A novel Ag/ZnO core-shell structure for efficient sterilization synergizing antibiotics and subsequently removing residuals

The massive use of antibiotics has led to the aggravation of bacterial resistance and also brought environmental pollution problems.This poses a great threat to human health.If the dosage of antibiotics is reduced by increasing its bactericidal performance,the emergence of drug resistance is certainly delayed,so that there's not enough time for developing drug resistance during treatment.Therefore,we selected typical representative materials of metal Ag and semiconductor ZnO nano-bactericides to design and synthesize Ag/ZnO hollow core-shell structures(AZ for short).Antibiotics are grafted on the surface of AZ through rational modification to form a composite sterilization system.The research results show that the antibacterial efficiency of the composite system is significantly increased,from the sum(34.7%+22.8%-57.5%)of the antibacterial efficiency of AZ and gentamicin to 80.2%,net synergizes 22.7%,which fully reflects the effect of 1+1>2.Therefore,the dosage of antibiotics can be drastically reduced in this way,which makes both the possibility of bacterial resistance and medical expenses remarkably decrease.Subsequently,residual antibiotics can be degraded under simple illumination using AZ-self as a photocatalyst,which cuts off the path of environmental pollution.In short,such an innovative route has guiding significance for drug resistance.

Exploring the Core-shell Structure of BaTiO3-based Dielectric Ceramics Using Machine Learning Models and Interpretability Analysis

A machine learning(ML)-based random forest(RF)classification model algorithm was employed to investigate the main factors affecting the formation of the core-shell structure of BaTiO_(3)-based ceramics and their interpretability was analyzed by using Shapley additive explanations(SHAP).An F1-score changed from 0.8795 to 0.9310,accuracy from 0.8450 to 0.9070,precision from 0.8714 to 0.9000,recall from 0.8929 to 0.9643,and ROC/AUC value of 0.97±0.03 was achieved by the RF classification with the optimal set of features containing only 5 features,demonstrating the high accuracy of our model and its high robustness.During the interpretability analysis of the model,it was found that the electronegativity,melting point,and sintering temperature of the dopant contribute highly to the formation of the core-shell structure,and based on these characteristics,specific ranges were delineated and twelve elements were finally obtained that met all the requirements,namely Si,Sc,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Pd,Er,Tm,Lu,Pa,and Cm.In the process of exploring the structure of the core-shell,the doping elements can be effectively localized to be selected by choosing the range of features.

Recent advances in core-shell organic framework-based photocatalysts for energy conversion and environmental remediation

Direct conversion of solar energy into chemical energy in an environmentally friendly manner is one of the most promising strategies to deal with the environmental pollution and energy crisis.Among a variety of materials developed as photocatalysts,the core-shell metal/covalent-organic framework(MOF or COF)photocatalysts have garnered significant attention due to their highly porous structure and the adjustability in both structure and functionality.The existing reviews on core-shell organic framework photocatalytic materials have mainly focused on core-shell MOF materials.However,there is still a lack of indepth reviews specifically addressing the photocatalytic performance of core-shell COFs and MOFs@COFs.Simultaneously,there is an urgent need for a comprehensive review encompassing these three types of core-shell structures.Based on this,this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding and useful guidelines for the exploration of suitable core-shell organic framework photocatalysts towards appropriate photocatalytic energy conversion and environmental governance.Firstly,the classification,synthesis,formation mechanisms,and reasonable regulation of core-shell organic framework were summarized.Then,the photocatalytic applications of these three kinds of core-shell structures in different areas,such as H_(2)evolution,CO_(2)reduction,and pollutants degradation are emphasized.Finally,the main challenges and development prospects of core-shell organic framework photocatalysts were introduced.This review aims to provide insights into the development of a novel generation of efficient and stable core-shell organic framework materials for energy conversion and environmental remediation.

