The geology, structure and mineralisation of the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry copper-gold-molybdenum deposits, Mongolia： A review

The Oyu Tolgoi cluster of seven porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposits in southern Mongolia,define a narrow,linear,12 km long,almost continuously mineralised trend,which contains in excess of 42 Mt of Cu and1850 t of Au,and is among the largest high grade porphyry Cu-Au deposits in the world.These deposits lie within the Gurvansayhan island-arc terrane,a fault bounded segment of the broader Silurian to Carboniferous Kazakh-Mongol arc,located towards the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt,a collage of magmatic arcs that were periodically active from the late Neoproterozoic to PermoTriassic,extending from the Urals Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.Mineralisation at Oyu Tolgoi is associated with multiple,overlapping,intrusions of late Devonian（～372 to 370 Ma） quartzmonzodiorite intruding Devonian（or older） juvenile,probably intra-oceanic arc-related,basaltic lavas and lesser volcaniclastic rocks,unconformably overlain by late Devonian（～370 Ma） basaltic to dacitic pyroclastic and volcano sedimentary rocks.These quartz-monzodiorite intrusions range from earlymineral porphyritic dykes,to larger,linear,syn-,late- and post-mineral dykes and stocks.Ore was deposited within syn-mineral quartz-monzodiorites,but is dominantly hosted by augite basalts and to a lesser degree by overlying dacitic pyroclastic rocks.Following ore deposition,an allochthonous plate of older Devonian（or pre-Devonian） rocks was overthrust and a post-ore biotite granodiorite intruded at～365 Ma.Mineralisation is characterised by varying,telescoped stages of intrusion and alteration.Early A-type quartz veined dykes were followed by Cu-Au mineralisation associated with potassic alteration,mainly K-feldspar in quartz-monzodiorite and biotite-magnetite in basaltic hosts.Downward reflux of cooled,late-magmatic hydrothermal fluid resulted in intense quartz-sericite retrograde alteration in the upper parts of the main syn-mineral intrusions,and an equivalent chlorite-muscovite/illite-hematite assemblage in basaltic host rocks.Uplift,facilitated by syn-mineral longitudinal faulting,brought sections of the porphyry deposit to shallower depths,to be overprinted and upgraded by late stage,shallower,advanced argillic alteration and high sulphidation mineralisation.Key controls on the location,size and grade of the deposit cluster include（i） a long-lived,narrow faulted corridor;（ii） multiple pulses of overlapping intrusion within the same structure;and（iii） enclosing reactive,mafic dominated wall rocks,focussing ore.

Magmatic Evolution and Mineralization of Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposits in the Duolong Ore Concentration Area, Tibet

The Bangong Lake-Nujiang River metallogenic belt is located between the Qiangtang Block and Lhasa Block, and the Duolong ore concentration area is located in the western section of the Bangong Lake-Nujiang River metallogenic belt. Till now, several large and super large copper-gold deposits, such as Duobuza, Bolong, Dibaonamugang, Naruo and Rongna deposits have been discovered in this area, mainly porphyry copper-gold ones.

METALLOGENIC ANALYSIS OF THE DEXING COPPER-GOLD-LEAD-ZINC POLYMETALLIC DEPOSITS, JIANGXI PROVINCE, CHINA

The paper discusses the tectonic setting of the fortnation of the Dexing giant copper-gold-lead-zinc deposit and its geological features and demonstrates in detail the polygenetic compound mechanism of its formation.

Formation of the adakite-like granitoid complex and porphyry copper-gold deposit in Shaxi from southern Tancheng-Lujiang fault belt: A clue to the West Pacific plate subduction

On the basis of the geological and geochemical studies, including chemical analysis of bulk rocks, rare-earth and trace element studies, fluid inclusion, and S and O isotopic analyses, the authors described the geological background of the deposit in detail and presented significant proofs for the conditions of formation of the Shaxi porphyry copper-gold deposit. Compared with other large and supper-large porphyry copper deposits in China and the adjacent Cu-Au mineralized areas, the ore-forming processes and conditions were analyzed; and the possibility of forming large porphyry copper deposits in the Shaxi area was discussed. The present study indicated that the ore-forming fluid and material were mainly of magmatic origin, while meteoric water played a certain role in the ore-forming processes. Interactions between subducting and overriding plates provided a major driving force for the formation of igneous rocks and the deposition of metal elements in East China since Jurassic. Based on the geo- chemical data of the Shaxi intrusive, it is found that the copper (gold) mineralization is closely related to the genesis of adakite-like intrusive in the Shaxi area. This adakite-like intrusive was formed in the subduction environment as a result of the subduction of the West Pacific plate toward the East China continent, where there is a great potentiality to form a large porphyry copper deposit.

