Hypoglycemic effect and the mechanism of action of a polysaccharide from sweet corncob in a high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a metabolic disease caused by a glycolipid metabolism disorder and isletβ-cell dysfunction.SCP-80-I is a biologically active water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from sweet corncob,an agricultural byproduct.The hypoglycemic effects of SCP-80-I on T2DM mice and its mechanisms were investigated in this study.SCP-80-I was found to significantly reduce blood glucose and lipid deposition levels in T2DM mice,as well as decrease serum leptin and increase adiponectin secretion.Interestingly,real time-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and Western blotting results revealed that SCP-80-I could regulate the expression of several glycolipid metabolisms and insulin secretion genes and proteins,including 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK),carnitine palmitoyltransferase I(CPTI),and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase(ACC)in the liver and AMPK,sirtuin1(Sirtl),peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorycoactivator-1(PGC-1α),and uncoupling protein 2(UCP2)in the pancreas.To have a hypoglycemic effect,SCP-80-1 regulated glycolipid metabolism and islet cell function in the liver by regulating the AMPK/AC C/CPT1 signaling pathway and the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1αand AMPK/Sirtl/UCP2 signaling pathways.These findings improve our understanding of polysaccharides derived from sweet corncob and the use of SCP-80-I in the production of hypoglycemic foods.

ω-3 Rich Tetracarpidum conophorum Oil Exhibits Better Prevention Effects for Cardiovascular Risk Factors than Corn Oil in Adult of Albinos Wistar Male Rats

Cardiovascular diseases are serious pathologies that affect an increasing number of people. Several preventive measures are generally used, including supplementing of oils in foods. Our objective was to compare the effects of Tetracarpidum conophorum oil (TC) and corn oil (CO) on serum lipid profiles of normal male rats. 42 Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups. Diets included TC oil (groups TC5, TC10 and TC20) and corn oil (groups CO5, CO10 and CO20) in proportions of 5%, 10% and 20%, with a control group (T). After 5 weeks of feeding, several parameters were measured during and after the study, including body weight, food intake and organ weights (kidney, liver and fat). Lipid profiles (total cholesterol, TG, HDL and LDL), glucose and protein levels were measured in the serum. The increase in body mass was inversely proportional to the amount of oil in the food. The decrease in body mass and adiposomatic index of group TC10 was significant (p < 0.05) compared with the other groups. The lowest glycaemia (64.17 ± 5.14 mg/dl) was noted with the diet containing 20% TC oil. A significant reduction in total cholesterol, LDL fraction and blood triglycerides was observed in the groups supplemented with TC and corn oils compared to controls. Results were also more beneficial for the TC10 group. HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the oil-supplemented groups than in the control group. Castelli’s risk indices decrease significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing oil content for TC. The oils had no impact on blood protein contents. One can conclude that a diet containing 10% crude oil from TC kernels could prevent or alleviate cardiovascular diseases and glycemia.

Corncobs as Substrate for Oleaginous Yeast-Pretreatment via Steam Explosion and Hydrolysis

Corn cobs are a promising lignocellulosic substrate for the production of biofuels like bioethanol via conventional yeast or biodiesel via oleaginous yeast. Pretreatment of the substrate is essential for further hydrolysis and fermentation steps. This study focused on the steam explosion method as pretreatment. Therefore, different steam explosion severities were evaluated. The content of glucan, xylan and Klason lignin was examined. Xylan degraded with increasing severity from 412.7 g·kg-1 （untreated） to a minimum of 127.3 g-kg1 dry matter （190 ℃/30 min）. Glucan concentrations increased from 315.1 g·kg1 （untreated） to a maximum of 371.6 g·kg-1 dry matter （200 ℃/20 min）. For soluble lignin, an increase could be observed at rising severity, from 145.3 g·kg-l （untreated） to a maximum of 214.9 g·kg-1 dry matter （190 ℃/30 min）. Furthermore, the mass recovery was calculated. At harsher pretreatment conditions, a significant mass loss was observed, estimated by the ash content in the recovered dry matter. The lowest recovery rate was observed for SF = 4.13 （190 ℃/30 min） with 68.39%. The produced inhibitors were evaluated.