Interfacial reinforcement of core-shell HMX@energetic polymer composites featuring enhanced thermal and safety performance

The weak interface interaction and solid-solid phase transition have long been a conundrum for 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane(HMX)-based polymer-bonded explosives(PBX).A two-step strategy that involves the pretreatment of HMX to endow—OH groups on the surface via polyalcohol bonding agent modification and in situ coating with nitrate ester-containing polymer,was proposed to address the problem.Two types of energetic polyether—glycidyl azide polymer(GAP)and nitrate modified GAP(GNP)were grafted onto HMX crystal based on isocyanate addition reaction bridged through neutral polymeric bonding agent(NPBA)layer.The morphology and structure of the HMX-based composites were characterized in detail and the core-shell structure was validated.The grafted polymers obviously enhanced the adhesion force between HMX crystals and fluoropolymer(F2314)binder.Due to the interfacial reinforcement among the components,the two HMX-based composites exhibited a remarkable increment of phase transition peak temperature by 10.2°C and 19.6°C with no more than 1.5%shell content,respectively.Furthermore,the impact and friction sensitivity of the composites decreased significantly as a result of the barrier produced by the grafted polymers.These findings will enhance the future prospects for the interface design of energetic composites aiming to solve the weak interface and safety concerns.

Fabrication of Core-Shell Hydrogel Bead Based on Sodium Alginate and Chitosan for Methylene Blue Adsorption

A novel core-shell hydrogel bead was fabricated for effective removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions.The core,made of sodium alginate-g-polyacrylamide and attapulgite nanofibers,was cross-linked by Calcium ions(Ca^(2+)).The shell,composed of a chitosan/activated carbon mixture,was then coated onto the core.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the grafting polymerization of acrylamide onto sodium alginate.Scanning electron microscopy images showed the core-shell structure.The core exhibited a high water uptake ratio,facilitating the diffusion of methylene blue into the core.During the diffusion process,the methylene blue was first adsorbed by the shell and then further adsorbed by the core.Adsorption tests showed that the coreshell structure had a larger adsorption capacity than the core alone.The shell effectively enhanced the adsorption capacity to methylene blue compared to the single core.Methylene blue was adsorbed by activated carbon and chitosan in the shell,and the residual methylene blue diffused into the core and was further adsorbed.

Synthesis of core-shell nanostructured Cr2O3/C@TiO2 for photocatalytic hydrogen production

In this study,the Cr2O3/C@TiO2 composite was synthesized via the calcination of yolk–shell MIL-101@TiO2.The composite presented core–shell structure,where Cr-doped TiO2 and Cr2O3/C were the shell and core,respectively.The introduction of Cr^3+and Cr2O3/C,which were derived from the calcination of MIL-101,in the composite enhanced its visible light absorbing ability and lowered the recombination rate of the photogenerated electrons and holes.The large surface area of the Cr2O3/C@TiO2 composite provided numerous active sites for the photoreduction reaction.Consequently,the photocatalytic performance of the composite for the production of H2 was better than that of pure TiO2.Under the irradiation of a 300 W Xe arc lamp,the H2 production rate of the Cr2O3/C@TiO2 composite that was calcined at 500°C was 446μmol h−1 g−1,which was approximately four times higher than that of pristine TiO2 nanoparticles.Moreover,the composite exhibited the high H2 production rate of 25.5μmol h−1 g−1 under visible light irradiation(λ>420 nm).The high photocatalytic performance of Cr2O3/C@TiO2 could be attributed to its wide visible light photoresponse range and efficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes.This paper offers some insights into the design of a novel efficient photocatalyst for water-splitting applications.

Core-shell structured 1,4-benzoquinone@TiO_2 cathode for lithium batteries

Organic carbonyl compounds are considered as promising candidates for lithium batteries due to theirhigh capacity and environmental friendliness, However, they suffer from serious dissolution in the elec-trolyte, leading to fast capacity decay. Here we report core-shell structured 1,4-benzoquinone@titaniumdioxide （BQ@TiO2） composite as cathode for lithium batteries. The composite cathode can deliver a highdischarge capacity of 441.2 mA h/g at 50 mA/g and a high capacity retention of 80.7% after 100 cycles. Thegood cycling performance of BQ@TiO2 composite can be attributed to the suppressed dissolution of BQ,which results from the physical confinement effect of Ti02 shell and the strong interactions between BQand Ti02. Moreover, the combination of ex situ infrared spectra and density functional theory calculationsreveals that the active redox sites of BQ are carbonyl groups. This work provides an alternative way tomitigate the dissolution of small carbonyl compounds and thus enhance their cycling stability.

