A Facile Li_(2)TiO_(3) Surface Modification to Improve the Structure Stability and Electrochemical Performance of Full Concentration Gradient Li-Rich Oxides

Full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides are catching lots of interest as the next generation cathode for lithium-ion batteries due to their high discharge voltage,reduced voltage decay and enhanced rate performance,whereas the high lithium residues on its surface impairs the structure stability and long-term cycle performance.Herein,a facile multifunctional surface modification method is implemented to eliminate surface lithium residues of full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides by a wet chemistry reaction with tetrabutyl titanate and the post-annealing process.It realizes not only a stable Li_(2)TiO_(3)coating layer with 3D diffusion channels for fast Li^(+)ions transfer,but also dopes partial Ti^(4+)ions into the sub-surface region of full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides to further strengthen its crystal structure.Consequently,the modified full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides exhibit improved structure stability,elevated thermal stability with decomposition temperature from 289.57℃to 321.72℃,and enhanced cycle performance(205.1 mAh g^(-1)after 150 cycles)with slowed voltage drop(1.67 mV per cycle).This work proposes a facile and integrated modification method to enhance the comprehensive performance of full concentration gradient lithium-rich layered oxides,which can facilitate its practical application for developing higher energy density lithium-ion batteries.

Directional growth behavior of a(Al) dendrites during concentration-gradientcontrolled solidification process in static magnetic field

The large and small sized Cu（solid）/Al（liquid） couples were prepared to investigate the directional growth behavior of primary a（Al） phase during a concentration-gradient-controlled solidification process under various static magnetic fields（SMFs）.The results show that in the large couples,the α（Al） dendrites reveal a directional growth character whether without or with the SMF.However,the 12 T magnetic field induces regular growth,consistent deflection and the decrease of secondary arm spacing of the dendrites.In the small couples,the α（Al） dendrites still reveal a directional growth character to some extent with a SMF of ≤5 T.However,an 8.8 T SMF destroys the directional growth and induces severe random deflections of the dendrites.When the SMF increases to 12 T,the a（Al） dendrites become quite regular despite of the consistent deflection.The directional growth arises from the continuous long-range concentration gradient field built in the melt.The morphological modification is mainly related to the suppression of natural convections and the induction of thermoelectric magnetic convection by the SMF.

Flow characteristics and regime transition of aqueous foams in porous media over a wide range of quality,velocity,and surfactant concentration

Aqueous foam is broadly applicable to enhanced oil recovery(EOR).The rheology of foam as a function of foam quality,gas and liquid velocities,and surfactant concentration constitute the foundation of its application.The great variations of the above factors can affect the effectiveness of N2 foam in EOR continuously in complex formations,which is rarely involved in previous relevant studies.This paper presents an experimental study of foam flow in porous media by injecting pre-generated N2 foam into a sand pack under the conditions of considering a wide range of gas and liquid velocities and surfactant concentrations.The results show that in a wide range of gas and liquid velocities,the pressure gradient contours are L-shaped near the coordinate axes,but V-shaped in other regions.And the surfactant concentration is a strong factor influencing the trend of pressure gradient contours.Foam flow resistance is very sensitive to the surfactant concentration in both the high-and low-foam quality regime,especially when the surfactant concentration is less than CMC.The foam quality is an important variable to the flow resistance obtained.There exists a transition point from low-to high-quality regime in a particular flow system,where has the maximum flow resistance,the corresponding foam quality is called transition foam quality,which increases as the surfactant concentration increases.The results can add to our knowledge base of foam rheology in porous media,and can provide a strong basis for the field application of foams.

