Development of processing windows for friction stir spot welding of aluminium Al5052/copper C27200 dissimilar materials

Friction stir spot welding technique was used to join dissimilar combinations of aluminium alloy(Al5052)with copperalloy(C27200)and friction stir spot welding windows such as tool rotational speed–dwell time and tool rotational speed?plungedepth diagrams for effective joining of these materials were developed.Using a central composite design model,empirical relationswere developed to predict the changes in tensile shear failure load values and interface hardness of the joints with three processparameters such as tool rotational speed,plunge depth and dwell time.The adequacy of the developed model was verified usingANOVA analysis at95%confidence level.Response surface methodology was used to optimize the developed model to maximizetensile strength and minimize interface hardness.A high tensile shear failure load value of3850N and low interface hardness valueof HV81was observed for joints made under optimum conditions,and validation experiments confirmed the high predictability ofthe developed model with error less than2%.The operating windows developed shall act as reference maps for future designengineers in choosing appropriate friction stir spot welding process parameter values to obtain good joints.

Microstructures and properties analysis of dissimilar metal joint in the friction stir welded copper to aluminum alloy

This paper mainly concentrated on the feasibility of friction stir welding of dissimilar metal of aluminum alloy to copper （I2） and a preliminary analysis of welding parameters influencing on the microstructures and properties of joint was carried out. The results indicated that the thickness of workpiece played an important role in the welding parameters which could succeed in the friction stir welding of dissimilar metal of copper to aluminum alloy, and the parameters were proved to be a narrow choice. The interfacial region between copper and aluminum in the dissimilar joint was not uniformly mixed, constituted with part of incomplete mixing zone, complete mixing zone, dispersion zone and the most region＇ s boundary was obvious. Meantime a kind banded structure with inhomogeneous width was formed. The intermetallic compounds generated during friction stir welding in the interfacial region were mainly CugAl4, Al2Cu etc, and their hardness was higher than oihers.

Analysis of Laser Micro Welding of Copper-Aluminum Dissimilar Metals and Its Mechanism

Micro welding of dissimilar metals can meet many performance requirements for modern engineering structures. In this experiment, laser micro welding of copper-aluminum dissimilar metals was conducted with an HWLW-300A energy negative feedback Nd:YAG pulse laser. By using the overlap welding method with copper on aluminum, with the laser energy being distributed unevenly, good weld joints were obtained. In this paper, the welding mechanism was analyzed from aspects such as welding temperature and the specific heat capacity of the solid metal. Existing defects were identified, and a feasible improvement scheme was proposed.

Materials flow and phase transformation in friction stir welding of Al 6013/Mg

Material flow and phase transformation were studied at the interface of dissimilar joint between Al 6013 and Mg, produced by stir friction welding （FSW） experiments. Defect-free weld was obtained when aluminum and magnesium were placed in the advancing side and retreating side respectively and the tool was placed 1 mm off the weld centerline into the aluminum side. In order to understand the material flow during FSW, steel shots were implanted as indexes into the welding path. After welding, using X-ray images, secondary positions of the steel shots were evaluated. It was revealed that steel shots implanted in advancing side were penetrated from the advancing side into the retreating side, whereas the shots implanted in the retreating side remained in the retreating side, without penetrating into the advancing side. The welded specimens were also heat treated. The effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of the welds and the formation of new intermetallic layers were investigated. Two intermetallic compounds, Al3Mg2 and Al12Mg17, were formed sequentially at Al6013/Mg interface.

Optimization of process parameters to maximize ultimate tensile strength of friction stir welded dissimilar aluminum alloys using response surface methodology

Aluminium alloys generally present low weldability by traditional fusion welding process. Development of the friction stir welding （FSW） has provided an alternative improved way of producing aluminium joints in a faster and reliable manner. The quality of a weld joint is stalwartly influenced by process parameter used during welding. An approach to develop a mathematical model was studied for predicting and optimizing the process parameters of dissimilar aluminum alloy （AA6351 T6-AA5083 Hlll）joints by incorporating the FSW process parameters such as tool pin profile, tool rotational speed welding speed and axial force. The effects of the FSW process parameters on the ultimate tensile strength （UTS） of friction welded dissimilar joints were discussed. Optimization was carried out to maximize the UTS using response surface methodology （RSM） and the identified optimum FSW welding parameters were reported.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar Al-Cu joints by friction stir welding

