Phytochemicals, polyphenols content, in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Albizia coriaria Welw ex. Oliver flowers

Albizia coriaria Welw ex.Oliver(hereafter A.coriaria)is a revered medicinal tree whose organs are used by indigenous African societies for managing various ailments.Herein,we assessed the secondary metabolites,total polyphenolics,free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities of A.coriaria flowers.The dry powdered sample was extracted serially with ethyl acetate,ethanol and distilled water.Results of classical phytochemical screening showed that saponins,phenols,alkaloids,flavonoids,tannins and terpenes were the dominant phytochemicals.The highest total polyphenolic content(10.37±0.02 mg QE/g DW and 72.09±0.09 mg GAE/g DW)and free radical scavenging potential(IC50=24.23±0.04 mg/mL)were for the ethyl acetate extract.It also had a higher bacteriostatic activity than the ethanolic extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Salmonella typhi,Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with diameters of inhibition ranging from 7.00±0.00 to 22.00±1.73 mm.The aqueous extract showed no appreciable antibacterial effect on the tested microorganisms.This is the first report which support the use of floral extracts of this species in the management of ailments in African traditional medicine.

Synaptic and blood-brain barrier structural changes in a rat epilepsy model induced by coriaria lacton Replication experiment with animals

BACKGROUND： Structural and functional synaptic changes, as well as blood-brain barrier （BBB） changes, affect the micro-environment of nervous tissue and excitation, both of which play an important role in epilepsy. OBJECTIVE： To observe synaptic and BBB ultrastructural changes in the motor cortex of a rat epilepsy model induced by coriaria lacton, and to investigate the synaptic and BBB effects on the mechanism of epilepsy. DESIGN： A randomized controlled animal experiment. SETTING： Department of Histology and Embryology, Luzhou Medical College; and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Luzhou Medical College. MATERIALS： Twenty healthy male Sprague Dawley rats, aged 8 weeks, were chosen for this study. The rats weighed （280 ± 50） g and were supplied by the Experimental Animal Center of Luzhou Medical College. Experimentation was performed in accordance with the ethical guidelines for the use and care of animals. The animals were randomly divided into a control group and an epilepsy group, with 10 rats in each group. METHODS： This study was performed at the Department of Histology and Embryology, and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Luzhou Medical College between February and December 2006. According to the protocol, the epilepsy group was injected with 10 μ L/100 g coriaria lacton into the lateral ventricles to establish an epileptic model. The control group rats were not administered anything. Eight days after the model was established, all rats were anesthetized with ether. The motor cortex was removed and sectioned into ultrathin sections. Synaptic and BBB ultrastructural changes were observed by electron microscopy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1）Structural changes of three different parts of the synapses, synaptic cleft width, postsynaptic density thickness, proportion of perforation synapses, curvature of synaptic interface, and length of active zones. （2）Capillary and BBB changes （endothelium, basement membrane, pericyte, and the astrocyte endfeet）. RESULTS： （1）Curvature of synaptic interface, length of active zones, thickness of postsynaptic density, and percentage of perforation synapses increased significantly. （2）There was significant edema in the endothelium, basement membrane, and the pericyte of the epilepsy group; the electron density of the basement membrane was reduced. CONCLUSION： （1） The coriaria lacton treatment altered synaptic ultrastructure, as well as BBB characteristics, in the epileptic rat model, and also improved synaptic transmission efficiency, as well as BBB permeability; （2）Synaptic and BBB ultrastructural changes might play an important role in the mechanism of epilepsy.

Impacts of Coriaria nepalensis colonization on vegetation structure and regeneration dynamics in a mixed conifer forest of Indian Central Himalaya

This study evaluated impacts of Coriaria nepalensis Wall.colonization on soil characteristics,vegetation structure and composition,regeneration status and expected future compositional changes,biomass and carbon stock in tree species of a mixed conifer forest of Central Himalaya.Three sites(1 ha each in an old landslide area)differing in Coriaria density(low:20 individuals ha^(-1);medium:120 indiv.ha^(-1);high:190 indiv.ha^(-1))were used to enumerate the tree species.A total of 9 tree species and 2830 individuals were recorded from the three study sites that represented a gradient of Coriaria density.Number of species varied from 3 to 7 and the individuals from 690 to 1270 per site with lowest numbers at low Coriaria density and highest at medium Coriaria density.The number of seedlings increased with increasing Coriaria density,and the sites were unique in their seedling composition,indicating marked temporal dynamics.Site wise regeneration analysis showed that regeneration was poor at the site with low Coriaria density and good at the high-density site where many species emerged as seedlings.These results indicate that the ameliorative effects of Coriaria in terms of soil buildup,and accumulation of nutrients and organic matter helped more species to colonize the area.This facilitative ability of Coriaria can be used to restore degraded forest ecosystems of Indian Central Himalaya.

