This study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of forage fiber sources from alfalfa and Leymus chinensis with nonforage fiber sources（NFFS） from dried distillers grains with solubles and corn germ...This study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of forage fiber sources from alfalfa and Leymus chinensis with nonforage fiber sources（NFFS） from dried distillers grains with solubles and corn germ meal on calves growth, rumen development and blood parameters. 48 female and 12 male calves（（110.55±15.36） kg of body weight and 12 wk of age） were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments（15 calves/treatment） in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were： 0% NFFS（control）, 9% NFFS（group 1）, 18% NFFS（group 2）, 27% NFFS（group 3）, and contained equivalent neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients, respectively. The dry matter intake was similar among diets, averaging 3.33 kg d-1, and no differences were detected for body weight, withers height, body length and heart girth. In addition, the development of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum also were similar among diets. Dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities increased with the increasing levels of NFFS in the experimental diets, but had no significant effect. Blood urea nitrogen, total protein and glubulin were not affected by the dietary treatment, but group 3 resulted in the highest（P〈0.05） concentrations of glucose and the lowest（P〈0.05） concentrations of triglycerides and albumin. In conclusion, dried distillers grains with solubles（DDGS） and corn germ meal（CGM） were available and alternative fiber sources for Holstein calf diets.展开更多
Corn distillers dried grains with solubles(DDGS) is a co-product of the fuel ethanol industry that is an excellent source of energy, digestible amino acids, and digestible phosphorus. However, the antioxidant capacity...Corn distillers dried grains with solubles(DDGS) is a co-product of the fuel ethanol industry that is an excellent source of energy, digestible amino acids, and digestible phosphorus. However, the antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of DDGS and how it is influenced by production parameters is unknown. Therefore, 16 DDGS samples obtained from different ethanol production plants in the U.S.were characterized for antioxidant capacity, vitamin E, xanthophylls, and ferulic acid content and compared with corn. The antioxidant capacity of DDGS samples, measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-lpicrylhydrazyl(DPPH) assay, varied almost 2 folds among samples, but in all cases was more than 3 times that of corn. All DDGS samples had a considerably greater concentration of tocopherols and tocotrienols(lipid-soluble antioxidants) than corn. However, the relative concentrations among the tocopherols and tocotrienols tended to be similar to corn. The xanthophyll lutein was present in all DDGS samples and in all cases exceeded the content in corn. Zeaxanthin was detected in most samples. The total ferulic acid content of the DDGS samples was almost 3-fold greater than corn, but, as in corn, almost all was present in a bound form. However, the concentration of unbound(free) ferulic acid was more than 3 times the concentration found in the corn sample. Thus, DDGS is a rich source of phytochemical compounds and may provide antioxidant and health benefits beyond its macronutrient composition. However, differences in processing can greatly influence the phytochemical content and quality of DDGS. In particular,thermal abuse due to excessive heat used in drying may lead to lipid oxidation products that may have deleterious effects when incorporated into feeds.展开更多
为了探索湿态玉米酒精糟(Wet distillers grains with solubles,WDGS)饲料对奶牛产奶性能的影响,选择30头胎次、体重、泌乳期、产奶量基本相近的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为对照组(饲喂基础日粮),试验Ⅰ组(在每天饲喂的常规饲料中添加4 kg WDG...为了探索湿态玉米酒精糟(Wet distillers grains with solubles,WDGS)饲料对奶牛产奶性能的影响,选择30头胎次、体重、泌乳期、产奶量基本相近的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为对照组(饲喂基础日粮),试验Ⅰ组(在每天饲喂的常规饲料中添加4 kg WDGS),试验Ⅱ组(在每天饲喂的常规饲料中添加6 kgWDGS)。试验结果表明,试验Ⅰ组与试验Ⅱ组产奶量,饲喂15 d后比对照组分别提高1.76 kg和1.68kg,饲喂30 d后比对照组分别提高2.30 kg和2.28 kg,增奶效果明显,在经济效益上试验Ⅰ组的利润比试验Ⅱ组的更高,且WDGS对牛奶成分无明显影响。展开更多
