Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) and Corn (Zea mays) Competition

Italian ryegrass is an annual/biennial grass that is typically used as a pasture crop or a cover crop along roadsides, rights-of-way, and industrial areas. Glyphosate-resistant (GR) Italian ryegrass populations have been documented around the world, mostly in orchard and vineyard situations. The first evidence of evolved GR Italian ryegrass in row/agronomic crops was reported from Washington County, Mississippi in 2005. GR Italian ryegrass populations can jeopardize preplant burndown options in reduced-tillage crop production systems, thereby, delaying planting operations. The effects of competition of Italian ryegrass on crop growth and yield are poorly understood. A field study was conducted in the 2012 growing season and repeated in the 2013 growing season. GR and susceptible (GS) Italian ryegrass populations were established in the greenhouse and transplanted in prepared corn row beds in the fall of 2011 and 2012 at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 plants·meter> of crop row. Italian ryegrass plants overwintered and developed over the following spring-summer. Glyphosate was applied at 1.26 kg·ae/ha (1.5× of labeled rate) in the spring to burndown the Italian ryegrass plants and corn was planted into the ryegrass residue 2 - 3 wk later. Current corn production practices were followed. Corn density (early and late season), height (early season), and yield and Italian ryegrass biomass (early-mid season) measurements were recorded during both years. Corn height was greater in 2012 than that in 2013 at comparable stages of the growing season, due to a cooler and wetter early season in 2013 than that in 2012. Averaged across weed densities, corn density (both early and late season) and yield were higher in the GS than those in the GR population, but Italian ryegrass biomass was similar for both populations. Averaged across Italian ryegrass populations, corn density (both early and late season), and yield were inversely proportional to Italian ryegrass density. In summary, Italian ryegrass significantly reduced corn density and yield and reduction was greater with the GR than that with the GS population. Studies are underway to study inter population competition in Italian ryegrass and investigate allelopathic effects of Italian ryegrass on selected crops.

明矾对玉米(Zea mays L.)根尖细胞的遗传毒性效应

目的研究明矾对玉米（Zea mays L.）根尖细胞微核及异常有丝分裂的诱导,阐明明矾对玉米根尖细胞的遗传毒性效应。方法以玉米根尖为实验材料,用不同浓度的明矾为诱变剂,处理24h,测定玉米根尖细胞的有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率。结果不同浓度明矾均能诱发较高微核率和染色体畸变率（P〈0.05）,在同样的条件下,0.1-1.0 g/L明矾处理下玉米根尖细胞微核率和染色体畸变率显著升高并达到最高值,而1.0-2.0 g/L明矾处理下玉米根尖细胞微核率和染色体畸变率下降并趋于平缓。同时在低浓度明矾作用下,玉米根尖细胞分裂有显著的加速现象。当明矾浓度到达一定程度后,表现为玉米根尖细胞分裂减少。结论明矾诱发玉米根尖细胞高微核率和有丝分裂异常,明矾对玉米根尖细胞具有明显的细胞遗传学毒性效应。

Pb、Cu胁迫对玉米(Zea mays L.)生长、细胞色素合成以及重金属吸收特性的影响

通过水培试验,以玉米作为供试植株,研究Pb、Cu胁迫对玉米生长发育、细胞色素合成以及重金属吸收的影响。结果表明,Pb、Cu单一胁迫下玉米根长较对照组均偏低,复合胁迫下根长随着Pb、Cu复合浓度的增加而减小。玉米植株在重金属Pb、Cu单一胁迫下生物量变化不明显,但在不同水平Pb、Cu复合胁迫下,表现随着重金属胁迫浓度增加,玉米植株生物量先增加后减小。玉米叶绿素含量随着Pb胁迫浓度增加而增加、随着Cu浓度增加而降低;Pb、Cu单一胁迫下β-类胡萝卜素含量随着Pb浓度增加先降低后增加,随着Cu含量增加先增加后降低;Pb、Cu单一胁迫下花青素含量较对照组均增大,Cu胁迫下花青素含量增加更明显,最低增加0.65%,最高增加21.25%。玉米不同器官对Pb、Cu积累有一定差异,在单一重金属胁迫下Pb、Cu在玉米体内积累量与胁迫浓度呈正相关,分布顺序为根系>茎叶,根部是积累Pb、Cu主要器官。Pb、Cu复合胁迫下加剧了重金属向玉米体内的迁移累积,随着Pb、Cu复合胁迫浓度的增大,根部吸收Pb、Cu逐步增大,而茎叶吸收Pb、Cu趋于平稳。相关分析显示,玉米细胞色素的合成取决于被胁迫的重金属类型,β-类胡萝卜素含量与植株体内Pb含量显著正相关,花青素含量与Cu含量显著正相关,揭示Pb对β-类胡萝卜素诱导作用强、Cu对花青素诱导作用强。

Application of hybrids with cytoplasmic male-sterility in Zea mays L.in China

The abortive behaviour and the cytoplasm quality of cytoplasmic male-sterility(CMS)lines of homocaryon were investigated and the existence of C race of Bipolaris maydiswere discussed from the point of view of genetic breeding,physiology and pathology in this paper.Then the countermeasures to prevent the danger from disease of B. maydis in CMS hybrid pro-duction were proposed.