Raman scattering in In/InOx core-shell structured nanoparticles

The properties of Raman phonons are very important due to the fact that they can availably reflect some important physical information. An abnormal Raman peak is observed at about 558 cm-1 in In film composed of In/InOx core-shell structured nanoparticles, and the phonon mode stays very stable when the temperature changes. Our results indicate that this Raman scattering is attributed to the existence of incomplete indium oxide in the oxide shell.

High-strength Ti-BN composites with core-shell structured matrix and network-woven structured TiB nanowires

A novel architectural Ti composite composed of network-woven structured TiB nanowires in a core-shell structured Ti matrix was fabricated to improve the strength of Ti matrix composites(TMCs),where the shell consists of rich N solute atoms while the core is deficient of N solute atoms through spark plasma sintering of powder mixtures of Ti powder and BN nano-powder.The phase composition,morphology,element distribution,and mechanical properties of prepared samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscope(SEM),electron probe microanalyzer(EPMA),and electronic universal material testing machine.The results indicate that the TMCs with designed architectures have been successfully achieved,and the as-prepared Ti-2BN(wt.%)composite exhibits an ultimate compressive strength of~1.8 GPa with a strain-to-fracture of~9%,while the Ti-1BN(wt.%)attains an ultimate compressive strength of~1.6 GPa and a strain-to-fracture of~20%.Moreover,the roles of the hybrid reinforcement structures in strengthening the Ti composites were discussed.

Fabrication of the Core-Shell Structured ZSM-5@Mg(Al)O and Its Catalytic Application in Propane Dehydrogenation

In this study, a novel core-shell structure of ZSM-5@Mg(Al)O(abbreviated as Z@MA) was designed by using the sol-gel method, and the influence of different weight ratios of Mg(Al)O/ZSM-5 on the structure and catalytic performance was investigated. The as-obtained materials were characterized by XRD, N_2-physisorption, SEM, FT-IR, NH_3-TPD and XPS analyses. The results showed that, with the increase of the weight ratio of Mg(Al)O/ZSM-5, the thickness of Mg(Al)O shell was improved, and the pore structure and physiochemical properties of core-shell materials were directly modified. After introduction of Mg(Al)O, the acidity properties of different materials were significantly suppressed. Meanwhile, more Sn oxide species in Z@MA could facilitate the anchoring of Pt on the support. By effectively employing these modifications, the capacity of the catalysts to accommodate coke was significanty improved and the carbon deposits were migrated from active metal to the carrier. When the weight ratio was equal to 3, the catalyst PtSnNa/Z@MA showed a highest conversion and high selectivity in propane dehydrogenation.

Preparation of Core-shell Structured Particles and Their Nucleation in Polyester:I. Preparation of Monodisperse SiO_2/PS Core-shell Composite Particles

To enhance the nucleation and crystallization properties of polyester (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate, PET), core-shell structured particles are used to improve these properties by controlling the inorganic dispersion properties in the polymers. In the paper, monodisperse particles of silica/polystyrene (PS) are prepared with both dispersion and emulsion polymerization techniques. The monodisperse silicon dioxide particles are first prepared with the seed growth method and modified by the coupling agents. Silica is properly modified with KH-570, and its size deviation is 3.0% or so. The modified silica then reacts with the mixture of ethanol, water medium, and monomer of styrene under dispersion polymerization. Results show that the dispersion polymerization technique is more suitable for monodisperse core-shell SiO2/PS particles than that of the emulsion. The morphology and molecular structure of the core-shell particles are investigated with the transmission electron microscope (TEM), and fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the modified silica particles are successfully encapsulated with polystyrene. The average number of silica particles encapsulated into each polystyrene sphere decreases when the size of silica particles increases from 50 nm to 600 nm, and will approach one when the silica is greater than 380nm in size. The mass ratio for silica/PS particles in emulsion polymerization is 4.7/1, lower than that of 6.8/1 for dispersion polymerization, which is the first reported optimized data for preparing the similar monodisperse composite particles. Thus, the PS shell in the former is thinner than that in the latter.

A Comparative Study on the Selected Area Electron Diffraction Pattern of Fe Oxide/Au Core-shell Structured Nanoparticles

The selected area electron diffraction （SAED） pattern of magnetic iron oxide core/gold shell nanoparticles has been studied. For the composite particles with mean size less than 10 nm, their SAED pattern is found to be different from either the pattern of pure Fe oxide nanoparticles or that of pure Au particles. Based on the fact that the ring diameters of these composite particles fit the characteristic relation for the fcc structure, the Au atoms on surfaces of the concerned particles are supposed to pack in a way more tightly than they usually do in pure Au nanoparticles. The driving force for this is the coherency strain which enables the shell material at the heterostructured interface to adapt the lattice parameters of the core.