Effects of coriaria lactone-activated,astrocyte-conditioned medium on estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor expression in rat cortical and hippocampal neurons

BACKGROUND： Coriaria lactone-activated astrocytes released bioactive substances that eventually caused epilepsy. OBJECTIVE： It has been suggested that activated astrocytes alter the expression of the estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor by releasing bioactive substances during epilepsy, thereby affecting neuronal activity in the brain. This study was designed to observe the expression of the estrogen receptor and the progesterone receptor in rat brain following lateral ventricle injection of coriaria lactone-activated, astrocyte-conditioned medium. DESIGN AND SETTING： This immunohistochemical, randomized, controlled, animal study was conducted at the Department of Pathology, Hospital Affiliated to Binzhou Medical College, China. MATERIAL： Coriaria lactone was provided by Huaxi Pharmaceutical Factory, China. METHODS： Forty adult, healthy, male, Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into two groups. Astrocyte-conditioned medium （10 μ L） was injected into rat lateral ventricle in the control group （n = 8）. Coriaria lactone-activated, astrocyte-conditioned medium （10 μL） was infused into the rat lateral ventricle in the coriaria lactone group （n = 32）. At 2, 4, 8 and 12 hours following injection, rats were sacrificed and subjected to immunohistochemistry. Eight rats were studied at each time point. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Behavioral changes were observed in rats of both groups. Expression of the estrogen receptor and the progesterone receptor in rat cortical and hippocampal neurons was measured using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： Four hours after injection, estrogen receptor levels in rat cortical and hippocampal neurons were significantly higher in the coriaria lactone group than in the control group （P 〈 0.05）. Progesterone receptor levels were significantly lower in the coriaria lactone group than in the control group （P 〈 0.05）. Seizures were not observed in the control group. In the coriaria lactone group, convulsions appeared 30 minutes after injection; seizures reached grade Ⅲ at 45 minutes rat behavior was nearly normal at 2 hours. CONCLUSION： Activated astrocytes can induce seizures in the rat by enhancing estrogen receptor expression and decreasing progesterone receptor expression in cerebral cortical and hippocampal neurons.

Effect of Coriaria Lactone on Membrane Potential of Hippocampal Neurons in Rats

Intracellular recording method of electrophysiology was used to study the effect of microinjection of coriaria lactone (CL) into hippocampus on membrane potential of hippocampal neurons in rats. The membrane potential in 34 neurons of 12 rats were recorded. The results showed that CL induced depolarization of all of 34 neurons examined. Among the 34 neurons, 15 had paroxysmal depolarization accompanied by spike discharge in cluster and spike discharge in cluster ceased when membrane was hyperpolarized, 7 showed continuous depolarization accompanied by continuous spike discharge and 12 had only depolarizing response. The results suggest that injection of CL into hippocampus may lead to an increase of excitability of local neurons accompanied by different patterns of epileptioform discharge.

The Effect of Coriaria Lactone on NMDA Receptor Mediated Currents in Rat Hippocampal CA1 Neurons

Summary: To investigate the exact mechanism of epileptogenesis induced by coriaria lactone (CL), the effect of CL on NMDA receptor mediated current (IAsp) in rat hippocampal CA1 neu- rons was investigated by using nystatin perforated whole-cell patch clamp. 10-6-10-4 mol/L Asp acted on NMDA receptors and elicited an inward current (IAsp) at a holding potential (VH) of -40 mV in presence of 10-6 mol/L glycine and absence of Mg2+ extracellularly. CL enhanced NMDA receptor mediated current induced by Asp, but had no effect on threshold concentration, EC50, Hill coefficient as well as maximal-effect concentration and reversal potential of IAsp. The effect had no relationship with holding potential. These results showed that CL could enhance NMDA receptor mediated current to increase [Ca2+]i of neurons by acting on Gly site, thereby inducing epilepsy.