Bottom-up lithium growth guided by Ag concentration gradient in 3D PVDF framework towards stable lithium metal anode

Three-dimensional(3 D)frameworks have received much attention as an effective modification strategy for next-generation high-energy-density lithium metal batteries.However,the top-growth mode of lithium(Li)on the 3 D framework remains a tough challenge.To achieve a uniform bottom-up Li growth,a scheme involving Ag concentration gradient in 3 D PVDF framework(C-Ag/PVDF)is proposed.Ag nanoparticles with a concentration gradient induce an interface activity gradient in the 3 D framework,and this gradient feature is still maintained during the cycle.As a result,the C-Ag/PVDF framework delivers a long lifespan over 1800 h at a current density of 1 mA cm^(-2) with a capacity of 1 mAh cm^(-2),and shows an ultra-long life(>1300 h)even at a high current density of 4 mA cm^(-2) with a capacity of 4 mAh cm^(-2).The advantage of concentration gradient provides further insights into the optimal design of the 3 D framework for stable Li metal anode.

Enhancing Li NiO_(2) cathode materials by concentration-gradient yttrium modification for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

Lithium nickel oxide(LiNiO_(2)) cathode materials are featured with high capacity and low cost for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries but suffer from severe interface and structure instability.Here we report that rationally designed LiNiO_(2) via concentration-gradient yttrium modification exhibits alleviative side reactions and improved electrochemical performance.The LiNiO_(2) cathode with LiYO_(2)-Y_(2) O_(3) coating layer delivers a discharge capacity of 225 mAh g^(-1) with a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 93.4%.These improvements can be attributed to the formation of in-situ modified hybrid LiYO_(2)-Y_(2 O3) coating layer,which suppresses phase transformation,electrolyte oxidation and salt dissociation due to the formation of protective cathode electrolyte interface.The results indicate promising application of concentration-gradient yttrium coating as a facile approach to stabilize nickel-rich cathode materials.

A 3D-printed microfluidic gradient concentration chip for rapid antibiotic-susceptibility testing

The rise of antibiotic resistance as one of the most serious global public health threats has necessitated the timely clinical diagnosis and precise treatment of deadly bacterial infections.To identify which types and doses of antibiotics remain effective for fighting against multi-drug-resistant pathogens,the development of rapid and accurate antibiotic-susceptibility testing(AST)is of primary importance.Conventional methods for AST in well-plate formats with disk diffusion or broth dilution are both labor-intensive and operationally tedious.The microfluidic chip provides a versatile tool for evaluating bacterial AST and resistant behaviors.In this paper,we develop an operationally simple,3D-printed microfluidic chip for AST which automatically deploys antibiotic concentration gradients and fluorescence intensity-based reporting to ideally reduce the report time for AST to within 5 h.By harnessing a commercially available,digital light processing(DLP)3D printing method that offers a rapid,high-precision microfluidic chip-manufacturing capability,we design and realize the accurate generation of on-chip antibiotic concentration gradients based on flow resistance and diffusion mechanisms.We further demonstrate the employment of the microfluidic chip for the AST of E.coli to representative clinical antibiotics of three classes:ampicillin,chloramphenicol,and kanamycin.The determined minimum inhibitory concentration values are comparable to those reported by conventional well-plate methods.Our proposed method demonstrates a promising approach for realizing robust,convenient,and automatable AST of clinical bacterial pathogens.

Two Dimensional Cahn-Hilliard Equation with Concentration Dependent Mobility and Gradient Dependent Potential

In this paper we consider the initial boundary value problem of Cahn-Hilliard equation with concentration dependent mobility and gradient dependent potential. By the L^P type estimates and the theory of Morrey spaces,we prove the Holder continuity of the solutions.Then we obtain the existence of global classical solutions.The present work can be viewed as an extension to the previous work on the Cahn-Hilliard equation with concentration dependent mobility and potential.

Effect of Non-Uniform Basic Concentration Gradient on the Onset of Double-Diffusive Convection in Micropolar Fluid

The effect of non-uniform basic concentration gradient on the onset of double diffusive convection in a micropolar fluid layer heated and saluted from below and cooled from above has been studied. The linear stability analysis is performed. The eigen value of the problem is obtained using Galerkian method. The eigen values are obtained for 1) free-free 2) rigid-free 3) rigid-rigid velocity boundary combination with isothermal temperature condition on spin-vanishing permeable boundaries. The influence of various micropolar parameters on the onset of convection has been analyzed. One linear and five non linear concentration profiles are considered and their comparative influence on onset is discussed and results are depicted graphically. It is observed that fluid layer with suspended particles heated and soluted from below is more stable compare to the classical fluid without suspended particles.