Dissimilar friction stir welding between 1060 aluminum alloy and annealed pure copper sheet with a thickness of 3 mm was investigated. Sound weld was obtained at a rotational speed of 1050 r/min and a welding speed of 30 mm/min. Intercalation structure formed at the crown and Cu/weld nugget （WN） area promotes interracial diffusion and metallurgical bonding of aluminum and copper. However, corrosion morphology reveals the weak bonding mechanism of internal interface, which causes the joint failing across the interface with a brittle-ductile mixed fracture mode. The tensile strength of the joint is 148 MPa, which is higher than that of the aluminum matrix. Crystal defects and grain refinement by severely plastic deformation during friction stir welding facilitate short circuit diffusion and thus accelerate the formation of A14Cu9 and A12Cu intermetallic compounds （IMCs）. XRD results show that A14Cu9 is mainly in Cu/WN transition zone. The high dislocation density and formation of dislocation loops are the major reasons of hardness increase in the WN.

增强体表面改性在高导热金属基复合材料中的应用

随着电子技术的高速发展和电子器件的更新换代,电子封装材料的性能需求越来越高。金属基复合材料,尤其是铝基和铜基复合材料具有高导热、低膨胀、高稳定性等特点,是具有广阔应用前景的电子封装材料。然而,金刚石、石墨烯、硅等增强体与基体的润湿性差,或者在高温下与基体发生有害的界面反应,限制了此类高导热金属基复合材料的开发和应用。本文简述了金属基复合材料的界面研究进展,结合影响金属基复合材料界面结合的因素,提出了几种改善界面结合的方法。增强体表面改性是改善金属基复合材料界面的重要途径之一,常用工艺有磁控溅射法、化学气相沉积法、溶胶凝胶法、化学镀法等;最后,对增强体表面改性在高热导金属基复合材料中的应用进行分析和展望。

Effect of the Welding Parameters on the Structural and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium and Copper Sheet Joints by Electromagnetic Pulse Welding

Aluminium-copper hybrid parts, as a substitution to copper parts, result in weight and cost reduction, and are relevant in applications related to the electronic, heating and cooling sector. However, aluminium to copper joined by thermal welding processes presents challenges in terms of achieving good joint quality. This is attributed to their dissimilar mechanical and thermal properties which result in large stress gradients during heating. This study investigated joining of aluminium to copper sheets by electromagnetic pulse welding, which is a solid-state process that uses electromagnetic forces for joining of dissimilar materials. Hybrid sheet welds were obtained for all parameters conditions, selected according to a Taguchi L18 design. The structural and mechanical characteristics were examined and related to the welding parameters by means of a Pareto analysis and response graphs. The welded zone started with a wavy interface with interfacial layers and defects and evolved to a flat interface without interfacial layers. The maximum transferable force depended on the minimum specimen thickness and the strength of the hybrid sheet weld. In case of aluminium sheet thickness reduction, the maximum transferable force was linearly correlated with the aluminium sheet thickness. High quality joints were obtained for no aluminium sheet thickness reduction and for a sheet weld strength which was at least as high as that of the base material. The most effective way to increase the transferable force was to lower the initial gap and to increase the free length, which resulted in no aluminium sheet thickness reduction. Alternatively, the use of a rounded spacer decreased the effect of the aluminium sheet thickness on the transferable force. An increase in weld width was achieved for an increase in capacitor charging energy and gap, whereas an increase in weld length was obtained for a decrease in gap. An increase in weld width did not necessarily result in an increase in the transferable force. In the regarded cases, a hybrid sheet with narrow weld width could therefore have higher quality.

铝/铜异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接研究进展

铝/铜异种金属复合构件能够充分发挥铝和铜各自的优势,降低产品成本和重量,提高经济效益,为产品的设计和制造提供更多选择空间,因此在电力电子、新能源汽车等领域应用越来越广泛。然而,铝/铜两者之间热性能差异较大,两者实现高质量焊接面临着诸多困难。搅拌摩擦焊(Friction stir welding,FSW)作为一种固相焊接方法,具有热输入低、接头质量高的优点,已成为铝/铜异种金属的优选焊接方法之一。本文综述了近年来国内外学者在铝/铜异种金属FSW工艺、接头组织与性能调控FSW工艺改型等方面的研究进展,讨论了下一步应重点关注的问题,旨在理清铝/铜异种金属FSW工艺机理、技术难点和解决思路,为铝/铜异种金属FSW工艺优化与调控提供坚实的理论依据,以进一步推动FSW工艺在铝/铜异种金属复合构件成形中的广泛应用。