基于玉米芯生物炭的磁性固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定环境水中13种三嗪类除草剂的含量

以玉米芯为母体,通过化学沉淀法制备磁性玉米芯生物炭材料,并采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和红外光谱仪表征。取环境水样5.0 mL,加入150 mg磁性玉米芯生物炭材料,涡旋4 min,在试管底部外壁放置磁铁,吸附磁性玉米芯生物炭材料,将上层清液全部弃去。加入1.0 mL水,涡旋1 min,弃去溶液。加入1.0 mL乙酸乙酯(洗脱剂),涡旋4 min,收集乙酸乙酯洗脱液,按照气相色谱-质谱法测定。结果显示,合成的磁性玉米芯生物炭材料具有丰富的孔隙结构,近似球形的Fe3O4颗粒均匀分布在玉米芯生物炭的表面,对三嗪类除草剂的吸附过程符合朗缪尔等温吸附模型,其吸附机理为单层吸附,最大理论吸附容量为0.604 mg·g^(-1)。13种三嗪类除草剂的质量浓度分别在0.05~10.00 mg·L^(-1)(脱乙基莠去津、莠去通、莠去津、敌草净、嗪草酮、西草净、莠灭净、扑草净、特丁净、异丙净和氰草津)和0.02~10.00 mg·L^(-1)(特丁通和环嗪酮)内和峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为0.01~0.02 mg·L^(-1);按照标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率为87.1%~110%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.8%~5.6%(日内精密度试验结果)和2.9%~7.9%(日间精密度试验结果)。方法用于疑似投毒环境水样的分析,检出了扑草净,检出量为5.3 g·L^(-1)。

Binding Ability of Corn Cobs Hemicellulose toward Cadmium

Non-Starch Polysaccahride (NSP) is an agricultural byproduct containing of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Hemicellulose has a hydroxyl functional group and carboxylic function on the monomer hemicellulose used as a binding ability for cadmium ion and hence as a pharmaceutical active ingredient to prevent cadmium toxicity. The purpose of this study is to isolate and evaluate hemicelluloses from corn cobs as a binding ability toward cadmium ion. The study is conducted by isolating the corn cobs in such way using 0.2 M NaOH, characterization of hemicellulose from corn cobs produced by Infra Red Spectrofotometry. Binding ability of corn cobs hemicellulose (CCH) was done in 3 ways. The first, it was by titrimetric with cadmium 3 mg/cm3 as a titrant and indicator of 0.05 N NaOH. The second, it was by in vitro test at pH 2 as a comparison to use pectin. The third, the in vivo test was conducted in 3 variations of treatment covering CCH 10 mg, 100 mcg of cadmium for 10 weeks. Assay of cadmium was conducted using atomic absorption spectrophotometry with flame at a wavelength of 228.8 nm. The research result showed that the highest yield of hemicellulose (12.04%) was obtained from delignication with 0.03 M NaOH in 60% ethanol and 3% H2O2, hemicellulose isolation with 500 cm3 of 0.2 M NaOH, and precipitation with 1:4 ratio of 10% acetic acid in 95% ethanol. Characteristics of CCH on infrared vibration methods provide vibrational hemicellulose in the region of 1820-1600 cm-1. It meant that the functional group carbonyl was present, and the vibration widened near 3400-2400 cm-1. It indicated that there was the functional group vibration region of hydroxyl. It also meant that there was carboxylic group and finger print at 1500-500 cm-1. Test results of the titrimetric holding ability showed that CCH was binding 100 mg of cadmium (46.17 ± 0.9256) mg or 46.17%. Binding ability test results at pH 2 showed that 300 mg of CCH yield was binding 30 mg cadmium of (26.68 ± 0.1490) mg or 88.93%. The results of in vivo tests showed that cadmium levels decreased by 95.05%. Based on the exposure, it can be concluded that the CCH isolation yields of 12.04% and can reduce cadmium levels in the blood. It means that the CCH can be used as a chelating agent of cadmium ions by in vitro and in vivo.

