The blocking between two snapping rollers will seriously constrict the harvesting efficiency for corn harvester.A variable screw pitch rib snapping roller was developed to solve this problem.The comparative experiment...The blocking between two snapping rollers will seriously constrict the harvesting efficiency for corn harvester.A variable screw pitch rib snapping roller was developed to solve this problem.The comparative experiment between fixed screw pitch rib snapping rollers and variable screw pitch rib snapping rollers illustrated that variable screw pitch ribs can avoid corn-stalk blocking effectively,and it can improve working efficiency by 56.7%.Conservation tillage with standing corn residue was testified that it had a strong control of soil wind erosion.In order to implement this mode of conservation tillage at a production scale,a cutter was developed in this study.Subsequently,two experiments were conducted,one was to test the cutting ratio(defined as the totally cut off stalk population divided by total stalk population),and the other one was to test standing-residue height.The experiment results showed that the mean cutting ratio increased significantly(p<0.05)along with increasing height of cutter-head above the ground(cutting height);the cutting ratio’s mean value increased significantly(p<0.05)along with the decreasing angle between the cutter-head and the ground(cutting angle).The average standing-residue height increased along with the increase of cutting height from 300 mm to 500 mm.The average standing-residue height increased significantly(p<0.05)along with the decrease of cutting angle from 15°to 0°.Therefore,the newly designed snapping roller can improve the harvesting efficiency and prolong the working life of the cutting table;and the cutter can promote the popularization of the conservation tillage with standing corn residue in Northeast China.展开更多
The ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting（RFRH） system is used for dryland crop production in northwest of China.To determine the effects of RFRH using different mulching materials on corn growth and water use effici...The ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting（RFRH） system is used for dryland crop production in northwest of China.To determine the effects of RFRH using different mulching materials on corn growth and water use efficiency（WUE）,a field experiment was conducted during 2008-2010 at the Heyang Dryland Experimental Station,China.Four treatments were used in the study.Furrows received uncovered mulching in all RFRH treatments whereas ridges were mulched with plastic film（PF）,biodegradable film（BF） or liquid film（LF）.A conventional flat field without mulching was used as the control（CK）.The results indicated that the average soil water storage at depths of 0-200 cm were 8.2 and 7.3%,respectively higher with PF and BF than with CK.However,LF improved soil water storage during the early growth stage of the crop.Compared with CK,the corn yields with PF and BF were increased by 20.4 and 19.4%,respectively,and WUE with each treatment increased by 23.3 and 21.7%,respectively.There were no significant differences in corn yield or WUE with the PF and BF treatments.The net income was the highest with PF,followed by BF,and the 3-yr average net incomes with these treatments were increased by 2 559 and 2 430 CNY ha-1,respectively,compared with CK.BF and PF had similar effects in enhancing the soil water content,crop yield and net income.Therefore,it can be concluded that biodegradable film may be a sustainable ecological alternative to plastic film for use in the RFRH system in northwest of China.展开更多
Background: The effect of amylases combined with exogenous carbohydrase and protease in a newly harvested corn diet on starch digestibility, intestine health and cecal microbiota was investigated in broiler chickens.M...Background: The effect of amylases combined with exogenous carbohydrase and protease in a newly harvested corn diet on starch digestibility, intestine health and cecal microbiota was investigated in broiler chickens.Methods: Two hunderd and eighty-eight 5-day-old female chickens were randomly divided into six treatments: a newly harvested corn-soybean meal diet(control); control supplemented with 1,500 U/g α-amylase(Enzyme A);Enzyme A + 300 U/g amylopectase + 20,000 U/g glucoamylase(Enzyme B); Enzyme B + protease 10,000 U/g(Enzyme C); Enzyme C + xylanase 15,000 U/g(Enzyme D); and Enzyme D + cellulase 200 U/g + pectinase 1,000 U/g(Enzyme E). Growth performance, starch digestibility, digestive organ morphology, and intestinal microbiota were evaluated in the birds at 16 and 23 d of age.Results: Compared with the control diet, supplementation with Enzyme A significantly decreased ileum lesion scoring at 16 d of age(P < 0.05); supplementation with Enzyme B or Enzyme C showed positive effects on ileal amylopectin and total starch digestibility(P < 0.05); Broilers fed with a diet supplemented with Enzyme D had a tendency to decrease body weight gain at 23 d. Enzyme E supplementation improved lesion scoring of jejunum and ileum at 16 d(P < 0.05), and increased ileal amylopectin or total starch digestibility at 23 d(P < 0.05).Supplementation of enzymes changed cecal microbiota diversity. High numbers of Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Butyricicoccus, Anaerostipes and Bifidobacterium, Sutterella and Odoribacter were the main genera detected in supplementations with Enzymes B, C, D, and E respectively.Conclusions: Supplementation with amylase combined with glucoamylase or protease showed a beneficial effect on starch digestibility and intestinal microbiota diversity, and increased growth of broilers fed with newly harvested corn.展开更多
基金The authors acknowledge that this work was supported by the 12th Five Year National Science and Technology Support Plan(Grant No.:2014BAD06B03)the Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province(Grant No.:20130204038NY and 20140309001NY)Special thanks are given to China Scholarship Council(Grant No.:201406170102).
