Fermented Corn Flour Poisoning in Rural Areas of China Ⅲ. Isolation and Identification of Main Toxin Produced by Causal Microorganisms

Flavotoxin A was isolated from Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp. farinofermentans culture in semisolid potato-dextrose-agar medium, which was isolated from fermented corn meal that had caused food poisoning outbreaks in China. The isolation, purification, and chemical structure of this toxin were studied. The NMR spectra, the uv spectra, and molar extinction coefficients, and the mass spectra of Flavotoxin A are in good agreement with those reported for bongkrekic acid. Therefore, Flavotoxin A and bongkrekic acid are the same organic chemical compound; the molecular formula is C_(28)H_(38)O_7. The oral LD_(50) of the purified Flavotoxin A in mice was 3.16mg/kg (1.53-6.15mg/kg). The existence of bongkrekic acid in toxic fermented corn samples collected during food poisoning outbreaks was also confirmed. It is concluded that bongkrekic acid has played an important role in the outbreaks of fermented corn poisoning. 1989 Academic Press, Inc.

Porous Carbon from Corn Flour Prepared by H₃PO₄Carbonization Combined with KOH Activation for Supercapacitors

Hierarchical porous activated carbon is a superior material in manufacturing supercapacitors. However, the hierarchical porous structure is hard to obtain from a single activation method. This work was carried out with the anticipation of producing activated carbon by reactivating corn flour with KOH. By employing the electrodes, the supercapacitor demonstrated a high discharge capacitance (151.2 F·g-1 at 1 A·g-1), and the specific capacitance is with 3.7 times more capacitance than the activated carbon only through H3PO4 activation. The mechanism of improving the electrical performance has been discussed through performing SEM, XRD, EIS, and Raman analysis. The hierarchical porous and disordered structure emerge smaller charge transfer resistance, and fast electron transfer.

Pasting Properties of White Corn Flours of <i>Anoman</i>1 and <i>Pulut Harapan</i>Varieties as Affected by Fementation Process

This research was aimed to evaluate the pasting properties of white corn flour made from Anoman 1 and Pulut Harapan varieties as affected by the fermentation process of the corn grits. The fermentation process studied were 1) spontaneous fermentation (SF);2) fermentation with the addition of a complete starter culture at 0 hour (CC fermentation) and 3) fermentation of (CC) with additional inoculation of starter culture containing amylolytic microorganisms at 16 hours (AC fermentation). The evaluation of pasting properties was done on the flour made from corn grits fermented for 0, 36, 48, and 72 hours. Our results showed that pasting properties of corn flour of Anoman 1 and Pulut Harapan varieties were affected by fermentation process. Addition of starter culture in the fermentation showed more complex effect on the pasting properties and was a function of the fermentation time. Fermentation process of corn grits affected the pasting properties of the resulted flour, both for Anoman I and Pulut Harapan corn varieties. The differences in the effect of fermentation process on the pasting properties were due to the different amylose/amylopectin content. AC fermentation of corn grits could increase the stability of paste for flour containing higher amylose content but decrease the stability of paste for flour containing high amylopectin. Specifically, CC fermentation caused significant increase in the peak viscosity value especially for corn flour of Pulut Harapan. Fermentation for up to 48 h had resulted in corn flour of Pulut Harapan variety having a higher PV value, but it did not affect the tendency to retrograde.

Rapid Determination of Pesticide Residues in Fresh Sweet Corn

Objective] This study aimed to detect al organophosphate, organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticide residues in fresh sweet corn in one determination using a gas chromatograph. [Method] The pesticide residues in fresh sweet corn were ex-tracted and loaded to simultaneously the gas chromatograph Agilent 6890N which was equipped with two autosamplers, two columns and two detectors. [Result] Al the 26 pesticides were completely separated and eluted out within 25 min. The re-coveries of standard addition of the 26 pesticides ranged from 76% to 106%, with relative standard deviations （RSD） ranging from 0.5% to 8.9%. The linear regression equation fit wel from 0.050 to 1.500 mg/L corn extract （r2＆gt;0.996）. [Conclusion] The method is accuracy, which meets the requirements of pesticide residue analysis and can be used for the rapid detection, qualitative and quantitative analysis of pesticide residues in fresh sweet corn.