Metallogeny of Shoshonite-Hosted Copper-Gold Deposits in Middle-South Parts of Tancheng-Lujiang Deep Fault Zone and Its Vicinity, Eastern China

The middle south parts of Tancheng Lujiang deep fault zone and its vicinity are an important locality of Cu Au deposits related to Mesozoic volcanic subvolcanic magmatism in eastern China. According to their metallogenic features and ore forming conditions, copper gold deposits in this district are ascribed to two groups: the epithermal group which can be further divided into tellurium gold type, quartz adularia type and quartz manganoansiderite type; the magmatic hydrothermal group which includes porphyry Cu Au deposit, breccia pipe porphyry type Au Cu deposit and skarn type Au Cu deposit. In this paper, characteristics of six typical shoshonite hosted Cu Au deposits are outlined. Additionally, the factors that control the metallogenesis and distribution of these Cu Au deposits are discussed preliminarily.

Chronology and Crust-Mantle Mixing of Ore-forming Porphyry of the Bangongco: Evidence from Zircon U-Pb Age and Hf Isotopes of the Naruo Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposit

The Naruo porphyry copper-gold deposit （hereinafter referred to as the Naruo deposit） in Tibet is a potentially ultra-large, typical gold-rich porphyry copper deposit, which was recently discovered in the Bangongco-Nujiang metallogenic belt. This study analyzed U-Ph chronology and Hf isotopes of the ore-bearing granodiorite porphyry in the Naruo deposit using the LA-ICPMS dating technique. The results show that the weighted average age is 124.03±0.94Ma （MSWD=1.7, n=20）, and 2±6pb/23SU isocbron age is 126.2±2.7 Ma （MSWD=1.02, n=20）, both of which are within the error. The weighted average age represents the crystallization age of the granodiorite porphyry, which indicates that the ore-bearing porphyry in the Naruo deposit area was formed in the Early Cretaceous and further implies that the Neo-tethys Ocean had not been closed before 124 Ma under a typical island-arc subduction environment. The εGr（t） of zircons from the granodiorite porphyry varies from 2.14 to 9.07, with an average of 5.18, and all zircons have εRf（t） values greater than 0; 176Hf/177Hf ratio is relatively high （0.282725-0.282986）. Combined with the zircon age--Hf isotope correlation diagram, the aforementioned data indicate that the source reservoir might be a region that is mixed with depleted mantle and ancient crust, which possibly contains more materials sourced from depleted mantle. Rock-forming ages and ore-forming ages of the Duolong ore concentrate area are 120-124 Ma and 118-119 Ma, respectively, which indicate 124-118 Ma represents the main rockforming and ore-forming stage within the area. The Naruo deposit is located in the north of the Bangongco-Nujiang suture, and it yielded a zircon LA-ICPMS age of 124.03 Ma. This indicates the Bangongco-Nujiang oceanic basin subducted towards the north at about 124 Ma, and the Neo-tethys Ocean had not been closed before the middle Early Cretaceous. It is possible that the crust-mantle mixing formed the series of large and giant porphyry copper-gold deposits in the Bangongco.

