Effects of Feeding Corn Stalks on Economic Indicators of Tenebrio molitor

[Objective] The study aimed at reducing the economic cost in feeding Tenebrio molitor and improving the utilization ratio of corn stalks.[Method] The effects of different proportions of corn stalks on the weigh of Tenebrio molitor and the contents of crude protein,crude fat,Ca,P,dry matter and crude ash in the half-dry matter of Tenebrio molitor had been studied in the laboratory.[Result] Compared with the recipes of all wheat bran and pure fine fodder,feeding Tenebrio molitor by applying 30%-60% of corn stalks could significantly improve the content of crude protein in the half-dry materials of Tenebrio molitor,but it was detrimental to the improvement in weight of Tenebrio molitor and the accumulation of crude fat.To be specific,the recipe V（50% of corn stalks ＋ 50% of fine fodder） was beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter and crude ash.The recipe VII（70% of corn stalks ＋ 30% of fine fodder） and the recipe VIII（70% of corn stalks treated with Guangda feed leaven ＋ 30% of fine fodder） were beneficial to the accumulation of crude protein,Ca and P.There were differences among the influences of corn stalks in different treatments on the crude protein and other nutrition indicators of Tenebrio molitor.[Conclusion] Appropriately applying corn stalks can improve the accumulation of the crude protein,crude ash,dry matter,Ca and P of Tenebrio molitor but was detrimental to the growth and development of Tenebrio molitor and the accumulation of crude fat.

Adsorption Performance of Activated Carbon Prepared from Corn Stalks

[Objective] This study aimed to study the adsorption performance of activated carbon prepared from corn stalks. [Methed] With granular activated carbon prepared from corn stalks as research object, adsorption performance simulation test equipment was set up to investigate the adsorption performance of the prepared activated carbon for methanol by static weight method. In addition, the effects of adsorption bed structure, activated carbon particle size in adsorption bed, addition amount of graphite powder in activated carbon and modified activated carbon on systematic adsorption performance were studied. [Result] Under conditions of same activated carbon and same adsorption temperature, the adsorption performance of new adsorption bed A （installed with finned diaphragm adsorbate tubes） was signifi- cantly better than that of unmodified adsorption bed B. Compared with adsorption bed B, adsorption bed A took 5 min shorter to reach the adsorption amount of 0.22 g/g. Under the same adsorption temperature, the adsorption performance of bed loaded with different-particle size activated carbon was significantly better than that loaded with same-particle size activated carbon. The bed loaded with different-particle size activated carbon took 16 min shorter to reach the adsorption capacity of 0.22 g/g compared with the bed loaded with same-particle size activated carbon. Adding proper amount of graphite powder in activated carbon could enhance the thermal conductivity and strengthen the adsorption properties. The optimum addition amount of graphite powder was 20% of the total amount of activated carbon. Com- pared with that of the control, the adsorption performance of activated carbon soaked by weak acidic solution was significantly improved. It took 3 min shorter to reach 87.1% of the equilibrium adsorption amount. [Conclusion] This study will provide reference for optimizing structural design of adsorption bed and adsorption refrigeration system.

A facile ionic liquid approach to prepare cellulose fiber with good mechanical properties directly from corn stalks

It is very difficult to directly spin the lignocellulose without pretreatment.Ionic liquids(ILs)are promising solvent to dissolve lignocellulose to prepare cellulose fiber.However,the degree of cellulose polymerization(DP)is reduced when lignocellulose is dissolved in ILs,and the lignin removal rate is low.The elongation at break and tensile strength of the fibers obtained by spinning the lignocellulose dissolved in ILs are poor.In this paper,preparing cellulose fiber directly from lignocellulose based on dissolving corn stalk via[C4mim]Cl-L-arginine binary system is achieved.It shows that the removal rate of lignin can reach 92.35%and the purity of cellulose can reach 85.32%after corn stalk was dissolved at 150℃C for 11.5 h when the mass fraction of arginine is 2.5%.The elongation at break of fiber reached 10.12%and the tensile strength reached 420 MPa.It is mainly due to the fact that L-arginine not only inhibits the degradation of cellulose but also promotes the delignination.Without any pulping or pretreatment,preparing cellulose fibers via direct dissolution and extrusion may provide a simple and effective way to prepare many novel cellulose materials.