Utilization of Corn Residues for Water Filtration at Fish Tanks

Filtration has been widely used in re-circulating aquaculture system to remove waste. However, the study of some agricultural residues （corn） usage as the filter medium has not yet been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study is to construct a filter made from inexpensive and readily available corn residues and to analyze its effectiveness in controlling suspended solids that directly impact health of fish through abrasion of gill tissues or indirectly through water quality deterioration. The performance evaluation procedure was carried out in an aquaculture system with production in glass tanks located indoor in laboratory at Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Egypt. The evaluation included three concentrations of total suspended solids （450, 900 and 1,350 mg/L）; four residues particle size distribution （3.35, 9.53, 12.7 mm and ascending order to mentioned sizes from bottom to top）; and four thicknesses of filter layer （9, 21, 33 and 45 cm）. The effectiveness of this filter was measured by determining filter efficiency （ηf）, % and filtration rate （FR）, mL/min. It was observed that the maximum value of （ηf）, % was achieved at 450 mg/L concentration of total suspended solids, ascending order to sizes from bottom to top and 45 cm thickness of filtration layer. The maximum value of filtration rate was achieved at 450 mg/l concentration of total suspended solids, 12.7 mm particle size distribution and 9 cm thickness of filter layer. Results indicated that this filter is efficient enough to remove suspended solids. Therefore, this milled corn residues filter can be used in aquaculture systems for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus culture system.

黄芪药渣与全株玉米混合青贮对饲料感官、发酵品质及营养成分的影响

本试验探讨黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.) Bunge)药渣和全株玉米(Zea mays L.)混合青贮对青贮饲料感官、发酵品质及营养成分的影响,旨在为黄芪药渣及其它中药渣饲料资源化应用提供新途径。共设4个混合水平,黄芪药渣分别占全株玉米鲜重的0%,5%,10%,15%。青贮饲料发酵240 d后,取样检测评定。结果表明:黄芪药渣和全株玉米混合青贮有利于改善青贮饲料的气味和结构;0%混合水平的饲料pH值、乙酸(Acetic acid, AA)和氨态氮(Ammoniacal nitrogen, NH3-N)含量显著高于其他混合水平(P<0.05);乳酸(Lactic acid, LA)含量显著低于其他混合水平(P<0.05);0%混合水平饲料粗蛋白(Crude protein, CP)、磷(Phosphorus)含量显著低于其他混合水平(P<0.05),5%混合水平CP、粗脂肪(Ether Extract, EE)、P含量显著高于其它混合水平(P<0.05);随着混合水平升高,干物质(Dry matter, DM)、中性洗涤纤维(Neutral detergen fiber, NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(Acid detergent fiber, ADF)含量显著升高(P<0.05)。综上所述,5%混合水平饲料青贮品质较好。

酶法脱酰胺对无麸质玉米薄饼品质的影响

本实验采用蛋白质谷氨酰胺酶(PG)对玉米粉进行酶法改性,研究不同酶解时间(0,2,4,8,16 h)对玉米粉的脱酰胺度、持水持油能力、糊化特性、蛋白质二级结构以及无麸质玉米薄饼品质的影响。结果表明:适度脱酰胺会促使玉米蛋白二级结构的变化,进而改善玉米粉的持水持油能力,提高玉米粉的糊化温度,提升无麸质玉米薄饼的比体积,改善薄饼的质构品质。其中PG酶处理4 h时的感官评分最高,风味较好,此时与对照组相比,无麸质玉米薄饼的比体积由1.24增大到了1.61 mL/g,感官总评分从74±4.91分上升到了83±11.91分。综上,研究结果表明适当的PG处理可以改善玉米蛋白的性质从而提高无麸质玉米薄饼品质,为PG酶的应用提供科学依据和技术指导。

