Machine learning optimization strategy of shaped charge liner structure based on jet penetration efficiency

Shaped charge liner(SCL)has been extensively applied in oil recovery and defense industries.Achieving superior penetration capability through optimizing SCL structures presents a substantial challenge due to intricate rate-dependent processes involving detonation-driven liner collapse,high-speed jet stretching,and penetration.This study introduces an innovative optimization strategy for SCL structures that employs jet penetration efficiency as the primary objective function.The strategy combines experimentally validated finite element method with machine learning(FEM-ML).We propose a novel jet penetration efficiency index derived from enhanced cutoff velocity and shape characteristics of the jet via machine learning.This index effectively evaluates the jet penetration performance.Furthermore,a multi-model fusion based on a machine learning optimization method,called XGBOOST-MFO,is put forward to optimize SCL structure over a large input space.The strategy's feasibility is demonstrated through the optimization of copper SCL implemented via the FEM-ML strategy.Finally,this strategy is extended to optimize the structure of the recently emerging CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy conical liners and hemispherical copper liners.Therefore,the strategy can provide helpful guidance for the engineering design of SCL.

Selection of shaped charges parameters for producing aluminum particles with velocities in the range of 2.5-16 km/s

Testing rocket and space technology objects in ground conditions for resistance to the impact of meteoroids and fragments of space debris can be carried out using shaped charges. To substantiate the design parameters of shaped charges that ensure the formation of aluminum particles in a wide velocity range(from 2.5 to 16 km/s), numerical modeling of the formation process was carried out within the framework of a two-dimensional axisymmetric problem of continuum mechanics using three different computing codes to increase the reliability of the results. The calculations consider shaped charges with a diameter of 20-100 mm with aluminum liners of various shapes. It is shown that the formation of particles with velocities close to the lower limit of the considered range is ensured by gently sloping segmental liners of degressive thickness. To form higher-velocity particles with velocities over 5 km/s, it is proposed to use combined liners, the jet-forming part of which has the shape of a hemisphere of constant thickness or the shape of a semi-ellipsoid or semi-superellipsoid of rotation of degressive thickness.

Jet formation and penetration performance of a double-layer charge liner with chemically-deposited tungsten as the inner liner

This paper proposes a type of double-layer charge liner fabricated using chemical vapor deposition(CVD)that has tungsten as its inner liner.The feasibility of this design was evaluated through penetration tests.Double-layer charge liners were fabricated by using CVD to deposit tungsten layers on the inner surfaces of pure T2 copper liners.The microstructures of the tungsten layers were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope(SEM).The feasibility analysis was carried out by pulsed X-rays,slug-retrieval test and static penetration tests.The shaped charge jet forming and penetration law of inner tungsten-coated double-layer liner were studied by numerical simulation method.The results showed that the double-layer liners could form well-shaped jets.The errors between the X-ray test results and the numerical results were within 11.07%.A slug-retrieval test was found that the retrieved slug was similar to a numerically simulated slug.Compared with the traditional pure copper shaped charge jet,the penetration depth of the double-layer shaped charge liner increased by 11.4% and>10.8% respectively.In summary,the test results are good,and the numerical simulation is in good agreement with the test,which verified the feasibility of using the CVD method to fabricate double-layer charge liners with a high-density and high-strength refractory metal as the inner liner.

Bore-center annular shaped charges with different liner materials penetrating into steel targets

The bore-center annular shaped charge(BCASC)is a new type of shaped charge which can generate a larger-diameter hole in steel targets than classical shaped charges.In this paper,the influence of three liner materials,i.e.molybdenum,nickel and copper,on BCASC formation and penetrating into steel targets was investigated by experiment and numerical simulation.The simulation results were well consistent with the experimental results.This study showed that,at 0.50D standoff distance,the axial velocity of the molybdenum projectile was lower than that of the nickel and copper projectiles.The nickel and copper projectiles had almost the same head velocity.The absolute values of the radial velocity of the molybdenum projectile head was lower than that of the nickel and copper projectiles.However,at 0.75D standoff distance,the absolute values of the radial velocity of the molybdenum projectile head became much greater than that of the nickel and copper projectile heads.The projectile formed by BCASC with the molybdenum liner had the highest penetration depth of 61.5 mm,which was 10.0%and 21.3%higher than that generated by the copper and nickel projectiles.

