) China. There occur two types of ore bodies in this deposit, the stratiform ore bodies and veintype ones, controlled by the Early Permian strata and the Late Hercynian diorite intrusion, respectively. Due to the ambiguous genetic type of the stratiform ore bodies, there has been controversy on the relationship between them and veintype ore bodies. To determine the genetic type of stratiform ore bodies, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS) in situ trace elements and S–Pb isotope analysis have been carried on the sulfides in the stratiform ore bodies. Compared with that in skarn, Mississippi Valley-type(MVT), and epithermal deposits, sphalerite samples in the stratiform ore bodies of the Dongfengnanshan deposit are significantly enriched in Fe, Mn, and In, while depleted in Ga, Ge, and Cd, which is similar to the sphalerite in volcanic-associated massive sulfide(VMS) deposits. Co/Ni ratio of pyrrhotites in the stratiform ore bodies is similar to that in VMS-type deposits. The concentrations of Zn and Cd of chalcopyrites are similar to those of recrystallized VMS-type deposits. These characteristics also reflect the intermediate ore-forming temperature of the stratiform ore bodies in this deposit. Sulfur isotope compositions of sulfides are similar to those of VMS-type deposits, reflecting that sulfur originated from the Permian Miaoling Formation. Lead isotope compositions indicate mixed-source for lead. Moreover, the comparison of the Dongfengnanshan stratiform ore bodies with some VMStype deposits in China and abroad, on the trace elements and S–Pb isotope characteristics of the sulfides reveals that the stratiform ore bodies of the Dongfengnanshan deposit belong to the VMS-type, and have closely genetic relationship with the early Permian marine volcanic sedimentary rocks.

新疆吾合沙鲁铜矿床含铜岩系安居安组下段砂岩粒度特征与沉积环境分析

吾合沙鲁铜矿床位于新疆西南天山乌恰前陆盆地北缘,该盆地内沉积大套中生代—新生代陆相砂体,是该区域铅锌、铜、铀等砂岩型矿床的重要含矿岩系。关于该矿床沉积学方面的研究工作薄弱,长期制约着对区域成矿规律的深入认识及对矿床勘查的有效指导。本文以吾合沙鲁铜矿床含铜岩系新近系中新统安居安组下段碎屑沉积岩为主要研究对象,以沉积学、层序地层学、岩相古地理学和碎屑岩石学理论为指导,系统采集矿区内安居安组下段砂岩粒度分析样品,采用碎屑岩粒度分析测试手段,对沉积物展开细致和深入的研究。结果表明,安居安组沉积相类型与辫状河三角洲相沉积特征一致,在各岩性段内识别出辫状河三角洲平原和辫状河三角洲前缘2种沉积亚相及分流河道砂坝、陆上天然堤、水下分流河道、分流间湾、河口砂坝及远砂坝6种沉积微相。安居安组下段为研究区主要富铜层位,其中水下分流河道微相和分流河道砂坝微相,可作为吾合沙鲁地区铜矿勘查的重点目标。研究成果可为吾合沙鲁铜矿周边及外围资源远景预测提供找矿思路,为区域探寻砂岩型铜矿提供新的借鉴。

Relations between A-type granites and copper mineralization as exemplified by the Machangqing Cu deposit

This paper deals with the relations between the Machangqing rockbody which corresponds to the A-type granites and porphyry copper mineralization in terms of petrochemistry, trace element geochemistry, fluid inclusion geochemistry and isotope geochemistry. The results show that the Machangqing porphyry copper deposit was formed from the fluid predominated by mag-matic fluid. This kind of ore-forming fluid was just differentiated from the magma responsible for the A-type granites. Therefore, as viewed from whether they contain water or not, the A-type granites can, at least, be divided into two types: water-bearing and water-free. The water-bearing A-type granites can serve as the host of porphyry copper deposits under certain geological conditions.

Metallogenic dynamics of the Yimen-type copper deposits and prediction of concealed ores

1 Geology and origin of the Yimen-type copper deposits THE Yimen copper mining district is located in a rift environment on the margins of the Yangtze continent and occurs in the middle segment of the Wuding-Yimen-Yuanjiang fault depression zone in theProterozoic Kunyang rift, with the Lujijiang fault as the boundary in the west and the Luoci-Yimen faultas the boundary in the east, and in the north it borders on the Luwu copper ore field and in the south itlinks with the Yuanjiang copper deposit, thus constituting an SN-striking elongated basin. Exposed in themining district are mainly the Heishantou, Dalongkou, Meidang, Yingming, Luoxue, Elachang and Lujijiang formations of the Early-Middle Proterozoic Kunyang Group, constituting a suite of lightly metamorphic rocks of low greenschist facies, and locally the Debadu Formation-complexes of the Early Proterozoic-Archean Dahongshan Group. The mining district can be divided into two ore zones: the east ore zone andthe west ore zone. Mainly distributed in the west ore zone are the volcano-sedox-strongly reworked-deepsource superimposed-type ( Fengshan-type) ore deposits, including the Sanjiachang ( including theShishan and Fengshan copper deposits), Yiduochang, Elachang, Tianxing and Meishan copper deposits(occurrences) which are all designated to the typical Yimen-type copper deposits. In the east ore