It is difficult to obtain in vivo digestion kinetics data of high protein ingredients using chickens. Collecting kinetics data requires repeated sampling of digesta from the small intestine during the digestion proces...It is difficult to obtain in vivo digestion kinetics data of high protein ingredients using chickens. Collecting kinetics data requires repeated sampling of digesta from the small intestine during the digestion process,which is not easily accomplished due to the anatomical structure of chicken digestive tract. An in vitro technique is proposed for measuring the digestion kinetics of protein sources fed to chickens. The method has a 30 min gastric and 3 h intestinal phase. Five hundred milligram crude protein(CP)equivalent of each meal sample(CP = % N × 6.25) was digested with pepsin(28,260 units) in 50 m L polyethylene centrifuge tubes for 30 min in a shaking water bath(150 strokes/min; 30 mm stroke length)at 41C. The 6.5 mL pancreatin was selected as the enzyme concentration for the intestinal phase, during which time 500 m L aliquots were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 240 min. Samples were diluted 1:820 with HCl and sodium acetate buffer, and then mixed with ninhydrin reagent(2:1) at100 ± 2C for 15 min and spectrometric readings taken at 568 nm. To validate the assay, 5 replications of soybean meal(SBM), corn gluten meal(CGM), corn distillers dried grains with solubles(CDDGS), porcine meal(PCM), fish meal(FM) and casein(CA) were digested. The digestion data were modeled with PROC NLIN procedure, and the intra coefficient of variation(CV) assessed using PROC MEANS of SAS 9.4. The digestion values at 180 min were SBM 95 ± 4, FM 93 ± 3, PCM 68 ± 4, CGM 82 ± 3 and CDDGS 70 ± 2.Intra CV for SBM, CGM, CDDGS, PCM and FM were 5%, 5%, 12%, 10% and 2%, respectively. The estimated fractional digestion rates for SBM, CGM, CDDGS, FM and PCM were 0.023, 0.013, 0.009, 0.024 and 0.013,respectively. In conclusion, the proposed in vitro technique estimated the rate and extent of the digestion of CP for the meals with low intra CV.展开更多
本试验旨在研究三氧化二铬和氧化钛2种指示剂对测定玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(D D G S)生长猪标准回肠氨基酸消化率的影响。试验选用6头安装简单T型瘘管的三元杂交(杜洛克×大白×长白)去势公猪,初始体重为(35.1±2.1)kg,应用6&...本试验旨在研究三氧化二铬和氧化钛2种指示剂对测定玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(D D G S)生长猪标准回肠氨基酸消化率的影响。试验选用6头安装简单T型瘘管的三元杂交(杜洛克×大白×长白)去势公猪,初始体重为(35.1±2.1)kg,应用6×6拉丁方试验设计,分为6期,6种日粮,分别以三氧化二铬和氧化钛配制4种含D D G S日粮,2种无氮日粮。结果表明:玉米D D G S的赖氨酸和色氨酸标准回肠消化率最低;除组氨酸和苯丙氨酸外,2种指示剂对测定其他必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸标准回肠消化率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果提示,三氧化二铬和氧化钛均可用于测定玉米D D G S氨基酸消化率。展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Technologies during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011BAD17B03)
文摘This study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of forage fiber sources from alfalfa and Leymus chinensis with nonforage fiber sources（NFFS） from dried distillers grains with solubles and corn germ meal on calves growth, rumen development and blood parameters. 48 female and 12 male calves（（110.55±15.36） kg of body weight and 12 wk of age） were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments（15 calves/treatment） in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were： 0% NFFS（control）, 9% NFFS（group 1）, 18% NFFS（group 2）, 27% NFFS（group 3）, and contained equivalent neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients, respectively. The dry matter intake was similar among diets, averaging 3.33 kg d-1, and no differences were detected for body weight, withers height, body length and heart girth. In addition, the development of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum also were similar among diets. Dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities increased with the increasing levels of NFFS in the experimental diets, but had no significant effect. Blood urea nitrogen, total protein and glubulin were not affected by the dietary treatment, but group 3 resulted in the highest（P〈0.05） concentrations of glucose and the lowest（P〈0.05） concentrations of triglycerides and albumin. In conclusion, dried distillers grains with solubles（DDGS） and corn germ meal（CGM） were available and alternative fiber sources for Holstein calf diets.