Core-shell structured Ru-Ni@SiO_2: Active for partial oxidation of methane with tunable H_2/CO ratio

This study demonstrated that a Ru-Ni bimetallic core-shell catalyst（0.6%Ru-Ni）@Si O2with a proper surface Ru concentration is superior in achieving better catalytic activity and tunable H2/CO ratio at a comparatively lower reaction temperature（700℃）.Compared to the impregnation method,the hydrothermal approach leads to a highly uniform Ru distribution throughout the core particles.Uniform Ru distribution would result in a proper surface Ru concentration as well as more direct Ru-Ni interaction,accounting for better catalyst performance.Enriched surface Ru species hinders surface carbon deposition,but also declines overall activity and H2/CO ratio,meanwhile likely enhances Ni oxidation to certain degree under the applied reaction conditions.Over the current（m%Ru-Ni）@Si O2catalyst,the formation of fibrous carbon species is suppressed,which accounts for good stability of catalyst within a TOS of 10 h.

Fabricating Core-Shell WC@C/Pt Structures and its Enhanced Performance for Methanol Electrooxidation

The spray-dried spheres within a W/Pt multi-separation can be used to prepare discrete core-shell WC@C/Pt catalysts through a typical carburization production mechanism at 800 ℃. In contrast with previous studies of the WC/Pt synthesis, the reaction observed here proceeds through an indirect annealing thereby resulting in core-shell structure, and mechanism at 600℃ wherein species diffuse, Pt nanoparticles were successfully dispersed in size/shape and randomly scattered across the in situ produced C spheres. Through direct carburization or at higher initial hydrochloroplatiuic acid concentrations, however, complete reaction with core-shell spheres was not observed. Indirect carburization reduces the strain felt by the bonds featuring the larger WC WC and Pt nanoparticles to be reserved, stability toward methanol oxidation. particles and allows the motion of carbon around influencing the eleetrocatalytic performance and

Efficient microwave absorption achieved through in situ construction of core-shell Co Fe_(2)O_(4)@mesoporous carbon hollow spheres

Cobalt ferrite(CoFe_(2)O_(4)),with good chemical stability and magnetic loss,can be used to prepare composites with a unique structure and high absorption.In this study,CoFe_(2)O_(4)@mesoporous carbon hollow spheres(MCHS)with a core-shell structure were prepared by introducing CoFe_(2)O_(4)magnetic particles into hollow mesoporous carbon through a simple in situ method.Then,the microwave absorption performance of the CoFe_(2)O_(4)@MCHS composites was investigated.Magnetic and dielectric losses can be effectively coordinated by constructing the porous structure and adjusting the ratio of MCHS and CoFe_(2)O_(4).Results show that the impedance matching and absorption properties of the Co Fe_(2)O_(4)@MCHS composites can be altered by tweaking the mass ratio of MCHS and CoFe_(2)O_(4).The minimum reflection loss of the Co Fe_(2)O_(4)@MCHS composites reaches-29.7 dB at 5.8 GHz.In addition,the effective absorption bandwidth is 3.7 GHz,with the thickness being 2.5 mm.The boosted microwave absorption can be ascribed to the porous core-shell structure and introduction of magnetic particles.The coordination between the microporous morphology and the core-shell structure is conducive to improving the attenuation coefficient and achieving good impedance matching.The porous core-shell structure provides large solid-void and CoFe_(2)O_(4)-C interfaces to induce interfacial polarization and extend the electromagnetic waves’multiple scattering and reflection.Furthermore,natural resonance,exchange resonance,and eddy current loss work together for the magnetic loss.This method provides a practical solution to prepare core-shell structure microwave absorbents.