Feed Production for Tenebrio molitor L. by Fermentation of Corn Stalks

In order to reduce the economic costs for breeding Tenebrio molitor L. and increase the utilization rate of corn stalk, with corn, wheat bran and corn stalk as the raw materials, 13 different compound feed were designed by Minitab （R） 15.1.0.0. The design was then divided into two groups based on addition or without addition of vegetable leaves to study the effects of compound feed and vegetable leaves on growth and de- velopment of T. molitor. The results showed that body weight, duration, crude protein content and pupation rate of larvae and emergence rate of adults were significantly affected by compound feed and vegetable leaves （ P 〈 0.05）. The larvae bred with feed 5 had the largest body weight, with the shortest duration; the larvae bred with feed 3 had the highest pupation rate; the larvae bred with feed 7 had the highest crude protein content; the adult bred with feed 9 had the largest emergence rate. Overall breeding effect of feed 7 ＋ vegetable leaves was better than any other groups, with ideal indicators, higher utilization rate and lower breeding cost. Its formula was w （wheat bran） = 33.33%, w （corn） = 33.33%, w （corn stalks） = 33.33%. Therefore, the growth of T. molitorwas significantly affected by feed types, and feed 7 ＋ vegetable leaves could be promoted in the production.

Improvement of Methane Production from Corn Stalk for Whole Slurry Anaerobic Co-digestion Under Hydrothermal Wastewater Pretreatment

Corn stalk hydrothermal wastewater(CSHW)was used as a pretreatment for whole-slurry anaerobic co-digestion instead of conventional acid pretreatment.CSHW pretreatment was conducted at 20℃,35℃and 50℃for 3,6 and 9 h,after which all experimental groups were digested at 35℃for 24 days.This pretreatment method efficiently broke the lignocellulose structure of the corn stalk.Different from the volatile fatty acids(VFAs)content,the pH and RS contents were relatively higher than those of the control during the pretreatment process.Furthermore,the highest methane production[185.03 mL•g-1 VS(volatile solid)]was achieved at 55.46%under 35℃in 6 h,which was higher than that of the normal corn stalk anaerobic digestion.The VFAs contents and pH increased compared to CK upon the addition of NaOH to adjust pH,and the RS content also increased slightly due to the degradability of lignocellulose during the whole-slurry anaerobic co-digestion.This work provided a potential method to sustainably treat wastewater and improve fermentation performance.

辽宁省玉米秸秆基质栽培糙皮侧耳菌株筛选评价

为筛选出适宜辽宁地区以玉米秸秆为主要栽培基质的优良糙皮侧耳菌株,以19个糙皮侧耳菌株为试验材料,对菌丝长势、满袋时间、污染率、生物学效率及农艺性状等指标进行测定和比较分析。结果表明,C14号菌株综合指标优于其他供试菌株,其母种和栽培种在玉米秸秆基质中菌丝长势均较好,生物学效率较高,为105.8%,子实体菌盖颜色深灰色,菌柄3.1~6.8 cm,朵大韧性好,菇型紧凑,菌盖肥厚,中等大小,光泽好,可作为生产用优良菌株。C10、C2号菌株子实体性状一般,但其母种及栽培种在玉米秸秆基质中菌丝长势强、生物学效率高,利用秸秆能力强,可作为品种选育的备选材料。