文摘The blocking between two snapping rollers will seriously constrict the harvesting efficiency for corn harvester.A variable screw pitch rib snapping roller was developed to solve this problem.The comparative experiment between fixed screw pitch rib snapping rollers and variable screw pitch rib snapping rollers illustrated that variable screw pitch ribs can avoid corn-stalk blocking effectively,and it can improve working efficiency by 56.7%.Conservation tillage with standing corn residue was testified that it had a strong control of soil wind erosion.In order to implement this mode of conservation tillage at a production scale,a cutter was developed in this study.Subsequently,two experiments were conducted,one was to test the cutting ratio(defined as the totally cut off stalk population divided by total stalk population),and the other one was to test standing-residue height.The experiment results showed that the mean cutting ratio increased significantly(p<0.05)along with increasing height of cutter-head above the ground(cutting height);the cutting ratio’s mean value increased significantly(p<0.05)along with the decreasing angle between the cutter-head and the ground(cutting angle).The average standing-residue height increased along with the increase of cutting height from 300 mm to 500 mm.The average standing-residue height increased significantly(p<0.05)along with the decrease of cutting angle from 15°to 0°.Therefore,the newly designed snapping roller can improve the harvesting efficiency and prolong the working life of the cutting table;and the cutter can promote the popularization of the conservation tillage with standing corn residue in Northeast China.
基金supported by the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006BAD29B03)the 111 Project (B12007)the Shaanxi Technology Project, China (2010K02-08-2)
文摘The ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting（RFRH） system is used for dryland crop production in northwest of China.To determine the effects of RFRH using different mulching materials on corn growth and water use efficiency（WUE）,a field experiment was conducted during 2008-2010 at the Heyang Dryland Experimental Station,China.Four treatments were used in the study.Furrows received uncovered mulching in all RFRH treatments whereas ridges were mulched with plastic film（PF）,biodegradable film（BF） or liquid film（LF）.A conventional flat field without mulching was used as the control（CK）.The results indicated that the average soil water storage at depths of 0-200 cm were 8.2 and 7.3%,respectively higher with PF and BF than with CK.However,LF improved soil water storage during the early growth stage of the crop.Compared with CK,the corn yields with PF and BF were increased by 20.4 and 19.4%,respectively,and WUE with each treatment increased by 23.3 and 21.7%,respectively.There were no significant differences in corn yield or WUE with the PF and BF treatments.The net income was the highest with PF,followed by BF,and the 3-yr average net incomes with these treatments were increased by 2 559 and 2 430 CNY ha-1,respectively,compared with CK.BF and PF had similar effects in enhancing the soil water content,crop yield and net income.Therefore,it can be concluded that biodegradable film may be a sustainable ecological alternative to plastic film for use in the RFRH system in northwest of China.
基金supported by the System for Poultry Production Technology,Beijing Innovation Research Team of Modern Agriculture(BAIC04–2016)
文摘Background: The effect of amylases combined with exogenous carbohydrase and protease in a newly harvested corn diet on starch digestibility, intestine health and cecal microbiota was investigated in broiler chickens.Methods: Two hunderd and eighty-eight 5-day-old female chickens were randomly divided into six treatments: a newly harvested corn-soybean meal diet(control); control supplemented with 1,500 U/g α-amylase(Enzyme A);Enzyme A + 300 U/g amylopectase + 20,000 U/g glucoamylase(Enzyme B); Enzyme B + protease 10,000 U/g(Enzyme C); Enzyme C + xylanase 15,000 U/g(Enzyme D); and Enzyme D + cellulase 200 U/g + pectinase 1,000 U/g(Enzyme E). Growth performance, starch digestibility, digestive organ morphology, and intestinal microbiota were evaluated in the birds at 16 and 23 d of age.Results: Compared with the control diet, supplementation with Enzyme A significantly decreased ileum lesion scoring at 16 d of age(P < 0.05); supplementation with Enzyme B or Enzyme C showed positive effects on ileal amylopectin and total starch digestibility(P < 0.05); Broilers fed with a diet supplemented with Enzyme D had a tendency to decrease body weight gain at 23 d. Enzyme E supplementation improved lesion scoring of jejunum and ileum at 16 d(P < 0.05), and increased ileal amylopectin or total starch digestibility at 23 d(P < 0.05).Supplementation of enzymes changed cecal microbiota diversity. High numbers of Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Butyricicoccus, Anaerostipes and Bifidobacterium, Sutterella and Odoribacter were the main genera detected in supplementations with Enzymes B, C, D, and E respectively.Conclusions: Supplementation with amylase combined with glucoamylase or protease showed a beneficial effect on starch digestibility and intestinal microbiota diversity, and increased growth of broilers fed with newly harvested corn.