Effect of Varying Corn Cob and Rice Husk Ashes on Properties of Moulding Sand

The use of rice husk and corn cob ashes as aggregates for foundry moulding sand has been studied. 5-12.5 weight percent of rice husk and corn cob ashes were added to the sand mixture and the sand properties determined. A mixture of equal proportion of rice husk and corn cob ashes was also used. In each case, four weight percent water and clay were added to the sand mixture. Some of the properties of the sand tested are: permeability, green compression strength, dry compression strength, green shear strength, dry shear strength, moisture content and permeability. The results showed that the green compression strength, green shear strength, moisture content and permeability decrease with increase in the additives (rice husk ash, corn cob ash, and (50% rice husk and 50% corn cob ashes). While dry compression strength and dry shear strength increase with increase in weight percent of the additives.

Production and Characterization of Green Biosorbent Based on Modified Corn Cob Decorated Magnetite Nanoparticles

In most developing countries, particularly in the countries of sub-Saharan Africa, corn cobs are considered as waste polluting the environment during the harvest period of this cereal. In order to valorize this agricultural waste, high-performance, inexpensive and low-energy consumption magnetic bioadsorbents were prepared from corn cobs. The chemically activated raw corn cob was magnetized by coating the surface with magnetite nanoparticles. The prepared biosorbents were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM associated with EDX, HR-TEM, TG analysis, BET surface area analysis and XPS. The maximum specific surface area of 35.22 m2/g was reached. An attempt to use of these magnetic biosorbents for the removal of heavy metal like Cr(VI) from aqueous solution was envisaged.

Corn cob modified by lauric acid and ethanediol for emulsified oil adsorption

Corn cob is a naturally renewable material with developed micropore and hydrophobic characteristics, which enables it to show good oil adsorption capacity. In order to improve oil adsorption capacity, corn cob was modified with lauric acid and ethanediol. The structure of raw and modified corn cob was investigated using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) method, thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and Ze Ta potential analyzer. The effects of p H level, adsorption time, adsorbent dosage, and initial oil concentration on oil absorbency of corn cob were studied. The results indicate that the modification significantly improved the lipophilicity of corn cob, making the modified corn cob with much better adsorption capacity on oil absorbency. Compared with raw corn cob, the maximum saturated adsorption capacity of modified corn cob is 16.52 mg/g at p H 5, and the increasing percentage is found to be 141%, which indicates that the modification causes a better adsorption capacity for oil removal. In addition, due to high oil adsorption capacity, affordable price and low secondary pollution, the modified corn cob could be considered promising alternative for the traditional oil adsorbent to clean up the emulsified oily water.

Comparison of Dilute Organic Acid Pretreatment and a Comprehensive Exploration of Citric Acid Pretreatment on Corn Cob

As an important agricultural waste,corn cob is one of the most abundant lignocellulosic biomass.In this work,dilute acid pretreatment using seven different organic acids were compared for compositional analysis of corn cob.The first pKa of organic acids,influenced by the number and type of the side group and distance between two carboxylic groups,played a crucial role in the pretreatment effect.Citric acid was found to have better pretreatment performance than other tested dicarboxylic acids.Under the condition of 30 mM,160°C and 60 min,the level of xylose reached 22.64 g/L in pretreatment liquid,and the pretreated corn cob demonstrated the high enhancement of enzymatic hydrolysis up to 93.4%and the ethanol yield was 73.6%.

Development of Silica Nanoparticle from Corn Cob Ash

Silica from corn cob ash (CCA) was extracted via sol-gel, and nanostructured with templating concept, these resulted in silica nanoparticle. Silica and mineral contents of CCA were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed amorphous nature of extracted silica. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) data indicated the presence of siloxane and silanol groups. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of nanostrurtured silica reviled average particle size of 54 nm, Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) study indicates the particles to possess disorder morphology with the particle attached to each other through grain boundary to form agglomerated structure, and SEM analysis shows that particle size varies from 44 nm - 98 nm in diameter, with an average diameter of 55nm. EDS spectrum confirms SiO2.