玉米秸秆堆腐还田对黑土区土壤性状的影响

本研究针对东北地区秋冬季节气候寒冷特点和秸秆堆腐还田的实际操作需求,开展秸秆堆腐还田试验。在秋季玉米收获之后进行田间堆腐试验,期间连续监测环境温度、降水、秸秆堆温度、秸秆失重率等指标。离田玉米秸秆经过腐熟后作为肥料还田,连续施用3年,检测土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、土壤孔隙度、土壤容重等指标。在基本农田和棚室保护地进行为期2年的应用试验。结果表明:120 d秸秆失重率达到31.53%。施用腐熟秸秆3年,土壤有机质提高了4.06~6.31 g/kg、土壤中碱解氮提高了15.08~27.35 mg/kg、速效磷提高了18.11~21.95 mg/kg、速效钾提高63.97~89.93 mg/kg;土壤容重降低了0.10~0.14 g/cm^(3)、土壤田间持水量提高了7.51%~9.24%(V/V)、土壤孔隙度提高了3.69%~5.27%(V/V),且差异显著(P≤0.05)。基本农田和棚室保护地应用试验中,速效养分与有机质有所增长,土壤容重与田间持水量变化显著。逐年施用腐熟秸秆对于提高土壤有机质含量、速效养分具有显著作用。同时,施用腐熟秸秆能够降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度与田间持水量,改善土壤板结问题。腐熟秸秆在改良与保育黑土性质方面具有良好的作用。

玉米秸秆刨花板压制工艺优化及吸水厚度膨胀率

农作物秸秆用作人造板原材料,可减少环境污染,缓解木材供需紧张,秸秆中纤维素与木质素含量可以满足人造板生产要求。以玉米秸秆刨花为原料,在一定热压压力、热压时间、刨花密度、热压温度下,采用不同施胶量无机胶黏剂压制玉米秸秆刨花板,探索最优工艺参数及玉米秸秆刨花板吸水厚度膨胀率变化规律。结果显示:压制玉米秸秆刨花板的最优工艺参数为刨花含水率12%、热压压力1.6MPa、热压时间9min、刨花密度1.0g/cm^(3)、施胶量20%、热压温度90℃;影响玉米秸秆刨花板吸水厚度膨胀率的因素依次为刨花含水率>热压压力>热压时间>刨花密度>施胶量>热压温度。试验结果表明:在吸水厚度膨胀率合格的前提下,玉米秸秆刨花板的内结合强度、弹性模量、静曲强度均符合国家标准规定的性能要求。

玉米秸秆青贮、玉米秸秆、桑叶青贮三种饲料体外发酵组合效应研究

为了研究玉米秸秆青贮、玉米秸秆与桑叶青贮在体外的组合效应,试验将玉米秸秆青贮、玉米秸秆与桑叶青贮3种饲料以不同比例(分别为100∶0∶0、80∶10∶10、70∶10∶20、70∶20∶10、60∶10∶30、60∶20∶20、60∶30∶10、50∶10∶40、50∶20∶30、50∶30∶20、50∶40∶10、0∶100∶0、0∶0∶100)组合进行发酵(每个组合3次重复),检测不同组合的体外产气量、干物质降解率、氨态氮浓度、pH值和挥发性脂肪酸浓度并分析不同饲料组合的组合效应。结果表明:随着发酵时间的延长,各组合的产气量呈逐渐上升趋势,发酵第2,4小时,组合12(玉米秸秆比例为100%)产气量最高;发酵第8~72小时,组合13(桑叶青贮比例为100%)产气量最高。发酵第72小时,各组合产气量随着桑叶青贮比例的提高而增加,其中组合8(桑叶青贮比例为40%)产气量显著高于其他组合(除组合13外,P<0.05);不同饲料组合对干物质降解率和氨态氮浓度有明显影响,但对pH值影响不明显。当玉米秸秆青贮比例固定时,对应组合干物质降解率随着桑叶青贮比例的增加而增加,组合13的干物质消化率和氨态氮浓度均最高。各组合pH值在6.72~6.81之间,其中组合1(玉米秸秆青贮比例为100%)的pH值最低,组合11(玉米秸秆和桑叶青贮比例分别为40%和10%)最高;乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度随着桑叶青贮比例的减少而降低,除组合13外,组合8的乙酸、丁酸、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度最高,各组合丙酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸差异不显著(P>0.05)。多项综合效应指数评定最优组合是组合8。说明玉米秸秆青贮、玉米秸秆、桑叶青贮的比例为50∶10∶40时,体外发酵效果最佳。

