Numerical Optimization by Finite Element Method of Stainless Steel/Glass-Epoxy Composite Bolted Joint under Tension and Compression

The aim of this study was to optimize the geometry and the design of metallic/composite single bolted joints subjected to tension-compression loading. For this purpose, it was necessary to evaluate the stress state in each component of the bolted join. The multi-material assembly was based on the principle of double lap bolted joint. It was composed of a symmetrical balanced woven glass-epoxy composite material plate fastened to two stainless sheets using a stainless pre-stressed bolt. In order to optimize the design and the geometry of the assembly, ten configurations were proposed and studied: a classical simple bolted joint, two joints with an insert (a BigHeadR insert and a stair one) embedded in the composite, two “waved” solutions, three symmetrical configurations composed of a succession of metallic and composites layers, without a sleeve, with one and with two sleeves, and two non-symmetrical constituted of metallic and composites layers associated with a stair-insert (one with a sleeve and one without). A tridimensional Finite Element Method (FEM) was used to model each configuration mentioned above. The FE models taked into account the different materials, the effects of contact between the different sheets of the assembly and the pre-stress in the bolt. The stress state was analyzed in the composite part. The concept of stress concentration factor was used in order to evaluate the stress increase in the highly stressed regions and to compare the ten configurations studied. For this purpose, three stress concentration factors were defined: one for a monotonic loading in tension, another for a monotonic loading in compression, and the third for a tension-compression cyclic loading. The results of the FEM computations showed that the use of alternative metallic and composite layers associated with two sleeves gived low values of stress concentration factors, smaller than 1.4. In this case, there was no contact between the bolt and the composite part and the most stressed region was not the vicinity of the hole but the end of the longest layers of the metallic inserts.

Mechanical Behavior of a Glass-fiber Reinforced Composite to Steel Joint for Ships

The use of a glass-fiber reinforced composite in marine structures is becoming more common, particularly due to the potential weight savings. The mechanical response of the joint between a glass-fiber reinforced polymer （GRP） superstructure and a steel hull formed is examined and subsequently modified to improve performance through a combined program of modeling and testing. A finite-element model is developed to predict the response of the joint. The model takes into account the contact at the interface between different materials, progressive damage, large deformation theory, and a non-linear stress-strain relationship. To predict the progressive failure, the analysis combines Hashin failure criteria and maximum stress failure criteria. The results show stress response has a great influence on the strength and bearing of the joint. The Balsawood-steel interface is proved to be critical to the mechanical behavior of the joint. Good agreement between experimental results and numerical predictions is observed.

Behaviour of a Moment Resisting Composite Steel and Concrete Joint Under Alternate Loading

The authors show the results of a study conducted on a joint connecting a concrete column to a composite steel concrete floor,subjected to tension on the beams as a result of the decomposition of sagging bending moment.The beam to column connection is achieved by means of headed studs welded to the beam and embedded in the concrete cast.Five different configurations have been tested at failure and the results are compared to formulae proposed in literature.Different degrees of ductility,reliability and strength have been obtained varying geometry and reinforcement ratio on the joints tested.

Static behavior of semi-rigid thin-walled steel-concrete composite beam-to-column joints with bolted partial-depth flush end plate:experimental study

A new type of semi-rigid thin-walled steel-concrete composite beam-to-column joint has been proposed in this paper.Five semi-rigid composite beam-to-column joint specimens subjected to hogging moments under monotonic loading were tested to study the static behavior of this new type of joint.The main variable parameters for the five joint specimens were the longitudinal reinforcement ratio and the joint type.The experimental results designated that the magnitude of extension of the longitudinal reinforcement is the most important factor that influenced the moment-rotation characteristic of the new type of joint.The concrete slabs could resist 3.8%-19.1% of the total shear load applied to the cross-sections near the beam-to-column connection.The edge stiffened elements,such as the flange of the lipped I-section thin-walled steel beam,were capable of having considerable inelastic deformation capacity although they had comparatively large width-to-thickness ratios.The shear failure of the concrete cantilever edge strip must be taken into account in practical design because it has significant influence on the anchorage of the longitudinal reinforcement in the new type of external joints.