大兴安岭北段斑岩型钼(铜)矿床主要硫化物化学成分特征及地质意义--以770钼(铜)矿床为例

斑岩型钼(铜)矿床一直以来都是地质学领域的研究热点。770钼(铜)矿床是近年来在大兴安岭北段新发现的斑岩型钼(铜)矿床,目前对于该矿床的报道较少。以大兴安岭北段770钼(铜)矿床中黄铁矿和黄铜矿为研究对象,利用电子显微镜和电子探针分析技术(EPMA),深入探讨黄铁矿和黄铜矿的晶体形态和主量元素、微量元素组成,以便更全面地解析黄铁矿和黄铜矿的化学成分特征及其地质意义。770钼(铜)矿床为大型斑岩型钼(铜)矿床,矿体赋存于晚侏罗世的花岗斑岩中。从中心向外部,蚀变区域可分为钾化带和黄铁-绢英岩化带。电子探针分析结果显示,黄铁矿中w(S)普遍小于53.45%,w(Fe)普遍小于46.55%,w(S)/w(Fe)≥1.148,表明770钼(铜)矿床黄铁矿主要为贫铁贫硫型黄铁矿,成矿环境的硫逸度较高。黄铁矿微量元素与主量元素的正负相关性特征表明,黄铁矿中的微量元素如Zn、Mo、Ni、Co和As,通常以矿物包裹体或类质同象的形式存在于矿物中。770钼(铜)矿床中黄铁矿w(Co)/w(Ni)值(2.25~4.50)显示,其具有岩浆热液成因的性质。黄铜矿的[n(Cu)+n(Fe)]/n(S)值(平均值为0.91)表明,黄铜矿等金属硫化物的形成可能发生在中低温(约200℃)热液环境中。

The metallogenic mechanism of the sandstone-type copper deposits in the Chuxiong Basin, Yunnan Province

The sandstone-type Cu deposits in the Chuxiong Basin occur in the Cretaceous Gaofengsi Formation and the Maotoushan Formation and the orebodies are stratoid and lenticular in form, structurally controlled by their stratigraphical position. Ore structures are dominated by impregnated and striped ones. In addition, it has been observed that copper mineralization is controlled by water-discharge and deformation structures. Orebodies are commonly seen on the gently inclined limbs of the anticline, with the involution front. Copper mineralization shows a distinct zonation. S, Pb isotope and REE data suggest that the copper would stem from the country rocks and the sulfur largely from the lower strata. During diagenesis oxidized Cu-bearing brines derived from the upper parts and reduced brines from the lower parts are involved in metallogenetic reactions in the stress neutral plane, which is the key to the formation of copper deposits in the Chuxiong Basin.

高精度磁法测量在矽卡岩型铜锌矿床深部找矿预测中的应用——以大兴安岭南部浩布高铜锌矿床为例

高精度磁法测量是矿产预测的重要手段之一,其结果包含丰富的浅源信息和深源信息,在推断隐伏地质构造方面效果良好。根据不同岩性的磁性特征,可以识别地质体的形态产状及空间分布特征,进而间接指导找矿。浩布高铜锌矿床位于大兴安岭南部黄岗—甘珠尔庙锡多金属成矿带,矿体主要赋存于二叠系大石寨组大理岩与粉砂质板岩层间滑动带的矽卡岩中,部分产于大理岩和隐伏黑云母花岗岩接触带的矽卡岩内,具有典型矽卡岩型矿床特征。通过对高精度磁测数据的精细地质构造解译,对比地质勘查结果,分析总结控矿构造的产状变化和成矿地质体的形态规模变化特征,确定控矿因素及找矿标志,对深部及外围的找矿方向进行评价,为探矿工程布置提供依据。

云南某低品位斑岩型铜矿工艺优化研究及应用

针对某斑岩型铜矿矿石贫化及泥化加重,分选指标呈下降趋势的问题,选取有代表性的矿样配成年度综合样,结合新型捕收剂进行工艺调整及药剂优化试验研究。采用优化后的工艺及药剂制度可获得含Cu 21.95%,含Mo 0.448%,Au 4.11 g/t,Ag 58.20 g/t的混合精矿产品,铜、钼、金和银的回收率分别为88.31%、87.43%、68.64%和59.53%,工业试验累计铜回收率指标相比优化前提高1.78个百分点。

