Electrodeposition of aluminium and aluminium-copper alloys from a room temperature ionic liquid electrolyte containing aluminium chloride and triethylamine hydrochloride

The electrodeposition of A1 and A1-Cu binary alloys on to gold substrates from a room temperature ionic liquid electrolyte containing A1C13-EtaNHC1 was studied. The electrochemical behavior of the electrolyte and the mechanism of deposition were investigated through cyclic voltammetry （CV）, and the properties of deposits obtained were assessed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （SEM-EDS） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. A1 of 70μm in thickness and an A1-Cu alloy of 30μm in thickness with 8at% copper were deposited from the electrolyte. SEM images of the deposits indicate that the A1 deposit was smooth and uniform, whereas the Al-Cu deposit was nodular. The average crystalline size, as determined by XRD patterns, was found to be （30±5） and （29±5） nm, respectively, for A1 and A1-Cu alloys. Potentiodynamic polarization （Tafel plots） and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic （EIS） measurements showed that Al-Cu alloys are more corrosion resistant than Al.

Use of ionic liquid in leaching process of brass wastes for copper and zinc recovery

Brass ash from the industrial brass manufacturer in Turkey was leached using the solutions of ionic liquid （IL） 1-butyl-3-methyl-imi-dazolium hydrogen sulfate （[bmim]HSO4） at ambient pressure in the presence of hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） and potassium peroxymonosulfate （oxone） as the oxidants. Parameters affecting leaching efficiency, such as dissolution time, IL concentration, and oxidizing agent addition, were investigated. The results show that [bmim]HSO4 is an efficient IL for the brass ash leaching, providing the dissolution efficiencies of 99%for Zn and 24.82%for Cu at a concentration of 50vol%[bmim]HSO4 in the aqueous solution without any oxidant. However, more than 99%of zinc and 82%of copper are leached by the addition of 50vol%H2O2 to the [bmim]HSO4 solution. Nevertheless, the oxone does not show the promising oxidant behavior in leaching using [bmim]HSO4.

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid-coconut oil supported liquid membrane for the separation of copper ions from copper plating wastewater

Permeation of Cu（Ⅱ） from its aqueous solution through a supported liquid membrane （SLM） containing di（2-ethylhexyl）phosphoric acid （D2EHPA） carrier dissolved in coconut oil has been studied. The effects of Cu（Ⅱ）, pH （in feed）, H2SO4 （stripping） and D2EHPA （in membrane） concentrations have been investigated. The stability of the D2EHPA-coconut oil has also been evaluated. High Cu（Ⅱ） concentration in the feed leads to an increase in flux from 4.1 × 10^-9 to 8.9 × 10^-9 mol/（m^2·s） within the Cu（Ⅱ） concentration range 7.8×10^-4-78.6×10^-4 mol/L at pH of 4.0 in the feed and 12.4 × 10^-4 mol/L D2EHPA in the membrane phase. Increase in H2SO4 concentration in strip solution leads to an increase in copper ions flux up to 0.25 mol/L H2SO4, providing a maximum flux of 7.4 × 10^-9 mol/（m^2·s）. The optimum conditions for Cu（Ⅱ） transport are, pH of feed 4.0, 0.25 mol/L H2SO4 in strip phase and 12.4 × 10^-4 mol/L D2EHPA （membrane） in 0.5 μm pore size polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE） membrane. It has been observed that Cu（Ⅱ） flux across the membrane tends to increase with the concentration of copper ions. Application of the method developed to copper plating bath rinse solutions has been found to be successful in the recovery of Cu（Ⅱ）.

Influence of alkylpyridinium ionic liquids on copper electrodeposition from acidic sulfate electrolyte

The effect of two alkylpyridinium ionic liquids (py-iLs) including N-butylpyridinium hydrogen sulfate (BpyHSO4 ) and N-hexylpyridinium hydrogen sulfate (HpyHSO4 ) on the kinetics of copper electrodeposition from acidic sulfate solution was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. Results from cyclic voltammetry indicate that these py-iLs have a pronounced inhibiting effect on Cu2+ electroreduction and there exists a typical nucleation and growth process. Kinetic parameters such as Tafel slope, transfer coefficient and exchange current density obtained from Tafel plots, lead to the conclusion that py-iLs inhibit the charge transfer by slightly changing the copper electrodeposition mechanism through their adsorption on the cathodic surface. In addition, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that the presence of these additives leads to more leveled and fine-grained cathodic deposits without changing the crystal structure of the electrodeposited copper but strongly affects the crystallographic orientation by significantly inhibiting the growth of (111), (200) and (311) planes.