大豆皂脚与玉米秸秆厌氧发酵沼渣共热解特性及应用

将大豆皂脚与玉米秸秆厌氧发酵沼渣两种固体废弃物以不同比例混合后进行共热解,采用元素分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、N_2吸附-脱附法(BET)对得到的共热解炭进行表征,并将共热解炭循环应用到玉米秸秆厌氧发酵环境中,考察共热解炭对厌氧发酵过程的影响。结果表明:共热解炭的产率随着沼渣加入量的增大而增大;沼渣加入量较少时,可以促进共热解气的生成,但对共热解液的产生有较弱的抑制作用;共热解炭的比表面积和平均孔径介于两种单一热解炭之间,并且平均孔径随沼渣加入量的增大呈减小趋势;将大豆皂脚与沼渣的质量比为4∶3下制备的共热解炭加入厌氧发酵系统中,发酵30 d时累积产气量达到390.80 mL/g,累积产甲烷量达到213 mL/g,累积产气量达到总产气量80%所需要的时间t_(80)为(14±1) d,比不添加热解炭的空白组提前了12.5%。

海鲜菇发酵玉米皮渣制备阿魏酰低聚糖

以玉米皮渣为原料,采用海鲜菇发酵法制备阿魏酰低聚糖(FOs)。以FOs生成量为指标,先通过单因素试验确定海鲜菇发酵用碳源、氮源及矿质离子,再通过正交试验确定最佳培养基组成,然后再对发酵条件进行优化。结果表明:优化后的碳源为D-半乳糖,氮源为牛肉膏,矿质离子为磷酸二氢钾;最佳培养基组成为D-半乳糖5 g/L、牛肉膏2 g/L、磷酸二氢钾0.1 mol/L,与培养基组成成分优化前相比,海鲜菇的纤维素C1酶酶活提高了44.1%,木聚糖酶酶活性提高了164.0%;最佳发酵条件为装液量125 mL、接种量12%(以培养基体积计)、pH 5.5、发酵温度25℃,与发酵条件优化前相比,海鲜菇的纤维素C1酶酶活略有减小,木糖酶酶活提高了40.3%,淀粉酶酶活提高了25.6%。

糯玉米粉浸泡发酵改性过程中细菌菌群结构及多样性的变化分析

利用自来水对糯玉米粉进行浸泡发酵改性,采用高通量测序技术,并利用多样性指数分析、细菌门水平和属水平丰度结构分析、主成分分析和聚类分析,对糯玉米粉浸泡发酵改性过程中细菌菌群结构和多样性变化进行了检测和分析。分析结果显示,糯玉米粉浸泡发酵过程中细菌菌群结构和多样性随着浸泡时间的变化而变化。从发酵开始到发酵中期,菌群结构和多样性变化较大;而从发酵中期到发酵结束,细菌菌群结构和多样性变化较小,细菌菌群趋于稳定。发酵开始时,细菌菌群种类丰富,随着发酵时间增加,细菌菌群多样性变小,优势度增大。

低聚异麦芽糖糖化转苷工艺的优化及成分分析

以玉米面挤压液化后的液化液为原料,使用真菌α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖转苷酶完成共同糖化转苷过程。在单因素试验基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计,运用响应面分析法,研究探讨真菌α-淀粉酶加量、α-葡萄糖转苷酶加量、酶解温度、酶解时间与低聚异麦芽糖(IMO)含量的关系。试验结果表明:低聚异麦糖共同糖化转苷的最佳工艺是:真菌α-淀粉酶加量35 U/g,α-葡萄糖转苷酶加量128 U/g,酶解温度55℃,酶解时间18 h,在此条件下进行共同糖化转苷,玉米面的糖化转苷糖液IMO含量可达57.94%。研究为以玉米面为原料高效生产低聚异麦糖提供了参考。