玉米秸秆中7种游离单糖的高效液相色谱测定方法

本研究旨在建立一种测定玉米秸秆中7种游离单糖[D(+)-葡萄糖、L-鼠李糖、D(+)-木糖、L-阿拉伯糖、D(-)-核糖、D(+)-半乳糖和D(+)-甘露糖]的高效液相色谱测定方法。将玉米秸秆在60℃干燥后粉碎,以水作为提取溶剂,98℃水浴提取1 h,冷却后离心取上清液;利用1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(PMP)衍生化处理,上清液过0.22μm滤膜,以Agilent Zorbax SB-C_(18)色谱柱进行高效液相色谱分析,7种组分在56 min内达到分离。结果表明:D(+)-葡萄糖、L-鼠李糖、D(+)-木糖、L-阿拉伯糖、D(-)-核糖、D(+)-半乳糖和D(+)-甘露糖的保留时间和峰面积的日内相对标准偏差均分别小于1.0%和5.0%,日间相对标准偏差均分别小于1.0%和7.5%;线性范围分别为0.31~2 000μg/mL、 0.31~200μg/mL、 0.50~200μg/mL、0.75~200μg/mL、0.31~200μg/mL、0.75~200μg/mL和0.31~200μg/mL,线性关系良好,相关系数均达到0.999以上;检出限为0.10~0.25μg/mL,加标回收率为79.9%~114.8%。由此可见,本研究建立的方法不仅操作简单,还可以对玉米秸秆中的7种游离单糖准确定量,为研究玉米秸秆中糖类物质含量以及在动物体内的消化吸收提供技术支撑。

大豆皂脚与玉米秸秆厌氧发酵沼渣共热解特性及应用

将大豆皂脚与玉米秸秆厌氧发酵沼渣两种固体废弃物以不同比例混合后进行共热解,采用元素分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、N_2吸附-脱附法(BET)对得到的共热解炭进行表征,并将共热解炭循环应用到玉米秸秆厌氧发酵环境中,考察共热解炭对厌氧发酵过程的影响。结果表明:共热解炭的产率随着沼渣加入量的增大而增大;沼渣加入量较少时,可以促进共热解气的生成,但对共热解液的产生有较弱的抑制作用;共热解炭的比表面积和平均孔径介于两种单一热解炭之间,并且平均孔径随沼渣加入量的增大呈减小趋势;将大豆皂脚与沼渣的质量比为4∶3下制备的共热解炭加入厌氧发酵系统中,发酵30 d时累积产气量达到390.80 mL/g,累积产甲烷量达到213 mL/g,累积产气量达到总产气量80%所需要的时间t_(80)为(14±1) d,比不添加热解炭的空白组提前了12.5%。

玉米秸秆复合高吸水树脂的制备及对Pb^(2+)的吸附研究

以来源丰富的玉米秸秆、高岭土为原料,以丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺为聚合单体,通过水溶液聚合法制备了复合高吸水树脂,并用红外光谱(FT-IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对其结构进行了表征分析。利用合成的复合高吸水树脂对含Pb^(2+)模拟废水进行了吸附研究,考察了复合高吸水树脂用量、Pb^(2+)初始浓度、吸附时间和溶液pH及对Pb^(2+)去除率的影响,最优条件下复合高吸水树脂对Pb^(2+)的去除率达88.57%,吸附Pb^(2+)后的复合高吸水树脂经处理后可循环使用。