Recovery of Copper Ions from Wastewater by Hollow Fiber Supported Emulsion Liquid Membrane

Recovery of copper ions from wastewater using a hollow fiber supported emulsion liquid membrane (HFSELM) was studied with LIX984N as carrier, kerosene as diluents, and sulfuric acid solution as stripping phase. Effects of compositions of feed and emulsion liquid phase, flow rates on both sides of membrane, and hollow fiber module parameters were investigated. The stability of the emulsion liquid phase without surfactant and the effect of buffer in the feed phase on the extraction rate were also evaluated. It is found that the stability of the emulsion phase without surfactant is poor. Higher flow velocity gives shorter residence time for the emulsion liquid phase on the tube side, reducing the effect of particle coalescence on the separation process. The extraction rate increases with the increase of feed phase pH, carrier concentration, hydrogen ion concentration in the stripping phase, and ef- fective hollow fiber area. The phase ratio in the emulsion liquid phase has a negative effect on extraction rate. The flow rates on both sides have little influence on the extraction performance of the HFSELM, while buffer addition in the feed solution improves the extraction efficiency.

Extraction of Copper from Waste Solution Using Liquid Emulsion Membrane

The extraction of copper from acidic medium using Liquid Emulsion Membrane LEM as contactors was studied. b diketone LIX 54 as an extractant ,sesqueoleate which is nonionic surfactant with HLB value 3.7 and 0.1 M H2SO4 as stripping solution were used. The influence of initial concentration of copper in the aqueous feed phase, pH of external and internal aqueous phase, stirring speed, and concentration of extractant on the extraction rate was examined. The results obtained showed that practically all the copper content was removed from the acidic feed solution. The recovery of copper attained 96–100% and concentration ratios of about 40-fold could be achieved.

Extraction and Enrichment of Copper by Liquid Emulsion Membrane Using LIX 664N

Process intensification using liquid emulsion membranes (LEMs) for extraction of copper has been studied in this work. In LEM process the extraction and stripping processes are combined in one stage. The solubility of the solute or the chemical affinity between the solute and carrier reagent in the membrane results in the separation of the solute from the feed mixture. In this work the membrane phase comprised of LIX 664N as the extractant dissolved in kerosene and Span 80 as surfactant. The stripping phase was sulfuric acid with 180 g/l concentration and feed phase had copper concentration of 3.5 g/l. Effect of various process parameters such as batch contact time, speed of agitation, W:O ratio and treat ratio has been experimentally investigated to get better insight of the process. The maximum enrichment of copper in the internal phase obtained was 11.6 times with batch contact time of 10 minutes, agitation speed of 300 rpm and treat ratio of 6:1.

INTERFACIAL TENSIONS OF SOLID COPPER/LIQUID LEAD AND SOLID COPPER/LIQUID BISMUTH

The solid-liquid interfacial tensions of Cu(solid)-Pb(liquid)andCu(solid)-Bi(liquid)binary systems have been determined by the dihedral angle method.The results show that at 850℃ the interfacial tensions are 368±55mN/m for Cu-Pb sys-tem and 336±35mN/m for Cu-Bi systa,respectively,the error ranges of which aremore narrow than those found in some papers published abroad.In addition,there is nodetective segregation of other solute atoms or compounds in the vicinity of the tip of cop-per grain boundary where dihedral angles formed.

Discovery of Liquid Cryptoexplosive Breccia in the Pulang Porphyry Copper Deposit of Yunnan Province and its Prospecting Significance

The Pulang porphyry copper deposit,located in the Gezan tectonic-magmatic arc and south of the Yidun island arc,southwest of Sanjiang metallogenic belt in Yunnan province,is a super-large porphyry copper deposit.

Solid-liquid Extraction Spectrophotometric Determination of Copper with 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline

Solid liquid extraction of copper ion (I) with 2, 9-dimethyl-1, 10-phenanthroline (neo-cuproine, DMP) into molten naphthalene followed by chloroform spectrophotometric determination has been studied experimentally. The ternary complex Cu(I)-DMP-ClO4 was extracted quantitatively into molten naphthalene in the range of pH from 5 to 6 at 85 C-. Absorbance was spectrophotometrically determined at 459 nm against the reagent blank after the solid naphthalene layer was anhydrously dissolved in chloroform. Beer's law is obeyed over a concentration range of 0.5-70 mug/mL. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity are 1.0x10(4) L/(mol(.)cm) and 0.0099 mug(.)cm(2) respectively. In addition, the various conditions on determination and the interference of coexisted ions were discussed, and the method was applied to the determination of copper ion both in tea samples and cadmium sulfate reagents. The results are in good agreement with those obtained by ICP AES method.