Optimization of Micro Crystalline Cellulose Production from Corn Cob for Pharmaceutical Industry Investment

MCC （micro crystalline cellulose） is a very important product in pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics and other industries. MCC can be made from any natural cellulose materials that have high content of cellulose ranging from pure cellulose, commercial grade cellulose to lignocellulosic materials. In this work, Beeswing （-20 L） and Chaff （5/8） which are the parts of corn cobs were used as raw materials to produce MCC via alkaline degradation, bleaching and hydrolysis. The optimum conditions of alkaline degradation, bleaching and hydrolysis were studied. MCC samples that prepared from -20 L and 5/8 were characterized through XRD （X-ray diffraction）, SEM （scanning electron microscopy） and compared with the commercial MCC （Avicel PH 101）. The results show that the degree of crystallinity of alkaline degradation, bleaching and hydrolysis obtained at 10% of NaOH 95 ~C for 2 h, NaCIO21.5 g 10% of acetic acid 0.5 mL 70 ~C for 2 h, 2 N of HC1, 105 ~C for 1 h showed maximum values which are 77.07%, 75.07% and 86.84%, respectively. The degree of crystallinity and the morphology of prepared MCC correspond to that of Avicel PH 101 industrial investment has been studied, the benefits of micro crystalline cellulose production （MCC） is 3,447 baht/kg. The investment of the plant is 7,263,514 baht and the breakeven point is around 6 years.

Development of Porous Spherical Cellulose Bead Production from Corn Cob as an Exfoliating Agent for Cosmetic Industries

The aim of this research was to develop the porous spherical cellulose production from corn cob as an exfoliating agent for cosmetic industries. In process development of the porous spherical cellulose production from corn cob, it was found that alkaline extraction with 10% sodiumhydroxide gave 85.86% purity of cellulose and the crystallinity index of the pulp of 76.08%. Then, the obtained pulp was extracted with acid sodium chlorite. It was found that the acid sodium chlorite extraction increased the cellulose from 85.86% to 91.86%. The obtained pulp was hydrolyse dwithdilute hydrochloric solution. The result shows that the crystallinity increased from 71.13% to 86.31% with smaller crystallite size compared to that obtained acid sodium chlorite extraction. The hydrolysis pulp was used to prepare porous spherical cellulose which has homogeneous and rough surface. The porosity and pore volume of the porous spherical cellulose increased when the amount of calcium carbonate as porogen was increased. The porous spherical cellulose was prepared from the optimized conditions and the physical and chemical properties were analysed and compared with standard commercial beads （Sephadex G-25）. It was found that the porous spherical cellulose had particle size and pH value similar to the standard value. Hazardous substances such as arsenic, lead and mercury were not found in the obtained porous spherical cellulose. The consumers test shows that 87~/＇0 of consumers accepted the product and the overall complacency was great.

A Research on the Usage of Corn Cob in Producing Lightweight Concrete

In this study, the possibility of using corn cobs as an organic aggregate in producing lightweight concrete has been investigated. First, some important physical properties of corn cob have been determined in the laboratory. These properties are as follows: weight to volume ratio (unit weight), water absorption rate and granulometric analysis. Later on, 4 concrete mixtures have been prepared according to the workability of concrete and standards specified in Turkey. After that, unit weight, heat transmissibility coefficient and 28-day pressure strength of these 4 concrete samples have been determined using machines measuring these properties. The 28-day pressure endurance value has been found between 1.4 - 56.25 kgf/cm2, heat transmissibility coefficient has been found between 0.19 - 0.35 Kcal/m∙h∙˚C and unit weight of samples have been found between 800 - 1520 kg/m3. Lastly, these properties of concrete samples have been compared with other lightweight materials being used in the construction of buildings.