Reaction characteristic of PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb composites and application in shaped charge liner

In this paper, the reaction characteristic and its application in shaped charge warhead of a novel reactive material, which introduced copper(Cu) and plumbum(Pb) into traditional polytetrafluoroethylene/aluminum(PTFE/Al), are studied. The thermal analysis and chemical reaction behavior of the PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb mixture are investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC),Thermo-gravimetry(TG), and Xray Diffraction(XRD) techniques. Then, the shaped charge liners with PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb reactive materials are fabricated, and the X-ray experiments show that they could form reactive jets with excellent performance under the detonation effects of the shaped charge. Based on that, the penetration experiments of shaped charge with PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb reactive liner against steel plates are carried out, and the results demonstrate that the PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb reactive jets could produce a deeper penetration depth compared to the traditional PTFE/Al reactive jets. Meanwhile, the PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb reactive jets also show significant inner-blast effects, leading to dramatically cracking or fragmentation behavior of the penetrated steel plates. This new PTFE/Al/Cu/Pb reactive liner shaped charge presents enhanced penetration behavior for steel targets that incorporates the penetration capability of a high-density and ductility jet, and the chemical energy release of PTFE-matrix reactive materials.

Research on the Application of Explosive Network in the Shaped Charge Warhead

With respect to the problems of that the shaped charge warhead currently uses a cover method to improve the penetration power, a method using an explosive network technology as the detonation mode of shaped charge warhead is proposed. In the context of some shaped charge warhead, a synchronous explosive network prototype is designed according to some charge structure parameters, such as the liner and main grain. From the performance comparison test, it can be known that the explosive network not only stably detonates, but also largely improves the penetration power and stability. Experimental results show that explosive network technology is an effective method for improving the penetration power. The results lay a solid foundation for the engineering application of the technology in the shaped charge warhead.

Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Jetting Penetrator Charge at Large Stand-off Distance

In order to study and apply the penetration performance of jetting penetrator charge at long stand-off distance, three jetting penetrator charges(JPC), including spherical cone liner, truncated wide-angle liner and spherical segment liner, are designed. The numerical simulation analysis of the formation, elongation and penetration processes of rod-like jet is conducted by using LS-DYNA software. And the penetrating test is carried out at long stand-off distance. The test results show that the rod-like jet formed by the optimized spherical segment liner can pierce through a 90mm thick 45# steel target at 20 charge diameters(CD) stand-off distance when the charge detonation mode is a central point initiation, and the penetration depth can be up to 1.6CD. It is concluded that, at 20 CD stand-off distance, the penetration performance of JPC with spherical segment liner is the best, that of truncated wide-angle liner takes second place, and that of spherical cone liner is the worst.

Penetration performance of W/Cu double-layer shaped charge liners

Two kinds of W/Cu double-layer shaped charge liner（SCL） were prepared by chemical vapor deposition（CVD） combined with electroforming technique： A SCL with W inner layer and Cu outer layer, B SCL with Cu inner layer and W outer layer. The penetration properties of A and B SCLs were researched. The results show that the two SCLs can form continuous jet and the tip velocities of A and B jets are 7.4 and 6.3 km s^（-1）, respectively. The kinetic energy density（5.3 9 1011 J m-3） of A jet tip increases by 194.4 %compared with that（1.8 9 1011 J m-3） of B jet tip. B jet,however, exhibits deeper penetration depth at the same experimental conditions. The chemical component and microstructure of the area nearby the ballistic perforation were researched. Component analysis shows that both the jets are formed only from inner layer metal. Microstructure analysis shows that martensite and intermetallic form around ballistic perforation penetrated by A SCL due to the intensive interaction between W jet and steel target. The two kinds of newly formed ultrahard phases also hinder the jet from penetrating target further. As a result of relatively alleviative interaction between Cu jet and target, only solid solution rather than ultrahard phases forms around ballistic perforation penetrated by B SCL.

药型罩形状对活性聚能侵彻体成型的影响

结合理论与数值模拟,对3种不同形状药型罩活性聚能侵彻体的成型行为开展了研究.数值模拟结果表明,在聚能效应下,球缺罩和大锥角圆锥罩形成尾部带有碎片云的类杆状活性聚能侵彻体,而小锥角圆锥罩则形成活性射流.相比于活性射流,类杆状活性聚能侵彻体速度较低,但凝聚性较好.进一步结合活性材料反应动力学方程,对活性聚能侵彻体成型激活反应行为进行分析.分析结果表明:活性射流激活区位于杵体外壁、射流头部和轴线附近;随炸高增加,激活区内活性材料反应不断加剧,特别是射流头部和轴线附近材料的反应,将导致活性射流膨胀发散,不利于侵彻;而类杆状活性聚能侵彻体激活区域主要集中在尾部碎片区和杆尾中心部位,化学反应对其影响相对较小.