氮气和含氧气氛下玉米秸秆热解气化产气规律研究

为了探究秸秆类生物质在热解和气化过程中的产气规律,以我国东北地区典型的玉米秸秆为原料,基于自行建立的管式炉生物质热解气化实验装置,系统研究了玉米秸秆在氮气气氛下热解和在含氧气氛下气化过程中CO、H_(2)、CO_(2)、CH_(4)和C_(n)H_(m)等小分子生物质燃气成分的释放特性,对比分析了不同热解温度和气化温度对不同燃气组分释放规律及其产率的影响。实验结果表明:玉米秸秆热解过程中最先释放的小分子气相产物是CO和CO_(2);当温度升高时生物质燃气中逐渐出现CH4和H2,且随着热解温度升高,CO的产率峰值最先出现且峰值出现在升温阶段,而CO_(2)、CH_(4)和H_(2)的产率峰值几乎同时出现在恒温阶段;热解温度升高,玉米秸秆热解产生的CO体积分数几乎没有变化,而CO_(2)的占比则随着温度的升高而降低;在400~500℃之间CH_(4)体积分数随着热解温度的升高而增加,在500℃以后,基本稳定在13%。在O_(2)体积分数为8%、N_(2)体积分数为92%的含氧气氛下,随着气化温度的升高,玉米秸秆气化产生CO_(2)气体的体积分数呈先增加后降低的趋势,而CO的体积分数随着温度的升高而增大,这说明高温气化条件下更有利于CO的释放,而低温条件下有利于CO_(2)的产生。

4YZJ-2L型玉米茎穗兼收打捆一体机的设计与研制

针对丘陵山地玉米收获中存在的效率低和资源浪费问题,设计并研制了4YZJ-2L型玉米茎穗兼收打捆一体机。该一体机集成了自走式玉米收获机和打捆机的复合功能,通过双层割台、并列式打捆机及自动控制系统的集成应用,实现了果穗和秸秆的分类收获及连续打捆,能够灵活适应丘陵山地小地块的局限性。田间试验结果表明,该一体机在提高作业效率、降低损失率和提升草捆质量方面具有显著优势,为丘陵山地玉米收获提供了一种有效的机械化方案。

混合比例和纤维素酶对甘蔗梢、玉米秆混合青贮品质的影响

研究旨在充分利用南方热区的甘蔗梢和冬玉米秆资源,以甘蔗梢和冬玉米秆为原料,按不同鲜重比例(10∶0、5∶5、3∶7)进行混合青贮,并分别添加0、300、600、900 mg/kg纤维素酶,60 d后测定发酵品质、营养成分及饲用价值。结果显示:随着玉米秆添加比例的提高,青贮饲料的pH值、氨态氮/总氮、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、丙酸的含量呈递减趋势,在甘蔗梢∶玉米秆比例为3∶7时最低;干物质、乳酸、粗蛋白、可溶性糖、粗脂肪和可溶性糖含量及饲用价值呈递增趋势,混合比例为3∶7时最高。随着纤维素酶添加量的增加,青贮饲料的氨态氮/总氮、丙酸、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维的含量呈先降后升的趋势,粗蛋白、可溶性糖、粗脂肪、乳酸的含量及饲用价值呈先升后降的趋势,各指标均在纤维素酶添加量为600 mg/kg时达到最佳。研究表明,甘蔗梢与玉米秆以3∶7的比例混合并添加600 mg/kg纤维素酶时,混合青贮饲料的青贮品质较好。

稀硫酸协同乙二醇高效解构玉米秸秆及对酶解效率的影响

为提高玉米秸秆的高值化利用效率,需打破其结构的“顽抗性”,对其进行高效拆解。利用稀硫酸协同乙二醇对玉米秸秆进行高效拆解,探究预处理温度、时间、溶剂浓度对解构的影响;同时,研究玉米秸秆结构变化对酶解效率的影响。结果表明:0.7%硫酸协同50%乙二醇,在180℃、30 min条件下,具有最好的解构效果,可实现82.51%的纤维素保留率、70.15%的半纤维素脱除率和46.62%的木质素脱除率。结构表征表明,解构后的玉米秸秆表面粗糙,比表面积增大,可提高纤维素酶可及性,提升酶解效率。