西藏多龙斑岩-浅成低温热液型铜(金)矿集区地质特征及找矿潜力分析

本文在总结多龙矿集区地质特征的基础上,开展了矿山深边部的潜力分析,以期为下一步的找矿预测提供勘查思路。多龙斑岩-浅成低温热液型铜(金)矿集区位于西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带的北西侧,主要由铁格隆南超大型斑岩-浅成低温热液型铜(金)矿床,拿若大型斑岩-隐爆角砾岩筒型铜(金)矿床,多不杂、波龙、多不杂西大型斑岩型铜(金)矿床,尕尔勤、地堡那木岗高硫化浅成低温热液型铜(金)矿点组成,共探获铜资源量超过1500万t,伴生金超250 t,伴生银3900 t。多龙矿集区形成于早白垩世(120 Ma)班公湖-怒江洋盆北向俯冲的陆缘弧环境,物质源区为壳幔混合源,成矿岩浆岩主要为中酸性的闪长玢岩-花岗闪长斑岩-花岗斑岩系列,具有弧岩浆特征。俯冲板片的折返是多龙矿集区深部岩浆形成和侵位的主要动力学机制,成矿后安山质火山岩(110 Ma)的覆盖对矿床起到重要的保存作用。多不杂矿区F2逆断层将矿体分割成上、下两部分,下部分矿体是找矿的重点方向。铁格隆南矿区深钻揭露了由南向北的逆冲断层,该逆冲断层将矿体错断并推覆到“红层”沉积之上,其下盘是寻找另一半隐伏矿体的方向。尕尔勤矿区大面积发育指示浅成低温热液成矿系统的“硅帽”,明显富集Au、Ag、As、Sb、Bi、Cu等元素,Au、As、Sb、Hg等呈现较好的元素组合异常,具有寻找浅成低温热液型矿床的潜力。地堡那木岗矿区发育高硫化浅成低温热液型蚀变(高岭石化、地开石化、明矾石化等)和矿物组合(铜蓝、蓝辉铜矿、斑铜矿等),且物探、化探、遥感异常套合良好,是未来矿产勘查的重点。区内逆冲断层对矿床的改造作用是未来研究的重点,对进一步的勘查评价具有重要的指导意义。

基于金纳米棒刻蚀比色法检测铁、铜离子

采用种子生长法制备金纳米棒(AuNRs)以构建光学传感器,用于Fe^(3+)和Cu^(2+)的高选择性快速可视化检测。在酸性环境中,Fe^(3+)和Cu^(2+)通过与KI溶液反应,将I-氧化成I2。I2刻蚀AuNRs,导致其纵向表面等离子体共振(LSPR)吸收峰蓝移,从而实现对Fe^(3+)和Cu^(2+)的检测。结果表明,反应温度为50℃时,添加0.8 mL 0.1 mol·L^(-1)HCl、2 mL AuNRs生长液和20 mmol·L^(-1)KI溶液,与2 mL 500μmol·L^(-1)Fe^(3+)或30μmol·L^(-1)Cu^(2+)反应25或90 min,可将AuNRs刻蚀至LSPR吸收峰消失。该方法对Fe^(3+)和Cu^(2+)检测具有高选择性和准确性,对于Fe^(3+)、Cu^(2+)共存体系的检测,可通过加入适量F-与Fe^(3+)生成配合物[FeF_(6)]^(3-)完成对Fe^(3+)的化学掩蔽,消除Fe^(3+)的干扰,实现共存体系中Cu^(2+)的准确检测。

塞尔维亚蒂莫克铜金矿集区典型矿床地质特征

特提斯成矿带是全球三大成矿带之一,阿普塞尼(Apuseni)-巴纳特(Banat)-蒂莫克(Timok)-斯雷德诺戈里斯基(Srednogorie)岩浆成矿带(ABTS多金属成矿带)位于特提斯成矿带西缘,由阿普塞尼–巴纳特铁铜铅锌矿集区、蒂莫克铜金矿集区和斯雷德诺戈里斯基铜金矿集区组成,成矿作用主要与晚白垩世钙碱性岩浆活动有关。塞尔维亚蒂莫克铜金矿集区作为ABTS多金属成矿带经济意义巨大的矿集区之一,总结该地区矿床地质特征及成矿规律对下一步的找矿勘查具有重要指导意义。综述了蒂莫克铜金矿集区及其典型矿床的地质特征,总结了矿集区成矿规律与动力学背景。蒂莫克铜金矿集区典型矿床形成时代集中在88~78 Ma之间,成矿作用历时10 Ma左右,矿集区内成矿作用时代呈现出由东向西逐渐年轻的趋势。矿集区中典型矿床类型主要为斑岩型(如马伊丹佩克矿床、克里韦利矿床和瓦利亚斯特尔茨矿床)和高硫化浅成低温热液-斑岩型(如博尔矿床和丘卡卢佩吉矿床),这些矿床以铜金矿化为主。矿床类型、矿化特征及矿体埋深存在的差异可能与区域上新生代右旋构造在矿集区形成的逆冲推覆构造及成矿后不均匀剥蚀有关。根据矿集区典型矿床的矿化类型及矿体埋深海拔标高的变化趋势,认为矿集区北部—西北部和丘卡卢佩吉矿床东南部仍具有一定的找矿潜力。