圆锥-球缺组合药型罩战斗部侵彻双层水间隔靶板

为提升聚能战斗部毁伤性能,基于组合药型罩战斗部的起爆机理,设计一种圆锥-球缺组合药型罩聚能战斗部及双层水间隔靶板结构,建立该战斗部侵彻双层水间隔靶板的物理模型,进行数值模拟计算,根据计算结果加工战斗部及靶板的1∶3缩比模型样机,展开相应试验,为设计全尺寸战斗部样机奠定了基础。试验结果表明:该战斗部侵彻含水夹层目标时具有独特的优势,对目标的破坏效应显著增强。

不同组合式聚能战斗部对水下目标的毁伤研究

为研究不同组合药型罩聚能型鱼雷战斗部对含水复合结构的穿透性能,建立了聚能装药侵彻含水复合结构的数值计算模型,分析了射流成型过程和穿靶过程。结果表明:圆柱-球缺组合罩相比于其他2种组合药型罩对含水复合结构的穿透性能更好,对后效靶造成的穿深最大。圆柱-球缺组合罩形成的射流长度相比于其他2种组合药型罩分别长10.4%和28.9%,头部速度分别高20.6%和54.3%。侵彻含水复合结构时,圆柱-球缺组合罩形成的水下空腔、水介质径向扩展速度均最小,所以在侵彻含水复合结构后得以保留最大的剩余动能,从而对后效靶造成的穿深最大。合理匹配圆柱-球缺药型罩圆柱部直径d和高度h可提升其对含水复合结构的穿透能力,当d=22 mm、h=16 mm时,圆柱-球缺组合罩可对后效靶取得最大穿深411 mm。结论可为聚能型鱼雷战斗部的组合药型罩选择提供参考。

不同药型罩结构对环形EFP成型及侵彻性能影响的数值模拟

为研究不同药型罩结构对环形EFP成型及侵彻性能的影响,利用LS-DYNA动力学分析软件对环形药型罩进行了数值模拟与对比分析。首先设计了环锥形罩、环半球罩和环亚半球罩3种典型药型罩结构,数值模拟发现环亚半球罩成型的环形EFP成型效果最好、侵彻效果最优,但成型过程环形EFP的姿态仍然具有向外偏斜的趋势。进一步采用变壁厚设计思路,对环亚半球罩进行了优化设计,当壁厚偏移量取0.15时,成型的环形EFP不仅具有优良的飞行稳定性,还具有最好的成型和侵彻效果。本研究对于环形药型罩结构设计具有一定的指导意义。

圆柱-双锥结合药型罩结构参数对侵彻性能的影响规律

为提高聚能破甲战斗部的毁伤能力,设计了一种圆柱-双锥结合药型罩。用数值模拟方法,通过对该药型罩的正交优化设计,研究了药型罩圆柱部直径d、高度h、上锥角α、下锥角β对射流头部速度和侵彻深度的影响。研究结果表明,上锥角和圆柱部直径分别是影响射流头部速度和侵彻深度的主要因素。因此,在优化设计中得到了兼顾射流速度和侵彻深度的最佳药型罩结构:d=8 mm、h=12 mm、α=36°和β=56°时,射流头部速度为8 667 m/s,侵彻深度达到173.7 mm。优化设计的研究结果具有一定的实际工程指导意义,可为聚能破甲战斗部的性能提升提供有效的设计方案。

药型罩结构对线型聚能装药侵彻性能影响的仿真研究

为研究药型罩结构对线型聚能装药的影响,采用有限元软件LS-DYNA对不同截顶高度的锥顶、平顶与圆顶结构的线型聚能装药侵彻45钢靶板的过程进行了仿真分析。结果表明:不同结构的线型药型罩对线型聚能装药射流的成形与侵彻性能造成较大影响;平顶结构线型聚能装药在截顶高度为16 mm时有最优侵彻性能,较锥顶结构最大侵彻深度提升6.3%;圆顶结构线型聚能装药在截顶高位为10 mm时有最优侵彻性能,较锥顶结构最大侵彻深度提升15.6%。

典型重金属聚能侵彻体对水介质及后效靶的侵彻特性研究

针对不同材料密度的聚能侵彻体对水介质的侵彻特性和对后效靶的毁伤效果,提出了一种描述射流侵彻水介质过程中速度衰减和头部直径变化的理论模型。结合数值模拟和实验结果,对比了等壁厚或等重量条件下钽合金、钨铜合金和紫铜药型罩所形成的射流杆在穿过一定厚度水介质后对后效钢板的毁伤威力。结果表明:建立的理论模型能够有效描述射流杆的速度衰减和头部变形过程。与紫铜材料相比,钽合金射流杆在水介质中的速度衰减率和头部直径变化程度均相对较小。在射流侵彻和随进水介质的共同作用下,钽合金药型罩聚能战斗部对后效靶的破孔直径增大了20.5%,显著增强水中聚能战斗部的毁伤威力。