Investigation on Electron Beam Welded Copper to AISI 316 Stainless Steel Joints

Joints of copper and stainless steels are used in a er ospace applications. Production of these joints by fusion welding faces many dif ficulties. This may be due to the differences in their physical, metallurgical a nd mechanical properties. Electron Beam Welding (EBW) process has been found to be especially well suited in this area. Selection of the appropriate welding par ameters needs thorough investigations. These parameters include: preheat tempera ture (℃), welding current (I w), focusing current (I F), welding spee d (V), height between the gun and workpiece surface (H), scan width (S w) and shift distance (S). The present work aims firstly, setting the pr oper welding conditions to get sound joint between commercially pure copper (C10 200) and AISI 316 stainless steel plates 8 mm thickness. Secondly, investigate t he effect of Electron Beam (EB) shift, single-sided and double-sided welds on the mechanical, metallurgical and chemical properties of the weld bead. Due to t he high difference in thermal conductivity between copper and stainless steel, E lectron Beam (EB) was shifted towards copper with different values. These values were ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 mm in welding without preheating of copper plate an d from 0.1 to 0.4 mm with preheating. Number of joints were welded using variabl e EBW parameters in view to obtain the sound weld bead. These parameters are as follows: gradual reduction I w=51 to 49 mA, I F=845 mA, V=8 mm/sec , H=130 mm, S w=500 μm and S=0.4 mm. The investigation has shown t hat, the copper (C10200) plate must be preheated to get sound welded joint with AISI 316 stainless steel using the EBW process. The tensile fracture in all wel ded samples occurred in copper plate away from the weld bead. This reflects that the weld bead tensile strength is greater than the copper strength. The EB shif t has slight effect on hardness distribution through weld bead. The hardness val ue (H v) reduces in gradual manner from stainless steel hardness to copper one. The EB shift distance has no significant effect on the impact toughness.

Electron beam welding of 304 stainless steel to QCr0.8 copper alloy with copper filler wire

Electron beam welding （EBW） of 304 stainless steel to QCr0.8 copper alloy with copper filler wire was carried out. Orthogonal experiment was performed to investigate the effects of process parameters on the tensile strength of the joints, and the process parameters were optimized. The optimum process parameters are as follows：beam current of 30 mA, welding speed of 100 mm/min, wire feed rate of 1 m/min and beam offset of-0.3 mm. The microstructures of the optimum joint were studied. The results indicate that the weld is mainly composed of dendriticαphase with little globularεphase, and copper inhomogeneity only occurs at the top of the fusion zone. In addition, a melted region without mixing exists near the weld junction of copper side. This region with a coarser grain size is the weakest section of the joints. It is found that the microhardness of the weld decreases with the increase of the copper content in solid solution. The highest tensile strength of the joint is 276 MPa.

型钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面板及其抗弯性能研究

正交异性钢桥面是目前800m以上国内外特大跨径钢桥的唯一选择,主因是自重轻、强度高、架设方便。但其存在疲劳开裂风险大、运维成本高的缺点。随着高性能材料UHPC的研发和应用,为构建自重轻、病害少、经济性好的桥面新结构提供了可能性。经过多年研究,作者提出一种新型桥面板结构——型钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面结构,将型钢、钢板条与UHPC组合,桥面板的形成无任何板件焊接,因而具有高抗疲劳性,且与传统钢桥面相比,自重持平、造价减半,可作为除“正交异性钢桥面”外的“第二种”大跨径钢桥的桥面结构方案。该文研究这种轻型组合桥面板预制板及横向接缝的抗弯性能,制作4个条带模型(包括2个预制板试件和2个接缝试件),开展三点弯曲的横向接缝负弯矩试验和预制板正弯矩试验,并对试验结果进行分析;基于“条带法”建立预制板试件极限承载力计算模型,提出接缝试件的UHPC开裂名义拉应力计算方法;基于某斜拉桥应用实例,进行整体计算和局部计算,验证新型组合桥面结构在实桥上应用的可行性。研究结果表明:(1)型钢与UHPC间在极限状态前相对滑移非常小,具有良好的协同受力性能;(2)预制板试件的正弯矩极限承载力以型钢屈服控制,而接缝试件负弯矩极限承载力以UHPC开裂和加密钢筋断裂控制;(3)接缝试件的“T形”接缝、加密钢筋、燕尾形的企口、交错式切割型钢钢条等构造设计对接缝整体抗弯拉性能有很好的提高效果;(4)预制板试件极限承载力计算模型所得计算值与试验值吻合良好,该模型搭配名义拉应力计算方法,可帮助工程实际问题的设计与应用;(5)试验结果与实桥的有限元计算值相比,新型桥面结构均有1.3倍以上的安全系数,新型组合桥面应用于实桥具有可行性。

马鞍山长江公铁大桥Z3号桥塔施工关键技术

巢马城际铁路马鞍山长江公铁大桥主航道桥为(112+392+2×1120+392+112)m三塔钢桁梁斜拉桥,Z3号桥塔为超高多肢钢-混组合塔,高308 m。上塔柱钢结构高87.5 m,分13个吊装节段,最重505 t;中、下塔柱混凝土结构高217.5 m,分38个节段液压爬模施工;钢-混结合段高3 m,内部采用PBL键+剪力钉+高强度钢锚杆+高强度混凝土结构形式。在中塔柱设置钢管临时横撑控制塔柱线形及应力;下横梁采用落地支架法分层施工,与对应塔柱同步浇筑;钢-混结合段混凝土采用C60细石补偿收缩混凝土+高强度灌浆料,保证了混凝土施工质量;采用工厂“2+1”立体匹配制造、“提升站+运输栈桥”钢塔节段转运等技术,并研制15000 t•m超大型塔吊,实现了钢塔柱大节段的制造、整体滩地运输和吊装;钢塔节段间采用栓焊组合连接形式,通过设置工艺隔板、双面坡口等措施控制了钢塔焊接变形;利用定位桁架临时锁定钢塔合龙段实现了钢塔的精确合龙,定位桁架受力及变形均满足要求。

配筋PVA-钢混杂纤维增强水泥基复合材料梁柱边节点抗震性能试验研究

改善工程材料韧性和耐久性,提高框架梁柱节点抵抗变形和破坏的能力,是提高框架结构抗震韧性的有效途径之一。采用PVA-钢混杂纤维增强水泥基复合材料代替普通混凝土应用到梁柱边节点,考虑轴压比和加密区体积配箍率的影响,设计6个配筋PVA-钢混杂纤维增强水泥基复合材料、1个配筋单掺PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料和1个钢筋混凝土梁柱边节点试件进行拟静力试验,分析其破坏形态、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、延性、耗能能力、钢筋应变和梁端塑性铰区转角,探讨混杂纤维的加入对梁柱边节点抗震性能的影响。结果表明:与钢筋混凝土节点和单掺PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料节点相比,PVA-钢混杂纤维增强水泥基复合材料节点的承载力高、变形能力大、延性好、耗能能力强,抗震性能显著提升。当试验轴压比从0.12增加到0.24,梁端塑性铰区产生一定的外移,塑性性能发挥更充分,同时试件的变形能力、延性、耗能能力增加。在加密区体积配箍率减小的情况下,试件仍表现出良好的抗震性能。

铜/钢爆炸焊接复合界面的显微组织及晶粒结构演化机理

采用光滑粒子仿真、先进表征和理论分析相结合的方法,对铜/钢复合材料爆炸焊接过程中的界面瞬态行为进行深入研究,并详细阐述其显微组织演化机制。根据仿真数据重构波形完整的演化过程,并揭示各种界面特征的形成机制。多尺度EBSD分析表明,界面附近区域呈多样性的晶粒结构,其演化机制主要受塑性流动、动态再结晶和凝固形核三个过程的控制。最后,通过纳米压痕实验建立晶粒结构与力学性能之间的关系。