Two Methods to Solve the Ionospheric Electron Concentration Horizontal Gradient at Chongqing

The electron concentration horizontal gradient vector of the ionosphere and its south-north and east-west components over Chongqing station are analyzed and calculated, using the first approximation, time correlation and space correlation and another approach introduced. And then, the validity of the two methods is analyzed and compared.

Effect of transversal concentration gradient on H2–O2 cellular detonation

A two-dimensional detonation in H2–O2 system is simulated by a high-resolution code based on the fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)scheme in the spatial discretization and the 3th-order additive Runge–Kutta schemes in the time discretization,by using a detailed chemical model.The effect of a concentration gradient on cellular detonation is investigated.The results show that with the increase of the concentration gradient,the cell instability of detonation increases and gives rise to the oscillation of average detonation velocity.After a long time,for the case of the lower gradient the detonation can be sustained,with the multi-head mode and single-head mode alternating,while for the higher gradient it propagates with a single-head mode.

Facile preparation of core-shell Si@Li4Ti5O12 nanocomposite as large-capacity lithium-ion battery anode

As a promising alternative anode material,silicon(Si)presents a larger capacity than the commercial anode to achieve large capacity lithium-ion batteries.However,the application of pure Si as anode is hampered by limitations such as volume expansion,low conductivity and unstable solid electrolyte interphase.To break through these limitations,the core-shell Si@Li4Ti5O12nanocomposite,which was prepared via in-situ self-assembly reaction and decompressive boiling fast concentration method,was proposed in this work.This anode combines the advantages of nano-sized Si particle and pure Li4Ti5O12(LTO)coating layer,improving the performance of the lithium-ion batteries.The Si@Li4Ti5O12 anode displays a high initial discharge/charge specific capacity of 1756/1383 m Ahg^-1 at 500 mAg^-1(representing high initial coulombic efficiency of 78.8%),a large rate capability(specific capacity of 620 mAhg^-1 at4000 mAg^-1),an outstanding cycling stability(reversible specific capacity of 883 mAhg^-1 after 150 cycles)and a low volume expansion rate(only 3.3% after 150 cycles).Moreover,the synthesis process shows the merits of efficiency,simplicity,and economy,providing a reliable method to fabricate large capacity Si@Li4Ti5O12nanocomposite anode materials for practical lithium-ion batteries.

CO_2 CONCENTRATION AND FLUX NEAR GROUND IN MARSH OF THE SANJIANG PLAIN OF NORTHEAST CHINA

There is limited information available on CO2 concentration and flux over marsh. The objective of this work was to characterize CO2 concentration and flux within and above marsh plant (Cares lasiocarpa Ehrh. and C. pseudoucuaica F. Schm) canopy at heights 0. 5, 1. 0 and 1. 5 m.CO2 concentration was measured sequentially every 3 bars by using an infrared gas analyzer. Soil and air temperature, wind speed, net radiation and soil heat flux were also measured simultaneously. Extremely drily minimum and maximum CO2 concentration rangal from 250 to 754 μmd/mol for the 4-year work. The typical minimum and maximum values ranged from 314 to 464 μmol/mol at the height of marsh plant (about 0. 5 m) during the fruiting perioed and mature date. The seasonal changes in CO2 concentration show that the minimum CO2 concentration occurred in the fruiting period and mature date, and both of their minimum values were 314 μmol/mol. This illustrates that CO2 consumed by photosynthesis was stable during the period. The flux of CO2 can be thought as a turbulent diffusion phenomenon. By micrometeorological methods, the diurnal CO2 fluxes were measured in the flowering peried, fruiting period, early mature date, late mature date and yellow-ripe stage. Their values were -0. 18, 38. 15,24. 13, 10. 9 and 4. 91 μmol/mol respectively.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON FELDSPAR ORE CONCENTRATION

A series of Fe2O3-elimination experiments were conducted on feldspar samples from Tangshan Stone-powder Plant. These experimental methods include scrubbing desliming, flotation, rod milling and high gradient magnetic separation. Some technical factors of feldspar concentration and a new technological flow-sheet of ceramics raw material concentration were put forward.