炸高对线性聚能装药射流毁伤混凝土墙体效果的影响

采用一种新型线性聚能装药结构,研究了不同炸高时线性聚能装药射流对混凝土墙体的毁伤效应。数值模拟发现,药型罩锥角为80°与50°时,能较好地避免拉断现象。得到了线性聚能装药结构的射流头部速度、侵彻深度随炸高的变化规律。炸高为60 mm时,最佳侵彻深度达130.6 mm。对炸高为60 mm与100 mm时的线性聚能装药进行试验研究。结果表明,炸高100 mm时,侵彻深度达到125.0 mm,与仿真结果吻合较好。验证了该线性聚能装药结构对混凝土墙体的毁伤效果较好。可为线性聚能装药结构的设计与试验研究提供参考。

辅助药型罩对射流性能的影响

辅助药型罩结构能实现超聚能效应,有效地提高破甲威力。为了研究辅助药型罩对射流性能的影响,设计一种辅助型双锥药型罩,通过AUTODYN数值模拟的方法,分析辅助药型罩材料和结构对射流性能的影响。结果表明,当主药型罩采用铜,辅助药型罩材料为钨时,射流综合性能优异;设计主药型罩大锥角70°,小锥角40°,壁厚2 mm,辅助药型罩厚度在2~6 mm时,随着厚度增加,射流性能改善,6 mm时射流性能最佳,辅助药型罩直径在20~28 mm时,26 mm时射流综合性能最佳。

超聚能射流成型特性数值模拟研究

为研究超聚能射流成型规律,利用LS-DYNA软件对不同药型罩结构下射流成型过程进行了数值模拟,对比分析了超聚能射流与聚能射流成型速度、延展性能以及药型罩微元动能分布规律。结果表明,聚能射流和超聚能射流均是由药型罩内表面不断向中间挤压形成,超聚能药型罩形成的射流具有更好的延伸性和射流头部速度,但是超聚能射流初步成型后射流头部速度明显降低约5.8%;相比于锥形聚能药型罩,改进后的超聚能药型罩射流成型后延伸性能提高约60.6%,射流头部速度提高约29.2%;超聚能药型罩射流成型过程中,辅助药型罩动能最小,主药型罩内表面中下部分形成的射流动能最大。

不同聚能射流水下毁伤性能对比分析

为进一步探究药型罩形状在不同壳体结构下的适用性问题及水层厚度影响,本文讨论了球缺形、60°锥角形及圆顶锥形3种药型罩结构及炸高中水层厚度因素对聚能射流毁伤性能的影响。通过对聚能射流形状、速度、头部宽度变化及靶板破口尺寸进行数值分析,发现球缺形药型罩对近距离单层壳结构破坏最大,而对于双层壳结构,圆顶锥形药型罩形成的聚能射流连续性和侵彻效果更优,60°锥角形药型罩次之。随着炸高中水层厚度的增加,靶板破口尺寸增大,并在水层厚度为300 mm附近其增量发生正向突跃。研究表明:控制水层厚度可以进一步增强聚能射流水下毁伤效果,本文研究可为聚能战斗部毁伤性能研究提供参考。

Effect of wave shaper on reactive materials jet formation and its penetration performance

Wave shaper effect on formation behavior and penetration performance of reactive liner shaped charge(RLSC)are investigated by experiments and simulations.The reactive materials liner with a density of2.3 g/cm^3 is fabricated by cold pressing at a pressure of 300 MPa and sintering at a temperature of 380℃.Experiments of the RLSC with and without wave shaper against steel plates are carried out at standoffs of0.5,1.0,and 1.5 CD(charge diameter),respectively.The experimental results show that the penetration depths and structural damage effects of steel plates decrease with increasing the standoff,while the penetration depths and the damage effects of RLSC without wave shaper are much greater than that with wave shaper at the same standoff.To understand the unusual experimental results,numerical simulations based on AUTODYN-2 D code are conducted to discuss the wave shaper effect,including the propagation behavior of detonation wave,the velocity and temperature distribution of reactive jet,and penetration depth of reactive jet.The simulations indicate that,compared with RLSC without wave shaper,there is a higher temperature produced inside reactive jet with wave shaper.This unusual temperature rise effects are likely to be an important mechanism to cause the initiation delay time of reactive jet to decline,which results in significantly decreasing its penetration performance.