钢-UHPC结合段PBL连接件和钢梁端面承压联合作用研究

钢-混结合段作为钢梁和混凝土连接为整体的核心部件,传力构件的受力性能对钢-混凝土结合段至关重要。为提高结合段的力学性能,进行了仅有钢梁端面承压、PBL连接件和两者联合作用3组推出试验。结果表明:3组试件最终破坏裂缝分布均为钢梁端面侧“八”字形分布;钢梁端面组(D组)试件破坏模式主要为UHPC的开裂破坏而失效,PBL连接件组(P组)和联合作用组(PD组)试件主要是贯穿钢筋的剪切破坏而失效;3组试件的荷载-滑移曲线均包含弹性、裂缝开展和屈服3个阶段,由于贯穿钢筋和UHPC榫具有抑制裂缝开展和提高试件延性的作用,P组和PD组试件裂缝开展阶段较D组更短,屈服阶段更长,延性更好。对荷载-滑移曲线进行拟合,提出了钢梁端面承压和PBL连接件承载力随滑移量变化的计算公式。引入滞后滑移差Δs_(j),当Δs_(j)=0~0.67 mm时,联合作用计算结果偏于安全。计算得到钢梁端面承压传力比例约为43%,PBL连接件传力比例约为57%,两者传力效果基本相当。利用UHPC作为外包混凝土时,建议采用承载能力更高的贯穿钢筋,以充分发挥UHPC的高强性能,从而提高结合段的承载能力。

爆炸焊接铜/钢复合管界面组织表征与性能研究

为了研究应用于压力容器的管道或承压部件的铜/钢双金属复合管材料中晶粒存在形式和力学性能之间的关系,通过爆炸焊技术获得了T2铜/316L不锈钢复合管,并对其界面形貌与微观组织进行分析。结果表明,T2铜/316L不锈钢复合管结合界面处呈现平直界面和周期性波状界面,波形结合区域的平均波长203μm、波高58μm。复合管结合界面两侧的元素发生互扩散,扩散层厚度为1μm。界面处Fe侧晶粒尺寸较小,随着结合界面距离的增加晶粒尺寸逐渐变大。通过纳米压痕试验发现,波峰处界面的纳米压痕结果达到了3.16 GPa,波谷处的纳米压痕结果达到了2.44 GPa,同时波峰处界面附近区域的纳米压痕结果均高于波谷处,Fe侧纳米压痕结果均高于Cu侧。纳米压痕试验获得的力学性能分布规律和微观组织的分布规律相一致。

大跨度公铁合建斜拉桥钢混板-桁组合梁关键节点空间受力特性

针对大跨度公铁合建斜拉桥—主跨808 m洪奇沥特大桥新型钢混板-桁组合梁的关键节点—辅助墩顶钢混节点,采用ANSYS软件建立钢桁-混凝土板组合梁部分节段细化的全桥多尺度有限元模型,分析边跨组合梁节点在受力最不利工况下的受力规律及传力特性,并讨论下弦杆等杆件截面等结构参数变化对节点受力、传力的影响规律。结果表明:最不利组合工况下,边跨组合梁辅助墩顶钢混节点处钢结构最不利Mises应力为265.9 MPa,混凝土局部最大名义拉应力为9.2 MPa,导致局部开裂而受力转移至钢结构;在辅助墩顶局部负弯矩影响下,内外节点板处应力总体呈“倒V”形分布,混凝土顶面及底面分别呈“鞍形”及“倒鞍”形分布;节点处下弦杆(含管内混凝土)、竖杆分别传递77.86%和40.15%荷载,为纵向、竖向主要传力构件;混凝土桥面厚度变化对自身应力影响明显,其厚度和下弦杆截面面积对纵向传力比影响大,竖杆截面面积对自身竖向传力影响相对明显;混凝土厚度及下弦杆、斜腹杆、竖杆截面为节点受力、传力的主要影响因素,其系数在0.8~1.1时,组合梁关键节点各构件应力及传力比均较为合理。