挤压处理对玉米粉微观结构及理化特性的影响

为改善玉米粉的加工特性,本研究利用双螺杆挤压技术,通过调控物料水分质量分数(15%、18%、21%、24%)及挤压温度(100、120、140、160℃),探究其对玉米粉微观结构及理化特性的影响。结果表明:玉米粉经挤压处理后,淀粉颗粒形态被破坏,吸水膨胀,形成淀粉凝胶网络结构,显著提高了玉米粉的水合特性、冷糊黏度和假塑性(P<0.05),且随着挤压温度的升高或物料水分质量分数的增加,淀粉结晶区和双螺旋结构破坏程度愈加严重。当物料水分质量分数为18%、挤压温度为120℃时,拉伸距离达到最大值,为(28.95±0.66)mm,假塑性最强。综合分析,挤压处理对玉米粉的改性可有效改善玉米粉因缺乏面筋蛋白而导致的难成型的问题,为全玉米主食品的加工提供技术依据。

三种改性方式对全谷物玉米粉营养成分及加工特性的影响

该文研究了超微粉碎、挤压膨化、乳酸菌发酵3种改性方式对全谷物玉米粉营养成分与加工特性的影响,为不同改性玉米粉在不同主食产品中的潜在应用提供了理论依据。结果表明,3种改性粉中,超微粉碎粉的蛋白质含量(5.90%)、慢消化特性改善最为显著,适合保留玉米原本营养、慢消化需求食品中添加;挤压膨化粉的持水力、持油力(5.16 g/g、1.22 g/g)、凝胶能力(3.24 g/g)、溶解度(7.5%)、弹性(2.62 mm)和胶黏性(1.03 N·mm)改善最为显著,适合冲调类、黏弹性高的食品中添加;发酵粉的淀粉含量(83.62%)、膨润力(6.43%)、灰分含量(0.44%)、弹性模量和黏性模量、粉体色泽改善最为显著,适合面制品中添加。该研究结果表明,3种不同方式改性的玉米粉在营养成分与加工特性方面存在显著差异,这为选择性地将全谷物玉米粉用于不同类型主食类食品提供理论依据与技术支撑。

棉花秸秆分别与全株玉米、甜菜渣混合青贮的营养价值研究

试验旨在探究棉花秸秆分别与全株玉米、甜菜渣混合青贮的营养特性及饲用价值。试验分为3组,对照组(CK组)使用全株玉米青贮,A组、B组棉花秸秆分别与全株玉米、甜菜渣按1∶1混合青贮,每组3个重复,发酵90 d后取样,分析青贮饲料的发酵品质、营养特性及饲用价值等指标。结果显示,与CK组相比,A组和B组青贮饲料的pH值升高(P<0.05),费氏评分降低(P<0.05);A组和B组的粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量升高(P<0.05),非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)含量降低(P<0.05)。A组饲料相对饲喂价值(RFV)和粗饲料相对质量(RFQ)高于B组(P<0.05)。与CK组相比,A组和B组的体外产气量降低,其中A组的体外产气量高于B组。A组和B组的干物质降解率(IVDMD)低于CK组(P<0.05)。研究表明,棉花秸秆分别与全株玉米、甜菜渣混合青贮饲料的饲用价值仍低于全株玉米青贮饲料,但A组与CK组的饲用价值较接近,应用潜力较高。

头孢菌素菌渣有机肥对玉米土壤中耐药菌及相关抗性基因的影响

【目的】研究头孢菌素菌渣有机肥施用后对玉米农田土壤中耐药菌及相关抗性基因丰度的影响,为头孢菌素菌渣有机肥施用生物安全性评价提供科学依据。【方法】设置不施菌渣有机肥(CK)、施用菌渣有机肥500 kg/667m^(2)(B_(1))、1000 kg/667m^(2)(B_(2))3个处理,分别采用可培养方法和实时荧光定量检测,分析各处理下玉米农田中耐药菌及相关抗性基因丰度变化。【结果】施用头孢菌素菌渣有机肥能显著提高玉米苗期和结果期土壤中细菌总数及苗期时头孢拉定耐药菌菌数。获得了主要抗生素耐药菌株41株,其中,头孢拉定耐药菌8株,分属于6个属。【结论】施用头孢菌素菌渣有机肥能显著提高玉米苗期土壤中各ARGs基因的相对丰度,但在结果期各处理间β-内酰胺类ARGs基因bla TEM相对丰度无显著影响,并对其它耐药基因无明显规律性影响。