安徽庐枞矿集区沙溪斑岩型铜金矿床中硒、碲的赋存状态及富集规律研究

硒和碲是重要的战略性关键金属,在现代工业和国防建设中有着广泛的应用。硒和碲通常很难形成独立矿床,目前全球大部分硒和碲来自斑岩型铜金矿床。长江中下游成矿带是我国东部重要的斑岩-矽卡岩型铜金矿床成矿带之一,前人虽然对成矿带内矽卡岩型矿床中伴生关键金属已开展了相关研究,但对成矿带内斑岩矿床中关键金属的赋存状态、分布和富集规律尚关注较少。本次工作以成矿带内沙溪斑岩型铜金矿床为研究对象,系统采集了矿床不同深度、不同类型的岩矿石样品,通过扫描电子显微镜、全岩化学分析、TIMA及矿物原位LA-ICP-MS微量成分测试等分析技术方法对矿床中硒和碲等关键金属开展了系统的研究。结果表明,沙溪矿床中硒和碲元素发生显著富集,与主成矿元素铜具有明显的正相关关系。估算矿床中伴生硒资源量约为1196t、碲资源量约为96.6t,其中硒达到大型规模,具有潜在利用价值。与成矿带内其他典型矽卡岩矿床(包括斑岩-矽卡岩矿床)相比,沙溪斑岩型矿床中硒和碲的含量明显偏低,这可能是深部成矿岩浆演化过程的差异导致的。矿床中有91.64%的硒、87.48%的碲是以独立矿物形式存在。沙溪矿床硒、碲与主成矿元素铜和金的富集规律一致,流体混合过程中氧逸度的变化可能是硒和碲的主要的沉淀机制。

遥感技术在阿根廷西北部米纳皮基塔斯地区斑岩型铜金矿找矿调查中的应用

阿根廷西北部的铜金多金属成矿带是南美安第斯成矿带的主要组成部分。该成矿带主要发育斑岩型铜金矿,是阿根廷最主要的铜金多金属矿产资源分布区,但该区交通差、地形地质构造复杂、岩性多样,极大地影响了地质找矿的进展。以阿根廷西北部胡胡伊省的米纳皮基塔斯地区为研究区,以ETM+卫星影像为数据源,进行环形构造、菱形构造、深大断裂和破碎带的遥感解译;基于Aster遥感影像数据开展了成像光谱法和主成分分析法矿化蚀变异常信息提取分析。结果显示,铝羟基类蚀变矿物组合和铁染蚀变矿物异常区与主要控矿构造较一致,通过分析认为该区域成矿条件优越。在此基础上,结合斑岩型矿床成矿地质条件等资料,建立该地区遥感地质找矿模型,划分出了重要找矿远景区。该方法具有良好的找矿效果,对阿根廷西北部地区的找矿调查工作具有重要指导作用。

生物冶金技术的研究现状及发展趋势

低品位矿产资源的开发利用制约着全球绿色可持续发展,生物冶金技术是实现矿物加工和有色金属冶金领域绿色可持续发展的前沿性技术,同时在矿山重金属污染场地原位修复中发挥重要作用。综述了生物冶金技术的基本概念、微生物生理特征和作用机制,以及生物冶金在硫化铜矿浸出、难处理金矿氧化预处理、铀矿浸提、稀土提取等方面的应用和研究现状,提出未来应针对高效浸出微生物选育、生物浸出界面作用机制、高效节能装置和工程化技术等方面开展研究,并进一步拓展生物冶金技术研究及应用领域。

Two series of copper-gold deposits in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River area (MLYRA) and the hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and lead isotopes of their ore-forming hydrothermal systems