Leaf Turgor Potential, Plant Growth and Photosynthesis in Organically Fertilized Sweet Corn

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using a complete random design with six replications. A pressure-volume curve analysis was employed to study the effects of organic fertilizers on plant water relations in sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv. Honey-bantam) in terms of leaf osmotic concentration (Cs), osmotic potentials at full turgid status (πFT) and at incipient plasmolysis (πIP), and of symplastic (ζsym) and apoplastic (ζapo) fractions in the tissue water compartment in relation to photosynthetic capacity (Pc) and dry mass accumulation. At the seedling stage (day 15), plants with chemical fertilizer treatments showed lower πFT, πIP and ζapo and higher Cs, ζsym and PC than those with organic fertilizer treatments. Compared to PC and relative growth, where values from day 15 to day 75 were first lower for organic treatments and then higher, ζsym and Cs values were similar, while πFT and πIP were opposite being higher then lower. Dry mass production with organic fertilizer was higher than or close to the chemical fertilizer treatments in the later growth stage (day 75), though dry mass production with chemical fertilizers was much higher in the early and middle growing stages (days 15 and 45). Increased photosynthesis and dry mass production in later growth stages due to organic fertilizers were associated with increased osmotic concentration in the tissue and the symplastic fraction of the tissue water compartment. These might favor stomatal opening and biochemical activities.

The Comparison of Sugar Components in the Developing Grains of Sweet Corn and Normal Corn

The sugar components and their dynamic variation in the developing grains of sweet corn(Zea mays L. seccharata Sturt)and normal corn (Zea mays L. indentata Sturt) were compared. There are WSP (water-soluble polysaccharides), sucrose, fructose, glucose, mannitol and sorbitol in both sweet corn and normal corn, but no maltose. Two components with different degrees of polymerization (D. P. N) were detected in the sweet corn; only one of them was detected in the normal corn 20 days after pollination. With the development of grains, the total soluble sugar content(TSS)in sweet corn increased, but in normal corn it decreased. The dynamic variation of WSP, sucrose, glucose, fructose, mannitol and sorbitol in sweet and normal corn grains are different. The contents of sugar components in the sweet corn grains are higher than that in the normal corn. Sweet corn accumulates less starch than normal corn.

Differences in Physiological Age Affect Diagnosis of Nitrogen Deficiencies in Cornfields

Many studies have shown that chlorophyll meter readings （CMRs） can be used to diagnose deficiencies of nitrogen （N） during the growth of corn （Zea mays L.） in small-plot trials, but there is need to address additional problems encountered when diagnoses are made in fields of the size managed in production agriculture. A noteworthy difference between smallplot trials and production agriculture is the extent to which the effects of N are confounded with the effects of other factors such as tillage, landscape, soil organic matter and moisture content. We illustrate how some of these factors can cause differences in the physiological age of plants and introduce errors in the diagnoses of N deficiencies. We suggest methods （measuring the height to the youngest leaf collar and assigning leaf numbers by using the first leaf with pubescence and the ear leaf as references to identify growth stages） for minimizing these errors. The simplified method of growth stage identification can be used to select appropriate plants and leaves for making diagnoses in fields and to distinguish the effects of N from the effects of other factors that influence plant growth.

Weed Control, Environmental Impact and Profitability of Weed Management Strategies in Glyphosate-Resistant Corn