乳酸菌和纤维素酶对马蹄渣和玉米蛋白粉混合青贮饲料品质及体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响

本试验旨在评价不同添加剂对马蹄渣和玉米蛋白粉混合青贮饲料发酵品质、化学成分、微生物数量和体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响。将马蹄渣和玉米蛋白粉按照76∶24的比例混合均匀作为青贮原料,在青贮时分别进行如下处理:1)不添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶(CON组);2)添加1×108CFU/g乳酸菌(LAB组);3)添加50 U/g纤维素酶(CE_(50)组);4)添加100 U/g纤维素酶(CE100组);5)添加1×108CFU/g乳酸菌+50 U/g纤维素酶(LAB+CE50组);6)添加1×108CFU/g乳酸菌+100 U/g纤维素酶(LAB+CE_(100)组)。每组设3个重复,每个重复设2个平行。混合青贮60 d后打开青贮袋取样进行分析。结果显示:在化学成分方面,与CON组相比,青贮时组合添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶可以显著降低混合青贮饲料的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、纤维素、半纤维素含量(P<0.05),同时显著提高粗蛋白质(CP)含量(P<0.05),其中以LAB+CE100组最高。发酵品质方面,LAB、LAB+CE50以及LAB+CE100组混合青贮饲料的pH及氨态氮(NH3-N)含量与CON组相比显著降低(P<0.05),同时乳酸和乙酸含量与CON组相比显著升高(P<0.05),且以LAB+CE100组最高;单独添加乳酸菌或组合添加乳酸菌与纤维素酶均可显著提高混合青贮饲料中乳酸菌的数量(P<0.05),并降低不良细菌数量或抑制不良细菌的增殖。在体外产气方面,随着发酵时间的延长,各组的产气量不断升高,其中LAB+CE100组的产气速率、48 h产气量最高。在体外瘤胃发酵参数方面,各组发酵液pH均在6.56~6.84,且与发酵时间呈负相关趋势;各添加剂组发酵液中总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量与CON组相比均显著增加(P<0.05);添加乳酸菌的各添加剂组发酵液中乙酸/丙酸比值与CON组相比显著降低(P<0.05)。由此可见,组合添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶可改善马蹄渣和玉米蛋白粉混合青贮饲料的品质和体外瘤胃发酵特性,其中以添加1×108CFU/g乳酸菌+100 U/g纤维素酶的效果最好。

干燥温度对黑珍珠糯玉米粉分散性的影响

为探究粉质加工中干燥温度对其食用品质的影响,以黑珍珠糯玉米鲜穗为原料,采用热风干燥方式处理,干燥温度分别为50,85,95,105,120℃,比较分析粉体的理化特性、流变学特性和微观结构对其分散性的影响。结果表明:随着干燥温度的升高,分散时间从13.4 s延长至29.0 s,玉米粉的分散性下降。此外,相较于对照组,当热风干燥温度为120℃,粉体的松散堆积密度、振实堆积密度、颗粒密度显著升高,分别升高了8.77%,27.94%,108.22%。卡尔指数、豪斯纳指数、休止角、滑角也呈上升趋势,分别升高了86.90%,19.49%,21.62%,26.20%,孔隙率降低9.89%。温度扫描结果表明高温处理所得玉米粉,弹性模量增加、损失角(tanδ)显著降低,玉米粉分散液表现出类固体性质。激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)结果表明,热处理能破坏蛋白质的网状结构,从而破坏淀粉和蛋白的结合方式。结论:不同干燥温度对黑珍珠糯玉米粉的理化特性、流变特性、微观结构均会产生影响,进而影响其在水中的分散能力。