开槽侧板加强型连接梁柱节点子结构抗连续倒塌性能研究

为了优化侧板加强型节点的抗连续倒塌性能,提出了一种开槽侧板加强型梁柱连接节点形式。通过静力加载试验,得到了新型节点子结构的破坏模式、竖向抗力发展机制、应变分布、延性水平和动力承载力等。试验结果表明:钢梁翼缘在盖板附近首先开裂并向腹板外排螺栓中部延伸贯穿,导致竖向承载力快速下降为峰值荷载的20%左右。相比传统侧板加强型和圆弧扩盖板型梁柱节点,新型节点的峰值承载力分别提高了62.1%和19.6%,塑性弦转角分别提高了203.6%和25.8%。通过有限元分析得到了试件的断裂路径发展过程,进一步地通过参数化分析发现:扩大过焊孔构造对改善峰值后塑性弦转角及残余强度提升无明显作用;随着螺栓群远离钢梁翼缘起始断裂位置,最小残余强度比不断增大,但峰值后塑性弦转角呈先增大后减小的趋势;当螺栓群内移45mm时,峰值后塑性弦转角及最小残余强度比分别达到0.149rad和0.88,提高了38.2%和200.8%。

内置薄钢板的纤维复合材料接头连接性能

为研究内置薄钢板的纤维复合材料接头的连接性能,对该连接接头结构展开单轴拉伸试验.采用ABAQUS重点对影响连接性能的端径比(E/D)、边径比(S_(W)/D)、列径比(S/D)和孔径厚度比(D/t)等几何连接参数进行研究.研究结果表明:内置薄钢板的纤维复合材料连接接头相较于无内置钢板的纤维复合材料连接接头,具有更大的刚度,峰值荷载和峰值位移分别提升约50%和58%,孔周应力集中现象有所降低,改善了破坏模式,表现出较好的承载能力与延性性能;几何连接参数对连接接头的承载能力和失效模式有较大的影响,为提高连接效率,建议选用参数S_(W)/D≥2、E/D≥4、4≤S/D≤5、1.6≤D/t≤2.

钢管混凝土叠合柱-H型钢梁外套筒式连接节点抗震性能试验与有限元研究

以钢管混凝土叠合柱为研究对象,设计了一种高强对穿螺栓连接的外套筒式梁柱节点。为了研究该新型节点的抗震性能和破坏机理,对3个缩尺比为1∶2的节点进行了拟静力试验。观察节点损伤过程及破坏模式,分析了梁端荷载-位移滞回曲线、骨架曲线、节点延性及耗能能力,采用ABAQUS软件建立有限元模型,研究套筒宽厚比和加强肋板厚度对节点抗震性能影响。试验及有限元研究结果表明:节点滞回曲线饱满,延性系数介于3.13~4.19之间,等效黏滞阻尼系数介于0.211~0.296之间,节点域的变形较大且耗能能力较强;随着套筒厚度增大,核心区混凝土开裂减少,破坏位置由节点外移至梁端截面;减小套筒宽厚比和增大加强肋板厚度可以有效提高节点刚度。为保证外套筒式节点达到刚性节点要求,建议套筒宽厚比不大于25,加强肋板厚度不小于梁翼缘厚度。