Eleven field trials were conducted over a three-year period (2006-2008) at three locations in southwestern Ontario, Canada to evaluate the effect of various weed management strategies in glyphosate-tolerant corn on weed control, crop injury, corn yield, environmental impact and profit margin. No visible injury resulted from the herbicide treatments evaluated. Overall, the effect of all factors assessed were location specific. By 56 days after treatment, depending on location, glyphosate applied at the 7 - 8 leaf stage (LPOST), preemergence (PRE) herbicides followed by (fb) glyphosate LPOST and sequential glyphosate applications (EPOST (3 - 4 leaf stage) followed by LPOST) provided more consistent control of annual broadleaf weeds and annual grasses compared to glyphosate applied alone EPOST. Weed control at 56 days after treatment was lower when glyphosate was applied alone LPOST compared to sequential applications of glyphosate or PRE herbicides fb glyphosate. There were no differences in corn yield among the sequential programs evaluated;however, a yield benefit was found when a sequential program was used compared to glyphosate applied alone LPOST. Among the sequential programs the lowest environmental impact was isoxaflutole/atrazine fb glyphosate. The lowest profit margins were associated with atrazine, S-metolachlor/atrazine/benoxacor, dicamba/atrazine and glyphosate LPOST treatments compared to all other treatments. Overall, profit margins tended to be somewhat higher for treatments that included glyphosate applications. Based on these results, the most efficacious and profitable weed management program in corn was a sequential application of glyphosate;however, isoxaflutole/atrazine fb glyphosate was the treatment with the lowest environmental risk while also adding glyphosate stewardship benefits.

Influence of Adjuvants on the Efficacy of Tolpyralate plus Atrazine for the Control of Annual Grass and Broadleaf Weeds in Corn with and without Roundup WeatherMAX^®

Tolpyralate is a new HPPD-inhibiting herbicide that is efficacious on annual grass and broadleaf weed species in corn. For maximum herbicide performance of tolpyralate, it is recommended that atrazine is tank mixed with tolpyralate along with the adjuvants methylated seed oil concentrate (MSO) plus urea ammonia nitrate (UAN). A common use pattern of tolpyralate plus atrazine will be in a tank mix with Roundup WeatherMAX®due to the high proportion of corn acres that are seeded to Roundup Ready®hybrids in Eastern Canada. There is no information in the peer-reviewed literature if the adjuvant system in Roundup WeatherMAX®is adequate for optimal herbicide performance of tolpyralate plus atrazine, or if MSO and UAN are still required. Six field trials were conducted over two years near Ridgetown and Exeter, ON, Canada to determine if adjuvants are still required when tolpyralate plus atrazine is tank mixed with Roundup WeatherMAX®in corn. Tolpyralate plus atrazine plus MSO and Roundup WeatherMAX®plus tolpyralate plus atrazine provided excellent control of velvetleaf, pigweed spp, common ragweed, lambsquarters, ladysthumb, wild mustard, flower-of-an-hour, barnyardgrass and green foxtail in this study. Results of this study show that in the absence of Roundup WeatherMAX®, weed control with tolpyralate plus atrazine was improved substantially with the addition of MSO;however, there was little to no increase in weed control with the addition of UAN. When tolpyralate plus atrazine was co-applied with Roundup WeatherMAX®, there was no improvement in weed control with the addition of MSO and/or UAN.

Microbiota and Mycotoxins in Trilinear Hybrid Maize Produced in Natural Environments at Central Region in Mexico

Mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in 3 inbred lines (hybrids resistant to corn ear rot) were identified in twenty samples. The maize (Zea mays) accessions were collected in five plots of two municipalities in High Valley, state of Hidalgo. The fungal population was determined with a microbiological dilution method used two culture media (PDA and ELA), for the detection of mycotoxins with thin layer chromatography with visual inspection in UV light and a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA). The results showed high moisture content in all hybrids evaluated on an average of 38.3% and a 1.8 × 103 UFC/g fungus, values within the permitted limits by the Mexican legislation;however the most prevalent fungi were Fusarium sp. (76%), Alternaria sp. (14%), Penicillium sp. (4%) and Aspergillus sp. (5%), and the species Aspergillus nidulas, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium poae, and Penicillium ochraceum. The aflatoxin concentration was observed in a range from 2 to 13 ng/g and 370 to 660 ng/g to fumonisins. It is concluded that trilinear corn hybrids have a variety of pathogenic potential fungi. The two genetic hybrids showed levels of aflatoxins and fumonisin safe for human consumption, contrary to one hybrid, with a content not suitable for human consumption. A better understanding of genetic hybrids corn will improve predictive mycotoxin contamination.

Benefit of Adding Ammonium Sulfate or Additional Glyphosate to Glyphosate in Corn and Soybean