Based on studies on the geological characteristics of the copper-gold deposits in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River area (MLYRA) and their hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and lead isotope compositions, it is concluded that there existed two series of copper-gold deposits. They are evolutional products of two ore-forming hydrothermal systems in different geodynamic settings and geological era. Series I is stratiform or stratabound copper-gold deposits. These deposits were formed by submarine exhalation and sedimentation of hydrothermal solutions in Her-cynian tensional tectonic environment after bot brine ascending along contemporaneous faults and exhaled into the sea-floor. Series II consists of copper-gold deposits related to medium and acidic magmatic intrusions. Their mineralizations took place in Yanshanian in a tensional or a transitional period to the tensional tectonic environment from the composite of the tethys tectonic regime and the Paleo-Pacific ocean tectonic regime, as well as

试论中亚造山带东部多宝山矿田斑岩铜浅成低温金系统成矿特征与矿床模型

多宝山矿田位于中亚造山带东段,是目前我国东北地区规模最大、成矿时代最老(477~470 Ma)的斑岩铜钼浅成低温热液金成矿系统,已探明铜、钼、金储量分别可达5 Mt、0.16 Mt和130 t。从成矿系统角度,其成矿特征和矿床模型尚不清晰。本文系统分析了矿床的地质地球化学特征和成矿时代,发现该成矿系统存在两期成矿事件,以第一期为主,发生在早奥陶世;第二期为叠加成矿,发生在晚三叠世。成矿作用具有下部为隐爆角砾状铜矿化、中部为脉状铜矿化、上部为金矿化的空间结构特征,围岩蚀变从中心向两侧依次为钾化黑云母化带、青磐岩化带、黏土化带、碳酸盐化带、绢英岩化带和硅化带。成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水,从多宝山斑岩铜矿到争光浅成热液金矿床呈现大气水加入比例增大的趋势。根据第一期成矿斑岩具有高Ce^(4+)/Ce^(3+)(174~461;均值约290)、高f_(O2)埃达克质岩浆特征,进一步得出主成矿期与古生代古亚洲洋俯冲作用相关的壳幔混源岩浆作用有关。成矿受古火山机构所制约,其北西到南东成矿深度增大与剥蚀程度相关,受铜山逆断层作用效应,暗示铜山断层以南为较好的找矿靶区。最后,本文建立了该区古生代斑岩铜浅成低温热液金成矿系统的矿床模型,以期为该区进一步矿产勘探提供借鉴。

中亚某难选含铜金矿选冶试验研究

采用“浮选—浮选精矿销售—浮选尾矿直接炭浆法氰化浸出”工艺综合回收中亚某矿山过渡带难选含铜金矿中的金和铜。矿石含金3.52g/t、银11.20g/t、铜0.54%、砷0.40%、硫1.54%,其中氧化铜含量为0.22%,占总铜含量的40.74%,金、铜嵌布粒度微细,嵌布关系复杂,属于复杂难选含氧化铜金矿。针对矿石特点,通过引进氧化铜矿石的捕收药剂体系,增加精选级数,按照便于现场技改的硫化铜、氧化铜混合浮选工艺进行金铜浮选回收,对铜浮选尾矿进行直接炭浆法氰化浸出回收金,最终可获得产率3.92%,含金48.50g/t、含铜8.45%的浮选精矿,可直接销售;浮选尾矿含铜0.21%,可氰化铜含量为0.12%,将其直接炭浸消耗氰化钠3.1kg/t,金浸出率达到74.71%;浮选+浸出金综合回收率为88.26%,铜回收率为62.16%。与现场“浮选—浮选精矿销售—浮选尾矿氨氰法抑铜浸金—氨氰尾浆炭浸”工艺相比,浮选精矿产率接近,精矿金铜品位更优,金综合回收率提高了6.02个百分点,铜回收率提高了9.24个百分点。研究结果可作为现场技改依据。

含铜络离子对硫代硫酸盐法提金过程影响

硫代硫酸盐法是一种绿色、高效的提金方法,含铜氨性硫代硫酸盐体系是常见的硫代硫酸盐提金体系。该体系中,铜离子可与氨和硫代硫酸根离子分别形成四氨合铜络离子和硫代硫酸铜络离子,这些络离子不仅在金矿物溶解过程中起着至关重要的作用,同时也会对回收过程中金的沉积与吸附产生一定影响。介绍了硫代硫酸盐法提金机理及含铜络离子在提金过程中的作用,并分析了几种常见提金方法中含铜络离子对金回收过程的影响。同时,指出了从硫代硫酸盐贵液中回收金的发展方向。