铜基偏晶合金的研究现状

铜基偏晶合金(Cu-Co、Cu-Fe、Cu-Cr等)具有优异的电、磁、力学等特性,受到国内外材料科学领域学者的广泛关注。在制备过程中,铜基偏晶合金由于发生液相分离行为并形成严重的偏析组织现象,被称为不混溶合金。过去的研究主要集中于寻求使铜基偏晶合金组织均匀的制备方法,然而近期研究表明,偏析组织异质结构的强度-韧性协同作用有利于提高材料的韧性,这为铜基偏晶合金的进一步发展提供了新思路。本文综述了目前国内外对铜基偏晶合金的液相分离和偏析组织形成机理的理论研究成果(包括液相分离组织结构演变、液相分离热力学以及第二相液滴形核生长动力学研究),归纳了目前主流的改善偏析组织方法(包括微合金化法、快速凝固法和激光成形法),阐述了铜基偏晶合金因液相分离特性产生的双相复合微观组织结构的强度-韧性协同作用,最后对铜基偏晶合金未来的研究发展方向进行了展望。

热致液晶高分子膜的表面处理及化学镀铜

论文采用氢氧化钠(NaOH)溶液对Vecstar型热致液晶高分子(TLCP)膜表面进行刻蚀粗化,然后通过3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550)在膜表面引入氨基,利用氨基络合银离子使膜表面活化,再进行无钯化学镀铜,提升了TLCP膜与金属铜之间的黏附力。借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、接触角测量仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和剥离测试等对经表面处理及化学镀铜后的TLCP膜进行表征,探讨了NaOH溶液浓度、表面粗化温度和时间、活化溶液组成等对TLCP表面化学镀铜的影响。结果表明,经表面处理后TLCP膜表面产生均匀的孔洞,接触角下降至29.30°,亲水性大幅提高;所镀铜层呈光亮的粉色,带有金属光泽,致密平滑,纯度高,镀层厚度可达2.78μm,与TLCP膜间的附着力等级达到了5B。

泡沫铜导离气泡强化流动沸腾换热实验研究

流动沸腾作为一种高效的换热方法,被广泛应用于高热流设备的冷却。在流动沸腾换热过程中可通过设置多孔疏水结构促进沸腾气泡脱离,为强化沸腾换热提供新思路。在截面为6 mm×4 mm的矩形通道顶部添加浸润角为140°的多孔泡沫铜;并在液相入口温度70、75和80℃,流速为6.94、10.42和13.89 cm/s的不同工况下,观测通道内沸腾两相流流型变化以及泡沫铜的吸气过程对流动沸腾换热性能的影响;基于气泡受力分析获得泡沫铜吸气强化流动沸腾的换热机理。结果显示,在本实验工况范围内添加脱气泡沫铜后,壁面过热度下降可达20.7%;泡沫铜的吸气率为0.81时,热通量可提高至152%;增大入口流速,泡沫铜强化效果显著增大,而入口温度对泡沫铜的吸气效果影响不明显。

1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑啉酮-AlCl_(3)-Cu_(2)O离子液体电沉积金属铜

为找到一种电沉积金属铜的新方法,选用1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑啉酮(DMI)、AlCl_(3)和Cu_(2)O(摩尔比为90∶10∶4)的溶剂化离子混合液体进行铜的恒电位电沉积,并分析了电解质的离子结构、电导率、黏度和密度等。拉曼光谱和核磁共振分析表明DMI-AlCl_(3)-Cu_(2)O体系中存在[AlCl2(DMI)_(4)]^(+)、AlCl_(3)(DMI)2和[AlCl_(4)]^(-)等离子团,DMI-AlCl_(3)-Cu_(2)O体系的电导率、黏度和密度随温度在323~373 K区间内呈线性变化。循环伏安研究表明,铜的起始还原电位为-0.4 V(vs Al),还原峰电位为-1.35 V;在-1.1 V至-1.4 V条件下恒电位电沉积得到金属铜,在-1.1 V和-1.4 V电位下电沉积得到的产物表面较平整,在-1.2 V和-1.3 V电位下电沉积得到的产物为纳米针状结构的铜颗粒,直径约为20~40μm。

抑制蒸硒渣中碲浸出及提高铜回收率实验探究

为了提高铜的回收率,以铜冶炼行业蒸硒渣为原料,采用浸出-碱中和工艺,探究了从蒸硒渣回收铜的过程中酸浓度对浸出率的影响及pH值对中和效果的影响。结果表明:在浸出酸浓度10 g/L、中和终点pH值=8.0的条件下,Cu浸出率98.89%,Te浸出率23.65%,Cu回收率达97.82%,Te回收率达77%。实验效果较好,将进一步开展工业化实验。