白酒糟中添加花生秧与玉米粉对其混合发酵品质和体外瘤胃降解率的影响

本试验旨在通过研究添加不同比例的花生(Arachis hypogaea)秧和玉米(Zea mays)粉对浓香型白酒糟厌氧发酵品质和体外瘤胃降解率的影响,提高白酒糟的营养价值和延长安全储存期。采用2因素3水平试验设计,花生秧的添加量分别为白酒糟(鲜重)的0、5%、10%;玉米粉的添加量分别为白酒糟(鲜重)的0、2%、4%。厌氧发酵后评定发酵品质和体外瘤胃降解率。结果表明:1)厌氧发酵180 d时,添加花生秧显著提高了白酒糟的pH(P<0.05),对乳酸(LA)、乙酸(AA)含量无显著影响(P>0.05),添加玉米粉显著降低了白酒糟的AA含量(P<0.05),对pH和LA含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。同时添加5%花生秧和4%玉米粉显著降低了NH3-N/TN以及丙酸(PA)含量(P<0.05)。对照组的V-Score评分最低,为87.83,同时添加5%花生秧和4%玉米粉处理组的V-Score评分最高,为97.23。2)未经厌氧发酵时,添加花生秧显著提高了干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的体外瘤胃降解率(P<0.05),添加玉米粉对DM、NDF的体外瘤胃降解率无显著影响(P>0.05)。同时添加10%花生秧和4%玉米粉显著提高了粗蛋白(CP)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的体外瘤胃降解率(P<0.05)。厌氧发酵180 d时,添加花生秧和玉米粉均显著提高了DM、ADF的体外瘤胃降解率(P<0.05)。同时添加10%花生秧和4%玉米粉显著提高了CP、NDF的体外瘤胃降解率。综上所述,添加花生秧、玉米粉可改善白酒糟厌氧发酵品质,提高发酵白酒糟的体外瘤胃降解率;同时添加5%花生秧和4%玉米粉改善厌氧发酵品质的效果最好,同时添加10%花生秧和4%玉米粉提高发酵白酒糟体外瘤胃降解率的效果最好。

味精生产副产物玉米渣-秸秆饲料化利用研究进展

农作物秸秆营养价值低,适口性差,动物采食量少。为达到饲喂标准,同时减少饲喂时精饲料的添加量降低养殖成本,需要对秸秆进行饲料化加工。本文通过基于在玉米秸秆中添加味精厂副产物玉米(糖)渣生产发酵饲料的研究现状,分析玉米渣在秸秆饲料化利用中的制约因素与应用前景,综述玉米渣和玉米秸秆混合生物发酵饲料的营养价值、利用方式及其在动物生产中的应用效果,旨在解决秸秆饲料的季节性利用限制及规模储存问题,实现农业废弃物和工业生产副产物的饲料化利用,为新型绿色饲料开发提供参考。

玉米淀粉-卵白蛋白复合物替代小麦粉对纸杯蛋糕品质和消化特性的影响

为满足消费者对烘焙食品慢消化、低糖等需求,用玉米淀粉-卵白蛋白复合物(corn starch-ovalbumin complex,CSOVA)替代0%、25%、50%、75%和100%(w/w)的小麦粉,用零卡糖代替传统蔗糖生产纸杯蛋糕,对蛋糕质地、感官属性和消化速率进行了评估。结果表明,用CSOVA替代小麦粉获得了更好的蛋糕品质,纸杯蛋糕的比容从2.69 cm^(3)/g增加到3.79 cm^(3)/g,硬度从63.35 g降低到39.56 g,添加CSOVA后的纸杯蛋糕更加柔软蓬松。同时,CSOVA的加入可延缓纸杯蛋糕的老化速率,降低水分损失率。CSOVA替代小麦粉后,纸杯蛋糕的快速消化淀粉(rapidly digestible starch,RDS)含量降低,抗性淀粉(resistant starch,RS)含量增加。同时,CSOVA的加入强化了纸杯蛋糕的蛋白质含量,拓宽了CSOVA的应用市场。