基金supported by the Minnesota Corn Research and Promotion Council and the Agricultural Utilization Research Institute(Project number AIC-115)
文摘Corn distillers dried grains with solubles(DDGS) is a co-product of the fuel ethanol industry that is an excellent source of energy, digestible amino acids, and digestible phosphorus. However, the antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of DDGS and how it is influenced by production parameters is unknown. Therefore, 16 DDGS samples obtained from different ethanol production plants in the U.S.were characterized for antioxidant capacity, vitamin E, xanthophylls, and ferulic acid content and compared with corn. The antioxidant capacity of DDGS samples, measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-lpicrylhydrazyl(DPPH) assay, varied almost 2 folds among samples, but in all cases was more than 3 times that of corn. All DDGS samples had a considerably greater concentration of tocopherols and tocotrienols(lipid-soluble antioxidants) than corn. However, the relative concentrations among the tocopherols and tocotrienols tended to be similar to corn. The xanthophyll lutein was present in all DDGS samples and in all cases exceeded the content in corn. Zeaxanthin was detected in most samples. The total ferulic acid content of the DDGS samples was almost 3-fold greater than corn, but, as in corn, almost all was present in a bound form. However, the concentration of unbound(free) ferulic acid was more than 3 times the concentration found in the corn sample. Thus, DDGS is a rich source of phytochemical compounds and may provide antioxidant and health benefits beyond its macronutrient composition. However, differences in processing can greatly influence the phytochemical content and quality of DDGS. In particular,thermal abuse due to excessive heat used in drying may lead to lipid oxidation products that may have deleterious effects when incorporated into feeds.
基金the National Science and Engineering Research Council(NSERC)Industrial Research Chair Program for financial support for this project(Grant No.IRCSA452664-12)+10 种基金Funding for this program was derived from AviagenCanadian Poultry Research CouncilChicken Farmers of SaskatchewanNSERCOntario Poultry Industry CouncilPrairie Pride Natural Foods Ltd.Saskatchewan Egg ProducersSaskatchewan Hatching Egg ProducersSaskatchewan Turkey ProducersSofina Foods Inc.the University of Saskatchewan
文摘It is difficult to obtain in vivo digestion kinetics data of high protein ingredients using chickens. Collecting kinetics data requires repeated sampling of digesta from the small intestine during the digestion process,which is not easily accomplished due to the anatomical structure of chicken digestive tract. An in vitro technique is proposed for measuring the digestion kinetics of protein sources fed to chickens. The method has a 30 min gastric and 3 h intestinal phase. Five hundred milligram crude protein(CP)equivalent of each meal sample(CP = % N × 6.25) was digested with pepsin(28,260 units) in 50 m L polyethylene centrifuge tubes for 30 min in a shaking water bath(150 strokes/min; 30 mm stroke length)at 41C. The 6.5 mL pancreatin was selected as the enzyme concentration for the intestinal phase, during which time 500 m L aliquots were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 240 min. Samples were diluted 1:820 with HCl and sodium acetate buffer, and then mixed with ninhydrin reagent(2:1) at100 ± 2C for 15 min and spectrometric readings taken at 568 nm. To validate the assay, 5 replications of soybean meal(SBM), corn gluten meal(CGM), corn distillers dried grains with solubles(CDDGS), porcine meal(PCM), fish meal(FM) and casein(CA) were digested. The digestion data were modeled with PROC NLIN procedure, and the intra coefficient of variation(CV) assessed using PROC MEANS of SAS 9.4. The digestion values at 180 min were SBM 95 ± 4, FM 93 ± 3, PCM 68 ± 4, CGM 82 ± 3 and CDDGS 70 ± 2.Intra CV for SBM, CGM, CDDGS, PCM and FM were 5%, 5%, 12%, 10% and 2%, respectively. The estimated fractional digestion rates for SBM, CGM, CDDGS, FM and PCM were 0.023, 0.013, 0.009, 0.024 and 0.013,respectively. In conclusion, the proposed in vitro technique estimated the rate and extent of the digestion of CP for the meals with low intra CV.
文摘本试验旨在研究三氧化二铬和氧化钛2种指示剂对测定玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(D D G S)生长猪标准回肠氨基酸消化率的影响。试验选用6头安装简单T型瘘管的三元杂交(杜洛克×大白×长白)去势公猪,初始体重为(35.1±2.1)kg,应用6×6拉丁方试验设计,分为6期,6种日粮,分别以三氧化二铬和氧化钛配制4种含D D G S日粮,2种无氮日粮。结果表明:玉米D D G S的赖氨酸和色氨酸标准回肠消化率最低;除组氨酸和苯丙氨酸外,2种指示剂对测定其他必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸标准回肠消化率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果提示,三氧化二铬和氧化钛均可用于测定玉米D D G S氨基酸消化率。