金铜成矿带成矿地质特征与找矿潜力分析——以王厝金矿为例

为总结闽北大药坑—王母山—东游金铜成矿地质特征及找矿潜力,以福建省建瓯市王厝金矿区为例,从矿区地层特征、矿床地质特征角度进行了综合分析,对成矿带的金铜银矿产成矿规律进行了总结,并进行了矿产综合评价与潜力分析,认为该区域具备较为良好的找矿潜力,可以为成矿带找矿方向及后期找矿预测工作提供基础地质依据和支撑。

哥伦比亚某含铜金矿石选冶过程优化生产实践

哥伦比亚某黄金矿山以含铜高的金矿石为主,技术改造后金回收率低,氰化钠消耗量大,系统中铜离子不断累积,选冶系统生产异常。通过相关试验研究与生产实践,将铜精矿产率从0.25%调整至0.75%,铜浮选金、铜作业回收率分别从20%、34%提高至35%、52%左右,金总回收率从87%提高至89%。将浸出时间从85.48 h减少至56.61 h,氰化钠浓度从1000 mg/L降低至600 mg/L左右,氰化钠消耗量从7.49 kg/t降低至3.60 kg/t,铜浸出率由27.18%降低至20.09%。根据双氧水破氰除铜试验研究,生产中通过焦亚硫酸钠、双氧水配合使用,进行高碱条件处理,破氰排矿铜离子含量从330.47mg/L降低至24.55mg/L,系统铜离子大幅降低。生产实践结果表明:对于哥伦比亚某含铜金矿石采用提高铜浮选回收率,优化浸出条件降低氰化钠消耗,进行双氧水破氰,高碱除铜可以取得较好的生产效果,对同类型的含铜金矿石选冶工艺优化及生产实践具有指导意义。

安徽庐江沙溪铜金矿床蚀变岩地球化学特征和金的赋存状态研究

斑岩型铜金矿床是金资源的重要来源,研究其中载金矿物(如硫化物)的种类其中的金含量是高效回收金的关键。本文通过对沙溪矿床不同类型蚀变岩和工业品位矿石开展系统的矿物学和地球化学成分研究发现,沙溪矿床中钾化蚀变更富集Si、Fe和K、贫Na,青磐岩化蚀变更富集Al和Fe、贫Ca,石英绢云母化更富集Ca和Na、贫Fe和K。矿石内主要脉石矿物为石英含量为37.65 wt%,钠长石含量为17.15 wt%,碱性长石含量为11.35wt%,白云母含量为12.87 wt%,硫化物黄铁矿和黄铜矿含量分别为1.36 wt%、1.17 wt%。金是以类质同象替换的形式存在于黄铁矿和黄铜矿中,在二者中的占比分别为5.98%、2.15%,其他类型占比为91.87%。

西藏多龙矿集区拿若铜金矿床地质特征及成因

拿若铜金矿床位于班公湖-怒江缝合带西段北侧,是多龙矿集区重要组成矿床之一,已探明储量达大型规模。本文对其矿床地质特征、矿体特征、矿石特征及围岩蚀变等进行调查,通过野外调研及室内岩相学与矿相学分析,将拿若铜金矿的形成过程划分为岩浆作用阶段、钾长石-硫化物阶段、石英-多金属硫化物阶段、石英-黄铁矿阶段和氧化作用阶段五个成矿阶段;同时对拿若铜金矿床的围岩蚀变特征进行了分析,认为拿若铜金矿床自岩体中心向围岩可划分出钾化带、绢英岩化带,青磐岩化带和角岩化带4个蚀变带,具有斑岩型矿床典型的中心式面型蚀变特征;通过与国内外典型斑岩型铜金矿床的矿床地质特征及围岩蚀变特征进行对比,提出拿若铜金矿床的矿床成因类型为斑岩型铜金矿床。根据矿体产出地质条件,提出具有钾硅化、绢英岩化和青磐岩化的早白垩世花岗闪长斑岩与中侏罗统色哇组长石石英砂岩及其接触带是重要找矿标志。