响应面优化超声-碱解法提取玉米芯中可溶性膳食纤维的工艺

以碱液(NaOH)为提取剂,采用超声波法从玉米芯中提取可溶性膳食纤维,在单因素实验基础上,利用BoxBehnken中心组合设计、应用Design-Expert软件,通过响应面分析,优化了最佳工艺条件。结果表明,液料比对玉米芯可溶性膳食纤维的提取率影响最大,其次为碱浓度,而超声温度和时间的影响较小。最佳提取工艺条件为:碱浓度0.88%,液料比37∶1(mL/g),提取温度41℃,提取时间20.30min,在此条件下提取率的理论值为23.11%,实际测定值为23.21%。

玉米芯载体吸附法固定化米根霉发酵L-乳酸的工艺条件

研究玉米芯作为部分替代碳源及载体固定化米根霉R-1发酵L-乳酸的工艺条件,考察玉米芯作为替代碳源的利用率及作为载体的添加比例和最佳粉碎粒度。研究表明:米根霉R-1以玉米芯为碳源,其利用率达14.9%;玉米芯作为部分替代碳源与葡萄糖混合发酵时最佳比例为1:4,此比例下葡萄糖对L-乳酸的转化率高达82.5%,较纯葡萄糖发酵提高了14.6%;玉米芯载体的最佳粉碎粒度为40目,此条件下米根霉R-1发酵混合碳源产酸达到34.68g/L,并形成直径为0.5～1.0mm具有连续发酵能力的固定化菌丝球,连续发酵6批,葡萄糖对L-乳酸的平均转化率为83.1%。由此得出,玉米芯可以作为良好的载体及原料直接发酵产L-乳酸。

缓释碳源净水基质吸附-生物协同脱氮的机理研究

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)、海藻酸钠(SA)、玉米芯(Y)为原料制备了PVA-SA(基质Ⅰ)和PVA-SA-Y(基质Ⅱ),研究了缓释碳源净水基质的释碳性能、吸附性能、脱氮性能及机理。结果表明,基质Ⅰ、基质Ⅱ的释碳量分别为0.30~1.00、0.30~1.60 mg/g,平衡吸附量分别为0.317 8、0.9079 mg/g ,总氮平均去除率分别为10.90%、 32.40%,Y疏松多孔的结构特征是提高基质Ⅱ吸附、脱氮性能的关键,高通量测序结果表明基质Ⅱ中脱氮单胞菌属( Denitratisoma )、食酸菌属( Acidovorax )等与反硝化顺利进行相关的菌种比例较高。基于脱氮过程中COD、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮浓度的变化情况,提出了缺氧条件下基质的脱氮模型。根据模型计算,基质Ⅱ通过同化和反硝化削减的COD量与基质Ⅰ相似,通过吸附途径削减的氨氮比基质Ⅰ高11.2百分点,通过反硝化作用去除的硝酸盐氮比基质Ⅰ高43.0百分点。

利用固定化米根霉在三相流化床中发酵生成L-乳酸

用聚氨酯泡沫吸附固定米根霉菌丝 ,在三相流化床中对葡萄糖、木糖以及木糖渣的纤维素酶解液等不同碳源进行L 乳酸发酵研究 ,并对游离菌丝和固定化菌丝发酵L 乳酸进行了比较。结果表明 ,聚氨酯泡沫是米根霉的良好载体 ,具有经济、高效等特点。实验条件下 ,不同碳源的乳酸转化率分别为 :葡萄糖 ,82 5% ;木糖 ,53 8% ;木糖渣酶水解液 ,71 9%。三相流化床中固定化米根霉产酸速率 (对葡萄糖 )为 1 9 1 g .h- 1 .L(bead) - 1 。

玉米芯载体固定化米根霉发酵L-乳酸工艺的研究

对玉米芯载体固定化米根霉R-1发酵L-乳酸的工艺条件进行研究。结果表明:玉米芯与葡萄糖的添加比例为1∶4,经L9(34)的正交设计优化,(NH4)2SO4、KH2PO4、Mg-SO4、ZnSO4质量浓度分别3,0.3,0.4,0.2g/L,经48h发酵,L-乳酸积累量达到32.23g/L,葡萄糖对L-乳酸转化率达80.58%。