改进灰狼算法优化GBDT在PM_(2.5)预测中的应用

针对灰狼算法易陷入局部最优解和全局搜索能力不足的问题,通过霍尔顿序列(Halton Sequence)搜索算法初始化狼群位置,避免灰狼算法陷入局部最优解和重复运算;引入莱维飞行和随机游动策略对灰狼算法的寻优过程进行优化,以增加算法的全局搜索能力;利用粒子群算法模拟灰狼种群得出的最佳适应度以用于惩罚项改进灰狼算法中的头狼更新策略。使用改进算法优化的梯度提升树(Gradient Boosting Decision Trees,GBDT)模型对北京市大气污染物监测数据中PM_(2.5)质量浓度进行预测,采用3种评估函数对各模型以及混合模型预测效果得分进行评估。结果显示,本文改进的灰狼算法对梯度提升树的优化效果优于其他算法,均方根误差E RMS为6.65μg/m^(3),平均绝对值误差E MA为3.20μg/m^(3),拟合优度(R^(2))为99%,比传统灰狼算法优化结果的均方根误差减少了19.19μg/m^(3),平均绝对值误差降低了10.03μg/m^(3),拟合优度增加了9百分点;与霍尔顿序列和莱维飞行改进的(Levy Flight-Halton Sequence,LHGWO)相比,改进的灰狼算法预测得分的均方根误差降低了10.39μg/m^(3),平均绝对值误差减小了6.71μg/m^(3),拟合优度提高了5百分点。研究表明了预测模型优化的有效性,为未来城市改善空气质量提供了科学依据和技术支持。

具有组分梯度的HgCdTe探测器在激光测量中的潜在应用

该文将组分梯度引入HgCdTe探测器结构设计中,提出了一种可以降低PN结附近热激发载流子浓度的方法。建立暗电流机制模型,分析高温下暗电流成份,分析结果表明,降低热激发载流子浓度对结区的影响是提高器件工作温度的关键。利用组分梯度在PN结附近构建不同的电场,不同电场下样品暗电流和噪声电流随温度的变化曲线表明,构建的电场越强,降低结区附近热激发载流子浓度的效果越明显。通过数据分析,提出构建103 V/cm量级的组分梯度内建电场可抑制热激发载流子向结区的扩散运动,有效地降低结区附近热激发载流子浓度。

基于改进目标场法梯度线圈的感应式磁声磁粒子浓度成像研究

感应式磁声磁粒子浓度成像(MACT-MI)是一种基于磁声耦合效应的磁性纳米粒子(MNPs)浓度成像新方法。由于其磁声信号的信噪比低,导致系统成像质量不佳,该文提出一种改善MACT-MI信噪比的新思路:首先,基于经典目标场法(TFM)设计梯度线圈的思路,将最小化磁场相对误差定义为适应度函数,并采用鲸鱼优化算法对电流密度系数进行优化,设计了一种结构灵活、激励简单的高质量梯度磁场线圈;其次,为研究梯度磁场空间分布特征对MACT-MI的影响,该文构建不同的MNPs分布模型,并利用多物理场仿真软件COMSOL对MACT-MI的物理过程进行数值求解,得到成像区域的磁力和声压分布。仿真结果表明,磁力和声压的有效波动范围与梯度磁场均匀空间的大小成正比,且随着均匀空间的缩小,磁力和声压的峰值也随之衰减,通过提高磁场的均匀度可以有效提高磁声信号的信噪比,改善系统成像质量。研究结果可为成像装备的设计以及MACT-MI的后续实验应用提供研究基础。

Cycling performance of layered oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Layered oxide is a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries because of its high-capacity,high operating voltage,and simple synthesis.Cycling performance is an important criterion for evaluating the application prospects of batteries.However,facing challenges,including phase transitions,ambient stability,side reactions,and irreversible anionic oxygen activity,the cycling performance of layered oxide cathode materials still cannot meet the application requirements.Therefore,this review proposes several strategies to address these challenges.First,bulk doping is introduced from three aspects:cationic single doping,anionic single doping,and multi-ion doping.Second,homogeneous surface coating and concentration gradient modification are reviewed.In addition,methods such as mixed structure design,particle engineering,high-entropy material construction,and integrated modification are proposed.Finally,a summary and outlook provide a new horizon for developing and modifying layered oxide cathode materials.