铝/铜异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头腐蚀行为研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊接技术实现了3 mm厚6061-T6铝合金与T2紫铜的焊接,研究了Al/Cu搅拌摩擦焊接头的宏观成形、电化学腐蚀以及浸泡腐蚀行为。结果表明,Al/Cu搅拌摩擦焊接接头成形良好,未见裂纹、孔洞等缺陷。Cu的腐蚀电位高于Al,导致Al/Cu之间形成宏观电偶。Al/Cu接头的腐蚀电位低于两种母材,腐蚀电流密度大于两种母材,接头中的宏观电偶效应加速了接头的腐蚀。在浸泡24 h内,接头的腐蚀主要发生在铝合金侧,其中铝侧热影响区的腐蚀最严重,形成的点蚀坑尺寸较大。铝侧焊核区和铝母材也发生了局部点蚀,腐蚀程度相对较轻。铝侧表面腐蚀产物为Al(OH)3/Al2O3。

铜铝双金属材料对硝基苯废水的还原降解研究

以废旧铝箔为原料,采用化学镀铜的方式制备了铜铝双金属材料(Cu@Al^(0))并应用于硝基苯废水的还原降解。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段对制备的材料进行表征,系统考察了镀铜率、初始pH、Cu@Al^(0)投加量、硝基苯初始浓度对硝基苯降解效果的影响,最后借助紫外可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)和气相色谱(GC)进一步揭示了Cu@Al^(0)对硝基苯的还原降解机理。结果表明,金属铜可成功负载在铝箔表面,当铜负载率为3.43%,初始pH=3,Cu@Al^(0)投加量为0.50 g,硝基苯初始质量浓度为100 mg/L,反应时间为20 min时硝基苯的降解率可达88.4%,且Cu@Al^(0)具有良好的循环利用性能。Cu@Al^(0)对硝基苯的降解是从亚硝基苯到羟基苯胺再到苯胺的逐步还原过程,初始pH过高会影响中间产物亚硝苯进一步还原成最终产物苯胺。

炼铜用耐火材料研究进展

炼铜工艺的稳定顺行离不开耐火材料的有力支撑。本文概述了炼铜工艺及其所需的耐火材料,说明了炼铜炉不同部位耐火材料的主要类型、性能特点和制备工艺,重点介绍了炼铜过程中常用镁铬质耐火材料、镁铝质耐火材料和其他新型耐火材料。随着材料科学的不断发展和环保要求的不断提高,研究者针对镁铬质耐火材料的性能优化和带来的环境问题、镁铝质耐火材料的材料特性和渣蚀问题,以及其他新型耐火材料的性能调控问题等开展了系统研究,为炼铜工艺技术的不断优化提供了有力支持。尽管炼铜用耐火材料在服役性能方面的研究已取得显著进展,但仍面临应用成本高、对环境不够友好、新材料制备与开发困难等问题。基于此,提出下一步耐火材料性能提升和节能环保的研究方向。

焊接速度对铝合金/铜激光熔钎焊接头组织及性能的影响

采用激光熔钎焊在不同焊接速度(4,5,6,7,8 mm·s^(-1))下对5052铝合金和T2铜进行对接焊,研究了焊接速度对接头宏观形貌、显微组织、显微硬度、抗拉强度及拉伸断裂机理的影响。结果表明:随着焊接速度增加,激光熔钎焊接头的焊缝成形先变优后变差,当焊接速度为6 mm·s^(-1)时焊缝成形最佳;随着焊接速度增加,接头中树枝状Al-Cu共晶组织变少,Zn-Al共晶组织变多,当焊接速度为6 mm·s^(-1)时接头铜侧界面反应区出现Al_(4)Cu_(9)和Al_(2)Cu金属间化合物,熔焊区由α-Al固溶体、η-Zn固溶体、Al-Cu共晶组织和Zn-Al共晶组织组成;随着焊接速度增加,铝合金/铜激光熔钎焊接头熔焊区硬度变化不大,铜侧界面反应区硬度下降,接头抗拉强度先增大后减小,拉伸断裂模式按照解理断裂、准解理断裂、韧性断裂、准解理断裂顺序依次变化,当焊接速度为6 mm·s^(-1)时抗拉强度(212 MPa)最大,接头发生韧性断裂。

纳米颗粒增强的铝铜异种金属等离子弧熔钎焊接头性能优化研究

铝铜异种金属连接技术因工程应用的需求而备受关注,但传统焊接方法难以满足日益增长的性能要求。纳米颗粒增强技术为优化铝铜异种金属焊接接头性能提供了新的可能。研究通过向铝铜异种金属等离子弧熔钎焊接头中添加不同种类和浓度的纳米颗粒,深入分析其对接头力学性能、微观组织和耐腐蚀性的影响。实验结果表明,适量和适当种类的纳米颗粒可以显著提高接头的力学性能、微观组织稳定性和耐腐蚀性,为铝铜异种金属等离子弧熔钎焊接头的性能优化提供了有效解决方案。