Distribution and morpho-anatomical characterization of ’Beket’(Coriaria japonica subsp. intermedia(Matsum) T.C. Huanh) in Cordillera Central Range, Northern Philippines

Coriaria,the only genus under family Coriariacea,receives a lot interest among botanist due to its controversial taxonomic treatment and unique phytochemistry that could be commercially important.The populations of Coriaria japonica subsp.intermedia in Cordillera Central Range(CCR),Philippines had never been studied in detail.With the need for more information on this controversial genus,the study deemed it necessary to present the distribution and morpho-anatomical description of C.japonica subsp.intermedia in CCR.A total of 123 populations were documented,found at an elevation range of 1334 to 2494 m asl and stretched between16°31’37.7"to 17°5’47.8"N and 120°39’40.3"to120°55’48"E.Mapping these populations showed a narrow linear pattern of distribution concentrated at the southern portion of CCR.The plant is a shrub with simple leaves,collateral buds,raceme inflorescence,bisexual flowers with persistent perianth forming an accessory fruit after fertilization.In terms of anatomy,much are of the usual dicot characters such as dorsiventral leaf with stomata concentrated in the lower epidermis,eustele with pith in the stem andpresence of secondary growth both on old stem and old root.Interesting findings of the study include the123 populations,the larger leaf measurements,longer petals and larger fruits than the original description given by Matsumura.Also,the paracytic type of stomata and presence of pith in the primary roots of C.japonica subsp.intermedia are interesting since these are common monocot characters while the plant is dicot.These findings are additional information that could help clear the controversies on the genus Coriaria.More importantly,our results could provide essential information for understanding the plant and for developing conservation strategies not just for this plant but also for the other related plants in the CCR biogeographical zone.

Sumac (<i>Rhus coriaria</i>L.): Scolicidal Activity on Hydatid Cyst Protoscolices

Background: Few anthelmintics are available for the treatment of hydatid disease caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus. The appearance of resistance to synthetic anthelmintics and the adverse side effects of chemical drugs, stimulated the research of alternatives, such as medicinal plants. In the present study, the scolicidal effect of methanolic extract of sumac (Rhus coriaria) was investigated. Methods: Protoscolices were aseptically collected from sheep livers containing hydatid cysts. Three concentrations of sumac extract (10, 30 and 50 mg/mL) were used for 10, 20 and 30 min. Viability of protoscolices was confirmed by 0.1% eosin staining. Results: While the rate of dead protoscolices was 16.93% in the ontrol group, when protoscolices were exposed to sumac extract at the concentration of 10 mg/mL , the rate of dead protoscolices increased to 94.13%, 97.67% and 100% after 10, 20 and 30 minutes, respectively. The mortality rate of protoscolices increased to 98.89%, and 100% when they were exposed to 30 mg/mL concentration of sumac extract for 10 and 20 minutes respectively. One hundred percent mortality rate was observed at concentration of 50 mg/mL after 10 min of exposure. Conclusions: This in vitro study showed that methanolic extract of R.coriaria may be considered as an effective natural scolicidal agent.

Effect of Coriaria lactone on cytosolic free calcium of cultured neurons from rat cerebral cortex

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Food preference of the rove beetle, Atheta coriaria Kraatz （Coleoptera： Staphylinidae） under laboratory conditions

A study, involving laboratory choice tests, was conducted to determine the feeding behavior, based on food preference, of the adult and larval stage of the rove beetle, Atheta coriaria Kraatz when presented with both fresh moistened oatmeal and second instar fungus gnat, Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila （Lintner） larvae in Petri dishes. Rove beetles used in this study came from a laboratory-reared colony. A rating scale from 1 to 5, based on percent missing （1 = 0 to 10%, 2 = 11 to 30%, 3 = 31 to 50%, 4 = 51 to 75%, and 5 = 76 to 100%）, was used to objectively assess the amount of oatmeal and number of fungus gnat larvae consumed by each rove beetle adult and larva. In all the choice tests, A. coriaria adults and larvae preferred to feed on fungus gnat larvae （78% and 69%, respectively） significantly more so than oatmeal （9% and 5%, respectively） based on the amount of oatmeal and number of fungus gnat larvae consumed after 4 and 6 hours. There were relatively minimal differences in the amount of food consumed for both adults and larvae after 4 and 6 hours. The results of this study indicate that oatmeal may be an inexpensive supplemental food source, during the rearing process, which will not inhibit the effectiveness of rove beetles to control fungus gnat larvae when released into greenhouses.