多介质过滤处理农村灰水影响因素实验研究

为寻求多介质过滤技术处理农村灰水的可行性及最佳运行条件,以内蒙古呼和浩特市某村生活灰水为研究对象,选择玉米茎、陶粒、活性炭作为过滤介质构建多介质过滤系统处理农村灰水,研究滤速、介质配比、进水LAS、COD、SS浓度和温度等影响因素对多介质过滤系统处理效果的影响。结果表明多介质过滤处理农村灰水的最佳滤速为0.26 m/h;介质配比玉米茎∶陶粒∶活性炭为1.5∶2∶0.5;多介质过滤系统处理灰水中LAS、COD、SS的浓度限值为30、300、300 mg/L;温度为2℃时,系统出水仍满足农田灌溉水质标准(GB 5084-2021)。研究表明,多介质过滤技术对农村灰水有较好的处理效果,降低农村灰水处理设备建设和运行成本,有利于农村污水就地回用资源化利用。

玉米秸秆-PVA复合气凝胶的制备及其吸附性能研究

以玉米秸秆为原料,用溴化锂和聚乙烯醇(PVA)溶液将其溶解,制备玉米秸秆-PVA复合气凝胶。采用正交试验法对制备工艺进行优化,并通过FT-IR、吸附率等手段对气凝胶的相关性能进行表征。结果表明:复合气凝胶的优化制备工艺条件为:固液质量比(秸秆∶混合溶液)为1∶100,PVA添加量与秸秆的质量比为100∶15,PVA浓度为5%,溴化锂浓度为66%,溴化锂溶液和PVA的质量比为13.85∶1。该工艺下所制得的复合气凝胶密度低至0.0268 g/cm^(3),比表面积为175.00 m^(2)/g,对废弃机油的最大吸附倍率为35.01 g/g。制备过程中,纤维素的氢键被破坏,PVA与纤维素之间通过氢键连接。复合气凝胶的密度越小,其吸油率越大。复合气凝胶具有全范围内的孔径,且大部分孔径处于介孔范围内,因此有利于对大分子污染物的吸附。

添加残次香梨发酵物对玉米秸秆青贮饲料体外发酵的影响

试验通过测定在玉米秸秆青贮饲料中添加不同比例残次香梨发酵物72 h动态产气量(GP)、发酵参数、产气参数、干物质降解率(DMD)、中性洗涤纤维降解率(NDFD)和酸性洗涤纤维降解率(ADFD)等指标,评价添加残次香梨发酵物对玉米秸秆青贮饲料体外发酵的影响。结果表明:添加残次香梨发酵物的玉米秸秆青贮饲料的体外发酵及其降解率均得到改善,发酵液pH在6.43~6.86。除产气速率(c)差异不显著外,72 h的GP、快速产气部分(a)、慢速产气部分(b)、潜在产气量(a+b)、DMD、NDFD、ADFD随着残次香梨发酵物添加比例的增加而增加,但当残次香梨发酵物达60%时DMD、NDFD、ADFD不再显著增加。氨态氮(NH 3-N)浓度呈现先降低后升高的趋势;当残次香梨发酵物达50%时乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)达到最高。由此可见,添加残次香梨发酵物对玉米秸秆进行青贮可以改善其体外降解特性,其添加量不超过60%为宜。

蛋清蛋白絮凝处理脱除玉米秸秆水解液中的木质素衍生物

为了提升玉米秸秆水解液(corn stalks hydrolysate,CSH)的可生化降解性,研究了蛋清蛋白(egg white protein,EWP)絮凝处理对CSH中木质素衍生物去除的影响,并与氯化铁、阳离子聚丙烯酰胺等常规絮凝剂的效果进行对比。结果表明,在初始CODCr浓度为40 g/L的CSH中使用EWP进行热絮凝处理(100℃下加热5 min),CSH中大分子木质素(以浊度计算)去除率达(76.87±3.00)%,显著优于氯化铁、阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的处理结果 (P <0.05)。同时,EWP热絮凝处理未造成糖、呋喃及弱酸等化合物明显损失。这是由于EWP通过疏水反应与木质素衍生物结合,进一步通过巯基-二硫键交联形成大分子化合物,促进了木质素衍生物从CSH中去除。