铜铝复合排在交流金属封闭开关设备上的应用

近年来,随着交流金属封闭开关设备在配电网上的广泛使用,铜材的使用量巨大,全球能源紧张,受国家环保政策影响,积极提倡绿色能源,节能降耗。目前,采用新材料替代传统铜排已成为发展趋势,铜铝复合排以良好的导电性、自重轻、良好的力学性能、良好的延展性和可靠性、最佳的经济性成为铜排的最佳替代品,多种试验数据显示在交流金属封闭开关设备上应用良好,稳定可靠,节能,使交流金属封闭开关设备作为一种新型电力节能产品。

新型金属材料在现代佛教建筑的技术应用——以普陀山观音圣坛项目为例

文章围绕新型金属材料在现代佛教建筑中的应用,以普陀山观音圣坛为例,选取项目中运用的一体成型异形铜板、钛瓦、铝挑檐和其它新型金属材料及其加工工艺,进行梳理分析,归纳新型金属材料在佛教中的原则与策略,并对未来走向提出展望与预测,以期达到提供参考、指导生产的研究目的。

飞机复合材料雷击防护层性能研究

为解决复合材料金属导电性差的特性,可在其表面增加导电功能层来解决复材件雷击损伤的问题。基于此,本文设计了复合材料表面火焰喷涂铝涂层、粘接铜网表面膜两种雷击防护层形式,通过试板制造,从制备工艺特点、导电性能等维度评估两种工艺的实际导电效果和工艺性能。结果表明,铜网表面膜作为防雷击防护层无论从导电性能及工艺性能维度均优于火焰喷涂铝防护层。

铝/铜异种材料等离子弧熔钎焊搭接接头工艺分析

采用LHM-200等离子弧焊机和Zn-Al钎料对T2紫铜与LF6防锈铝异种材料进行了等离子弧熔钎焊,通过扫描电镜（SEM）和能谱分析仪（EDS）观察分析其接头显微组织和界面元素组成.结果表明,通过合理设置工艺可以得到较为理想的焊接接头,焊缝表面无裂纹、气孔等现象,搭接接头抗剪强度可达175.5 MPa;控制等离子弧焊工艺可以有效控制钎缝成形,提高接头性能,最佳参数范围为等离子气体的流量0.2,0.75 L/min,焊接电流45~55A,焊接速度1.41~3.03 cm/s;在铜母材与钎料界面处是Al_2Cu和CZn_2金属间化合物层;而在铝母材与钎料界面处为Al-Zn共晶组织;焊缝中心的是黑白相间的条纹组织,黑区为富铝区,白区为富锌区.

铝铜异种材料搅拌摩擦焊接接头微观组织与性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊接(Friction stir welding,FSW)对6061-T6铝合金和紫铜异种金属进行了连接。研究结果表明,将紫铜置于后退侧、搅拌针向铝合金侧偏置0.5mm时,可获得成型优良的接头。对接界面处,铝铜异种金属发生充分混合流动,在微区内形成了层片状交织结构。焊核区晶粒细化,接头内部形成了Al2Cu、AlCu和Al4Cu9金属间化合物,其形成机制为固态扩散。微观组织的均匀性和金属间化合物对样品显微硬度分布具有显著影响。铝合金侧的热影响区硬度值最低,呈现热软化效应。接头抗拉强度达到紫铜母材抗拉强度的75.5%,断裂位置位于铝侧热影响区,拉伸断口呈现韧脆混合断裂特征。

铝/铜异种材料填丝钨极氩弧焊对接接头的组织和性能

采用lincoln TIG-355交直流钨极氩弧焊机和8515药芯锌-铝焊丝对T2紫铜与LY16铝合金异种材料进行了对接焊。利用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析仪(EDS)对接头各区域的显微组织和成分进行分析,并通过拉伸试验机测试接头的力学性能。结果表明:所焊接的对接接头无气孔、裂纹等缺陷,焊缝成形良好。当焊接电流为100 A、焊接速度为62 mm/min、保护气流量为15 L/min时,接头抗拉强度达到了240 MPa,断裂于铜侧热影响区。焊缝组织为白色条块状的Cu Zn4化合物,均匀分布于由Zn基和Al基固溶体组成的(α+η)共晶组织中;铜侧界面平直清晰,界面附近存在较多的金属间化合物组织,在铝侧界面有一沿界面呈链状分布的灰黑色球块状的α相铝基固溶体组织。