Rhus coriaria L. increases serum apolipoprotein-A1 and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels： a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial

Background： Lipid-lowering effect ofRhus coriaria L. （Rhus） has been investigated in multiple animal stud- ies with promising results. Nonetheless, its clinical efficacy has not been adequately examined. Objective： The aim of this study was to evaluate the lipid-lowering effects of Rhus among patients with hyperlipidemia. Design, setting, participants and interventions： The study was designed as a two-arm, double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, using a parallel design. Eighty patients with primary hyper- lipidemia were randomly assigned to receive Rhus capsules or placebo for 6 weeks. Main outcome measures： The serum lipid levels, apolipoprotein-A1 （Apo-A1） and apolipoprotein-B （Apo-B） were measured. Results： Mean serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C） and Apo-Al levels were significantly increased in the Rhus group, compared with the placebo group, after 6 weeks of intervention （P= 0.001）. The analysis of covariance test including age, gender, body mass index （BMI）, and smoking as co-variables revealed that the increase in HDL-C and Apo-A1 levels remained significant, and increases in HDL-C were dependent on the increase in Apo-A1 levels. No significant difference was observed between Rhus and placebo groups in terms of mean reductions in total cholesterol, low-density lipopro- tein cholesterol and triglyceride levels; however, more significant improvement was observed among obese patients （BMI≥ 30 kg/m^2）. Conclusion： The study showed significant increases in HDL-C and Apo-Al levels in response to Rhus sup- plementation in patients with hyperlipidemia. Trial registration： ClinicalTrials.gov ID： NCT02295293.

New compounds from the roots of Coriaria nepalensis

One new sesquiterpene lactone, corialactone E （1）, one new neolignan, coriarianeolignan A （2）, together with three known apocarotenoids （3-5） and one known neolignan （6） have been isolated from a CHCI3 extract of the roots of Coriaria nepalensis. The structures including absolute configurations of 1-6 were elucidated through extensive NMR, HR-ESIMS, and CD data analysis. Structurally, compound I possessed novel variations in the structure, including the newly formed ether ring of C-3/O/C-9 and the lactone ring connecting C-13 and C-5. Compound 5 showed cytotoxic activity against SKOV3 （human ovarian cancer） cells with IC50 values of 4.67 μmol/L. In vivo system, compound 3 showed anti-convulsant activity by 34% at the dose of 5 mg/kg.

Nodulation and molecular characterization of pure culturesisolated from root nodules of Coriaria nepalensis

Four strains with typical morphology of actinomycete genus of Frankia were isolated from root nodules of Coriaria nepalensis. They were shown to nodulate the seedlings of host plant and hybridize with Frankia 16S rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probes, indicating that they did belong to the genus Frankia. Furthermore, by nifHDK probe hybridizations, the homologous fragments of nifHDK genes were detected among the bacteria, and they were located in various sizes of restriction fragments of total DNA, showing diverse patterns of restriction fragment length polymorphisms of nifHDK gene (nifHDK_RFLPs). The PCR_based amplification and cloning of nifH gene throw light on the molecular phylogeny of Coriaria_infective Frankia.

Two new compounds from Coriaria nepalensis

二新混合物， corialins A (1 ) 和 B (2 ) 从 Coriaria nepalensis 墙被孤立。这些新混合物作为 7-hydroxy-3- 被建立[2,3-acetonide-(3-methylbutane )] 香豆素(1 ) 和 3-O--d-glucopyranosyl-3,4,5-trihydroxy-1-(3-methyl-2-butenyl ) 苯(2 ) ，根据 1D 和 2D NMR 技术。