硫化砷渣协同处理铜冶炼烟尘浸出液回收铜

为充分回收铜冶炼过程产生的硫化砷渣和烟尘中的铜资源,降低对环境的影响,贯彻“以废治废”的理念,采用硫化分离技术,用铜冶炼生产过程产生的硫化砷渣沉淀富铜液回收铜冶炼固废中的铜资源。系统探究了沉淀过程中温度、硫化渣用量、反应时间对沉铜效率和硫化砷利用率的影响。结果表明:在反应温度80℃、每100 mL富铜液使用4.5 g硫化砷渣、反应时间3.5 h时具有最良好的铜沉淀效果,该条件下对应的铜沉淀率为88.92%,沉铜后的溶液中铜含量为0.36 mg/L,沉淀铜后所得铜渣中铜的质量分数为55.14%,砷的质量分数为3.18%,符合返回熔炼炉冶炼回收铜的要求;沉淀铜渣中的As主要来源于原料硫化砷渣,原料硫化砷渣中经氧化产生的少量As 2O 3在沉淀过程中不与稀硫酸反应,随着铜的沉淀一起沉到铜渣中。使用硫化砷渣沉淀铜可减少传统硫氢化钠沉淀铜过程中硫化氢气体的产生,全生产链为“以废治废”,且生产环境友好,结果可为铜冶炼企业提供参考。

4~5 K铟片填充下无氧铜材料接触热阻实验研究

在陆续开展的深空探测任务中,高精度光学探测设备需要长期稳定的深低温工作环境。传热界面由于传热介质的热阻而存在一定的传热温差,为确保设备的工作环境,避免探测效率下降、精度下降和噪声干扰增加等严重后果,对无氧铜和不锈钢两种深低温温区常用的固体导热材料的界面接触热阻进行了实验测试。在真空、4~5.2 K、压力为3 077 N、铟片为填充物的条件下,测量了粗糙度为Ra=3.2的不锈钢-无氧铜接触热阻。结果表明:无氧铜界面间接触热阻在10^(-5)~10^(-4) m^(2)·K/W量级,且随温度的升高和粗糙度的减小而减小;无氧铜和不锈钢间的接触热阻在10^(-2) m^(2)·K/W量级。

以酸洗废液为原料制备FeCl_(2)工艺研究

研究了不锈钢酸洗废液经除杂、蒸发浓缩、冷却结晶、高温焙烧的工艺,成功制得FeCl_(2)产品。其除杂最佳条件是:还原铁粉添加量1.1eq,p H3.5,结晶最佳温度是30℃;焙烧最佳条件是:草酸添加量为2%,焙烧温度250℃,焙烧时间2 h,在N_(2)气氛炉下焙烧即可得到纯度≥99%的FeCl_(2)产品,实现了酸洗废液资源化再生利用。

离子液脱硫系统低温位热能回收利用实践

介绍了江西自立环保科技有限公司离子液脱硫系统低温位热能回收利用的情况。通过低温软水回收离子液脱硫系统解吸二次蒸汽中的潜热,将得到的高温软水输送到电解铜分厂作为铜电解液保温的热媒,换热后的低温软水返回离子液脱硫系统循环使用,实现了热能的传递。项目实施后,电解铜分厂实现了以高温热水供热、低压蒸汽应急补充的方式对铜电解液进行保温,每年可节省蒸汽费用约2 160万元,减排二氧化碳19 579 t,对企业的节能降耗和减污降碳具有重要意义。

Effects of copper content on microstructure and mechanical properties of open-cell steel foams

The effects of copper content on the microstructural and mechanical properties of steel foams are investigated. Spherical urea granules, used as a water-leachable space holder, were coated with a mixture of iron, ultrafine carbon, and different amounts of copper powders. After the mixture was compacted and the space holder was removed by leaching, a sintering process was performed under an atmosphere of thermally dissociated ammonia. Microstructural evaluations of the cell walls were carried out using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In addition, compression tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of the manufactured steel foams. The results showed that the total porosity decreases from 77.2% to 71.9% with increasing copper content in the steel foams. In the foams' microstructure, copper islands are mostly distributed in pearlite and intergranular carbide phases are formed in the grain boundaries. When the copper content was increased from 0 to 4 wt%, the elastic modulus, plateau stress, fracture stress, and fracture strain of manufactured steel foams improved 4.5, 6, 6.4, and 2.5 times, respectively.