钢桁腹-混凝土组合箱梁局部外接节点静载试验及极限承载力计算研究

为了解钢桁腹-混凝土组合箱梁(顶、底板为混凝土结构,腹杆为钢结构)外接节点在水平荷载作用下的受力性能,以某钢桁腹-混凝土组合箱梁桥方案为背景,选取钢腹杆轴力最大节点设计、制作缩尺比为1∶3的钢桁腹-混凝土组合箱梁局部外接节点试件(由混凝土弦杆、方形钢腹杆、节点板组成,原混凝土板简化为混凝土弦杆)并开展静载试验,分析外接节点试件静载试验现象及破坏模式、荷载~位移曲线,以及混凝土弦杆、节点板和钢腹杆的应力分布规律,并基于有效宽度法及撕裂面法与最大强度准则提出外接节点极限承载力计算方法。结果表明:外接节点试件的破坏模式为节点板拉剪断裂失效,极限承载力为设计荷载的5.71倍,承载能力满足要求;混凝土弦杆压应力沿加载方向逐渐减小,沿竖直方向从上往下逐渐增大;节点板应力沿加载方向总体上先增后减,外露节点板是节点受力的关键构件;外接节点极限承载力由节点板和钢腹杆中较弱者控制,采用所提出的计算方法得到的外接节点极限承载力计算值与试验结果相差小于6%。

某超高层项目钢管混凝土组合柱应用

某超高层项目荷载较大,导致框架柱截面较大,严重影响建筑空间使用。采用钢管混凝土组合柱,和型钢混凝土柱相比,标准层每根柱节约建筑有效使用面积1.5~1.8m^(2),结构主体成本节约近1000万元。提出了对钢管进行开孔的梁柱节点做法并分析五种不同节点方案,采用大型通用有限元软件ABAQUS进行仿真分析,充分考虑框架梁对节点的约束作用,得到五种节点方案的极限承载力及钢管的最大应力,结果表明采用钢管开孔的梁柱节点做法可行,并得到最合理的开孔形式;分别对7种不同箍筋形式进行受力性能分析,并考虑实际施工因素,得到最为合理的箍筋设置形式。

胶栓组合连接加固钢板疲劳性能试验研究

为了对比高强螺栓栓接加固和胶栓组合连接加固带初始缺陷钢板的疲劳性能,制作9个试件,试验采用MTS进行压弯疲劳加载,对加载过程中的应力变化和试件的破坏模式进行监测和分析。研究表明:胶栓组合连接加固中胶体的存在可有效降低螺栓孔附近的应力水平,延缓疲劳裂纹的产生;单侧栓接加固使带初始缺陷钢板的疲劳寿命增加了11.5倍,而单侧胶栓组合连接加固增加了15.3倍,单侧胶栓组合连接加固较单侧栓接加固提升了30%。

低碳钢表面电弧熔覆制备铜基复合涂层组织与性能研究

为研究电弧熔覆技术在低碳钢表面制备铜基熔覆层的效果,并探讨不同合金元素(Co、Cr、Ti、Mn)对熔覆层组织和性能的影响,以提升其在工程领域的应用价值。采用MIG机器人在Q345钢表面分别熔覆硅青铜实心焊丝和四种不同成分的药芯焊丝,制备Cu-Co、Cu-Cr、Cu-Ti、Cu-Mn、Cu-Si五种铜基熔覆层。通过XRD、SEM、EDS等手段对熔覆层的物相组成、微观组织和元素分布进行分析,并测试其硬度和摩擦磨损性能。研究表明,Cu-Co熔覆层界面结合良好,未出现MUZ区域,组织过渡均匀;Cu-Cr熔覆层中出现大量片状析出相,界面不平直;Cu-Ti熔覆层顶部存在大量金属化合物(铁钛、铜钛);Cu-Mn熔覆层顶部主要由Fe基固溶体和Cu基固溶体组成;Cu-Si熔覆层主要由α-Cu和富Fe相组成。Cu-Ti合金熔覆层硬度最高,Cu-Mn合金熔覆层硬度较为平稳。在摩擦磨损试验中,Cu-Co合金熔覆层表现出优异的耐磨性,摩擦系数低且磨损量小。添加Co元素能够有效消除熔覆层与低碳钢界面处的MUZ区域,并获得良好的组织过渡;添加Mn元素能够提升铜基熔覆层的硬度并改善其耐磨性;Cu-Co合金熔覆层具有优异的综合性能,建议优先选择。