Confining SnS_(2)@N,S codoped carbon in core-shell beads of necklace-like fibers towards ultrastable anode for flexible potassium-ion battery

Tin sulfide(SnS_(2))with high theoretical capacity and layered structure is a promising anode candidate for potassium-ion batteries(PIBs).However,the sluggish kinetics,huge volume expansion and polysulfide intermediates dissolution restrict its development.To address these issues,a necklace-like hybrid fiber with core–shell beads is designed to achieve the high-performance anode for PIBs.The cores of the beads are assembly by SnS_(2)nanocrystals dotted in N,S codoped carbon(NSC)matrix.Then they are encapsulated by NSC based shell and form the core–shell structured beads internal the hybrid fiber(CSN fiber).The carbon matrix of SnS_(2)@NSC CSN fiber gives fast ion/electron pathways and facilitates to decrease particle aggregation.Meanwhile,N,S codpants favor to trap the polysulfides intermediates and alleviate the sulfur loss during cycling.Moreover,the voids internal the beads further provide the high accommodation to volume change.Taken all above advantages,the SnS_(2)@NSC CSN fiber achieves the excellent high rate capability and ultrastable cycling property,which obtains a low capacity decay rate of 0.013%after 2000 cycles at 2 A g^(-1).Moreover,its good mechanical characteristics ensure the fabrication of the flexible PIB full cell,which achieves the high pliability,superior power/energy density and high reliability in diverse working conditions.Therefore,this work not only gives a new clue to design the highperformance electrode for potassium storage,but also propels the applications of PIBs for diverse electronics.

Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorine-containing Polyacrylate Emulsion with Core-Shell Structure

A fluorine-containing polyacrylate copolymer emulsion was synthesized by a seed emulsion polymerization method, in which methyl methacrylate （MMA） and butyl acrylate （BA） were used as main monomers and hexafluorobutyl methacrylate （HFMA） as fluorine-containing monomer. The structure and properties were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrum （FT-IR）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, particle size analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, contact angle （CA）, differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and thermogravimetry （TG） analysis. The FTIR and TEM results showed that HFMA was effectively involved in the emulsion copolymerization, and the formed emulsion particles had a core-shell structure and a narrow particle size distribution. XPS and CA analysis revealed that a gradient concentration of fluorine existed in the depth profile of fluorine-containing emulsion film which was richer in fluorine and more hydrophobic in one side. DSC and TG analysis also showed that a clear core-shell structure existed in the fluorine-containing emulsion particles, and their film showed higher thermal stability than that of fluorine-free emulsion.

Effect of milling process on the core-shell structures and dielectric properties of fine-grained BaTiO_3-based X7R ceramic materials

Fine-grained BaTiO3-based X7R ceramic materials were prepared and the effects of milling process on the core-shell structures and dielectric properties were investigated using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS）. As the milling time extends, the dielectric constant of the ceramics increases, whereas the temperature coefficient of capacitance at 125℃ drops quickly. The changes in dielectric properties are considered relevant to the microstructure evolution caused by the milling process. Defects on the surface of BaTiO3 particles increase because of the effects of milling process, which will make it easier for additives to diffuse into the interior grains. As the milling time increases, the shell region gets thicker and the core region gets smaller; however, EDS results show that the chemical inhomogeneity between grain core and grain shell becomes weaker.

Synthesis of Ag@Al_2O_3 Core-shell Structure Nanoparticles and Their Enhancement Effect on Dielectric Properties for Ag@Al_2O_3/Polyimide Nanocomposites

A novel core-shell structure Ag@Al2O3 nano-particles were synthesized and doped into polyimide as conductive fillers to prepare the composite films with high dielectric properties and low dielectric loss. The morphology and structures of the Ag@Al2O3 nano-particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and UV-visible spectroscopy. All the results proved that the Ag@Al2O3 nano-parficles had a typical core-shell structure, for the Ag particles were coated by Al2O3 shell and the average sizes ofAg@Al2O3 particles were between 30 to 150 nm. The as-prepared Ag@Al2O3 nanoparticles were doped into the polyimide with different mass fractions to fabricate the Ag@Al2O3/PI composite films via in-situ polymerization process. SEM analysis of composite films showed that the Ag@Al2O3 nano- particles homogeneously dispersed in polyimide matrix with nanoseale. As dielectric materials for electronic packaging systems, the Ag@Al2O3/PI composites exhibited appropriate mechanical properties and erthaneed dielectric properties, including greatly enhanced dielectric constant and just a slight increase in dielectric loss. These improvements were attributed to the core-shell structure of fillers and their fine dispersion in the PI matrix.