生态修复树种马桑的埋条繁殖研究

为快速培育生态修复树种马桑幼苗,研究选取了1年生和2年生的马桑枝条作为埋条,埋条年龄和组别为完全随机试验,生长调节剂种类、生长调节剂浓度、处理时间采用了L9(34)正交表的正交试验设计,共18个处理组合,测定了萌发率、地径、基径和、苗高、抽梢数、新梢生长量等生长指标,分析了埋条枝条年龄和生长调节剂对马桑埋条的影响,并采用隶属函数法探讨了最适宜的埋条生长组合。结果表明:埋条枝条年龄对马桑埋条的苗高、新梢数具有显著影响,2年生的马桑埋条的苗高、新梢数显著好于1年生的;生长调节剂种类对马桑埋条的影响效果不显著;生长调节剂浓度对马桑埋条苗高有显著影响,其中100 mg/L浓度水平的苗高显著高于其他水平,2000 mg/L浓度水平的苗高显著低于其他水平。处理时间对马桑埋条苗高具有显著性差异影响,其中2 h处理的苗高显著高于其他水平,30 min处理的苗高显著低于其他水平。2a:IBA+NAA(1∶1):100 mg/L:2 h处理下的马桑埋条的隶属函数值最高,这种处理的马桑的萌发率、基径和、新梢生长量最高,地径、苗高也位列前三。总体来说,生长调节剂和埋条年龄对马桑埋条生长,尤其是马桑苗高生长影响显著。

马桑化学成分研究

以河南省西峡县采集的马桑为原料 ,经乙醇回流提取 ,通过硅胶柱、高效液相制备柱对氯仿段进行分离 ,得到9个化合物 ,根据理化性质和光谱数据鉴定其结构分别为豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇、高级脂肪酸及其酯 ,其中 ,8个化合物为首次从该植物中得到 .

癫痫大鼠海马和大脑皮质糖皮质激素受体变化的观察

为了探讨糖皮质激素受体（ＧＲ）与癫痫发病机制间的关系，本研究应用免疫细胞化学ＰＡＰ法显示马桑内酯致痫大鼠海马和大脑皮质内ＧＲ的变化，并用显微图像分析仪进行检测分析。结果显示：ＧＲ主要表达在海马回的锥体细胞层、齿状回颗粒细胞层及大脑皮质各层，特别是Ⅳ、Ⅴ层。ＧＲ免疫反应主要定位于细胞核内，胞浆内有较弱的免疫反应。图像分析及统计学处理表明：癫痫大鼠海马回、齿状回、大脑皮质含ＧＲ免疫反应阳性细胞数目、平均总面积、平均光密度均明显低于对照鼠，有极显著性差异。

马桑提取物的抑菌作用和抑菌机理的初步研究

From the experiment of extraction of leaves of Coriaria sinica Maxim leaves and the effective inhibitory against 19 kinds of the fungus and bacteria,the result showed the alcoholoes compounds was more efficious than aliphatic compounds to every microoganism.For Ralstonia solanacearum as an example,Studying on the way of the suppression medicament working,it was found that the compoundscan controled Ralstonia solanacearum during its logarithmic phaseand stable trophophase.Through the photos of electron microscope,it was found that the compound can make the bacteria’chromatin pycnosis and appeard many(vacuoles,)destruct the formation of the cell wall then break the bacteria.

马桑内酯致痫大鼠海马内c－fos原癌基因表达及谷氨酸免疫反应的变化

用免疫细胞化学双重染色法对马桑内酯致痫大鼠齿状回及海马回ＣＡ３区内原癌基因表达、谷氨酸免疫反应的变化及其相互关系进行了研究。一侧侧脑室内注射马桑内酯诱发癫痫后，在双重免疫细胞化学染色的切片上，齿状回及海马回ＣＡ３区内均有３种不同类型的细胞：谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）单标细胞、Ｆｏｓ单标细胞和Ｆｏｓ／Ｇｌｕ双标细胞。癫痫发作后１ｈ，注射侧齿状回有大量Ｆｏｓ／Ｇｌｕ双标细胞，而海马回ＣＡ３区仅有散在的双标细胞；癫痫发作后１．５ｈ，海马回ＣＡ３区双标细胞数明显增多。Ｆｏｓ单标细胞数及谷氨酸免疫反应性与双标细胞数是平行的。根据以上结果，本文对马桑内酯致痫的机制进行了讨论。

秦岭马桑籽化学成分研究

用来自秦岭的马桑籽,经乙醇回流提取,通过硅胶柱、高效液相制备柱分离得到3个内酯类和一个芳香类化合物,根据光谱数据鉴定其结构分别为羟基马桑毒素(tutinⅠ)、马桑亭(coriatinⅡ)、马桑宁(corianinⅢ)和香草醛(vanillinⅣ)。其中马桑亭是第一次在马桑种籽中得到,香草醛是从该植物中新发现的物质。