Genesis of Xinzhai Sandstone-Type Copper Deposit in Northern Laos: Geological and Geochemical Evidences

Xinzhai sandstone-type copper deposit located in northern Laos lies in the Jiangcheng-Phongsaly-Phrae Mesozoic basin(JPMB), which is regarded as southern extension of the Lanping-Simao Mesozoic basin in China. The copper deposit belt is bounded by the AilaoshanHeishui River fault and the Dian Bien Phu-Luang Prabang fault at the east and Lancang RiverBannankan faults at the west. Two types of orebodies are identified in the Xinzhai area based on geological investigation. One is lamellar copper orebody hosted by the fine lithic feldspar sandstones and feldspar lithic sandstones; another is vein-type orebody. The sulfur isotopic compositions of the chalcopyrite and tetrahedrite are from -11.6‰ to -1.8‰, indicating that sulfur is derived from bacterial sulfate reduction(BSR). δD values of fluid inclusions in ore-bearing quartz samples are from -99‰ to -78‰. The calculated δ^(18)OH_2O values of ore-forming fluid vary from -2.3‰ to 0.4‰ using the quartz-water fractionation equations and the mineralization temperature. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions show that the ore-forming fluid was derived from basin fluid. Rock-mineral identifications show that both of the mineral grain maturity and the structural maturity are high in the Jurassic Huakaizuo Formation, reflecting a far-source accumulation and lake facies sedimentatary environment. Based on tectonic determination diagram of the Al_2O_3/SiO_2-TFe+MgO, the sandstone samples collected from the Huakaizuo Formation were plotted in the passive continental margin. The collision of the Indian and Eurasian blocks during the Cenozoic formed large-scale strikeslips and thrust nappe structures in margin of the basin. With the tectonic movement, Cu-rich basin fluid from the basement of basin migrated upward along the contemporaneous fault and into the high porosity strata. At the same time, in organic matter-riched condition, bacterial sulfate reduction(BSR) has been triggered, forming a large number of S^(2-) ions, and then precipitation of sulfide started. This mechanism describes the process of copper mineral deposition in the Xinzhai deposit.

西秦岭与埃达克岩和喜马拉雅型花岗岩有关的金铜成矿及找矿问题

秦岭金矿分布广,目前学术界大多认为分属于造山型和卡林型金矿两类。该区印支期花岗岩发育,大多具有埃达克岩和喜马拉雅型花岗岩(低Sr和Yb)的特点,与金铜矿在时空分布上相关。美国内华达州卡林型金矿是世界级的金矿聚集区,与卡林型金矿有关的第三纪岩浆岩(中酸性火山岩和浅成花岗岩)也具有埃达克岩和喜马拉雅型花岗岩的地球化学特征,暗示内华达卡林型金矿也来源于加厚下地壳的底部。本文讨论了埃达克岩和喜马拉雅型花岗岩有利于成矿的机理,并根据西秦岭金矿与花岗岩分布的关系,提出以夏河-宕昌-两当-凤县为界将西秦岭划分为南北两个成矿区和13个成矿聚集区:北区花岗岩发育,有利于寻找斑岩型、夕卡岩型等热液型金铜矿床;南带侵入岩少而小,有利于寻找远离岩体的金矿(包括卡林型等)。鉴于西秦岭印支期埃达克岩和喜马拉雅型花岗岩发育,金铜尤其是金矿分布多,储量大,且大多与埃达克岩或喜马拉雅型花岗岩有关,可能是中国金矿最具潜力的地区,有利于特大型金铜矿的产出,可能发展成为中国最大的金矿聚集区。为此,建议加强本区花岗岩与金铜成矿关系的研究,革新找矿思路和找矿技术方法,以实现找矿的新突破。

山东省铜矿床类型、时空分布、典型矿床特征及成矿远景

山东省铜矿床的系统归纳和研究目前还没有,本文根据大量已有山东省铜矿的科研成果及国土资源储量利用现状大调查的部分成果,详细地分析了山东省铜矿资源基本状况、时空分布和不同矿床类型铜矿床特征。依据研究成果归纳总结划分出了斑岩型、矽卡岩型、似层状热液交代型、热液裂隙充填型、陆相火山岩型、基性超基性岩性型6种铜矿床类型,其中,斑岩型、矽卡岩型、似层状热液交代型是山东省铜矿床的主要类型,其余类型多为其他矿种的伴生铜矿。中生代燕山期是山东省铜矿的主成矿期,并系统研究说明了每种矿床类型的典型矿区矿床特征,结合铜矿资源形成地质背景和时空分布特征及矿产资源规划,划分出了邹平—淄博、莱芜、沂南、五莲—胶南、栖霞—牟平—荣成等5个成矿远景重点勘查区域。