Low-Enthalpy and High-Entropy Polymer Electrolytes for Li-Metal Battery

lonic-conductive solid-state polymer electrolytes are promising for the development of advanced lithium batteries yet a deeper understanding of their underlying ion-transfer mechanism is needed to improve performance.Here we demonstrate the low-enthalpy and high-entropy(LEHE)electrolytes can intrinsically generate remarkably free ions and high mobility,enabling them to efficiently drive lithium-ion storage.The LEHE electrolytes are constructed on the basis of introducing CsPbl_(3)perovskite quantum dots(PQDs)to strengthen PEO@LiTFSI complexes.An extremely stable cycling>1000 h at 0.3 mA cm^(-2)can be delivered by LEHE electrolytes.Also,the as-developed Li|LEHE|LiFePO_(4)cell retains 92.3%of the initial capacity(160.7 mAh g^(-1))after 200 cycles.This cycling stability is ascribed to the suppressed charge concentration gradient leading to free lithium dendrites.It is realized by a dramatic increment in lithium-ion transference number(0.57 vs 0.19)and a significant decline in ion-transfer activation energy(0.14 eV vs 0.22 eV)for LEHE electrolytes comparing with PEO@LiTFSI counterpart.The CsPbl_(3)PQDs promote highly structural disorder by inhibiting crystallization and hence endow polymer electrolytes with low melting enthalpy and high structural entropy,which in turn facilitate long-term cycling stability and excellent rate-capability of lithium-metal batteries.

基于近红外光谱技术的气体浓度检测研究

气体浓度在各领域分析中具有重要意义,由于在气体浓度检测过程中,受光谱维度的影响导致检测结果出现较大的误差,为了降低在测量过程中产生的不利影响,提出基于近红外光谱技术的气体浓度检测研究。通过去势-标准正态变换,校正近红外光谱基线。联合广义S变换和奇异值分解共同去噪近红外光谱,提升光谱质量。基于主成分分析提出偏最小二乘降维法用于降维近红外光谱。以朗伯比尔定律为基础,引入Lorenz线性拟合近红外光谱吸收谱线,采用梯度下降法直接拟合预处理近红外光谱吸收信号,计算得到最终气体浓度检测结果。实验结果表明,所提方法在检测甲苯、丙烷和丙烯气体浓度时,检测结果与实际气体浓度基本一致,有效降低了残差平方和与均方根误差,且检测时间低于2.3 s。

大尺寸优质Cr^(3+)∶BeAl_(2)O_(4)晶体生长与性能研究

本文采用感应加热提拉法结合上称重自动控径技术,成功生长出大尺寸、高质量的翠绿宝石(Cr^(3+)∶BeAl_(2)O_(4))晶体。晶坯等径圆柱体尺寸达到ϕ70 mm×140 mm,晶坯质量超过2800 g。通过冷光源照射晶坯,发现晶坯中心区域ϕ10~15 mm存在气泡。采用5 mW绿光激光照射ϕ8 mm×130 mm的翠绿宝石晶体棒,晶体内部无散射颗粒。利用Zygo激光平面干涉仪对晶体棒进行测试,波前畸变为0.3λ@632.8 nm。用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定了翠绿宝石晶体的铬离子掺杂浓度,并计算出轴向浓度梯度为0.5×10^(-4)~1.9×10^(-4)cm^(-1)(摩尔分数)。用Perkin Elmer Lambda-950紫外可见近红外分光光度计测试了不同掺杂浓度的翠绿宝石晶体在室温下的吸收光谱,并计算了吸收系数。这些研究结果为翠绿宝石晶体的应用提供了重要的基础数据。