Nine field trials (4 in corn and 5 in soybean) were conducted over 2 years (2014 and 2015) to determine if there is greater benefit of adding ammonium sulfate (AMS) (2.5 L·haˉ1) or an equal dollar value of glyphosate (406 g·ae·haˉ1) to glyphosate applied at 450, 675 or 900 g·ae·haˉ1 for weed control in corn and soybean. Glyphosate applied at 450 g·ae·haˉ1 controlled velvetleaf 90% to 98%, common ragweed 80% - 97%, common lambsquarters 91% - 99%, Eastern black nightshade 83% - 100% and barnyardgrass 73% - 97% in corn and common ragweed 37% - 89%, common lambsquarters 39% - 98%, barnyardgrass 90% - 98% and green foxtail 91% - 98% in soybean. The addition of AMS to glyphosate applied at 450, 675 or 900 g·ae·haˉ1 provided little to no added benefit for the control of velvetleaf, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, Eastern black nightshade, barnyardgrass and green foxtail in corn and soybean. There was a greater benefit in weed control efficacy by simply adding and equal dollar value of glyphosate (406 g·ae·haˉ1) than AMS (2.5 L·haˉ1) to glyphosate. There was no difference in corn or soybean yield among the herbicide treatments evaluated. Based on these results, addition of AMS to glyphosate at rates evaluated had little benefit on weed control efficacy or yield of corn and soybean.

Proximate Composition,Fatty Acid Profile and Mycotoxin Contamination in Several Varieties of Mexican Maize

In Mexico maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal due to excellent taste and nutritional value. Nutritional content and fatty acid profile has been reported in white maize, however, there are several genotypes natives (red, yellow, black, blue, pinto), and many improved hybrids maize of which little is known. Fumonisins and aflatoxins are mycotoxins present in 25% of the world’s cereals, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. This study presents the analysis of proximate composition (ash, protein, lipids), as well as mycotoxins (fumonisins and aflatoxins) and five different fatty acids, two of saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic) and three of polyunsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic), evaluated by Gas Chromatography and Flame Detector (GC-DF). Thirty varieties of maize (native and hybrid maize) were collected in states of central region. The total fumonisins were determined using the QuickTox TM extraction and quantificated by QuickScan fumonisins;the aflatoxins were analyzed by commercial ELISA kit. The highest protein level was 10.43 g/100g, 5.63 g/100g for fat, 1.62 g/100g for ash in hybrid maize. In native maize, the highest levels of protein and ash were 10.94 g/100g and 1.45 g/100g for pinto maize. The higher value for fat was 5.45 g/100g in yellow maize. The palmitic and stearic acids, in native maize were higher that hybrid maize, for linoleic acid and linoleinic fatty with a significant difference between native corn. Fumonisins and aflatoxins were contaminated in all genotypes of maize, in allow levels. This information obtained may be considered in maize breeding programs, industrialization processes and healthy diets.

玉米-紫花苜蓿间作模式与效应研究

以玉米和紫花苜蓿间作系统为研究对象,研究了不同间作模式和不同减氮水平下的光照强度、透光率、土壤养分含量、玉米产量、苜蓿产量和单位面积纯收益变化规律。结果表明,随着玉米大行距的加大,玉米行间和苜蓿带与玉米带间隔中部、底部的光照强度和透光率均表现增大趋势,除T4处理外,其他处理的玉米行间中部、底部的光照强度和透光率均高于对照CK。间作处理的有机质、有机氮、速效氮较对照均成增加趋势,而且这种趋势随着间作时间的延长越发明显,土壤有机质、有机氮、速效氮含量随玉米大行距的加大均成增加趋势。在保持单位面积株数相同的情况下,3个试验年份玉米籽粒产量均以T2处理最高,除T4处理玉米籽粒产量低于对照外,其他处理产量均高于对照,苜蓿产量随玉米大行距的加大均成增加趋势;3个试验年份单位面积纯收益均以T3处理最高,所有间作处理单位面积纯收益均高于对照。减氮均不同程度地造成了玉米减产,但随着间作时间的延长减氮所造成的减产幅度逐渐降低,到试验第3年,R1和R2处理的玉米产量与CK相比没有显著性差异(P>0.05);试验第3年R1和R2处理的单位面积纯收益均高于CK,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。

甜质型和普通型玉米籽粒发育过程中糖组分比较研究

利用高效液相色谱 (HPLC)技术比较分析了甜质型 (ZeamaysL .SeccharataSturt)和普通型玉米 (ZeamaysL .IndentataSturt)籽粒中糖组分的动态变化规律。结果表明 ,籽粒发育初期 (授粉后 10d) ,2类型间糖组分差异不显著 ,均含有水溶性多糖 (WSP)、蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇和甘露醇 ;授粉 2 0d后 ,甜质型玉米能积累 2种聚合度不同的WSP(其保留时间分别为 5 .2 8和 5 .98min) ,而普通型玉米仅有其中的 1种 (保留时间为 5 .98min) ;整个籽粒发育过程中未测得麦芽糖。甜质型玉米随籽粒发育其可溶性总糖 (TSS)含量增加 ,而普通型玉米的含量降低 ,其中WSP、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、甘露醇、山梨醇在 2类型玉米籽粒发育过程中的动态变化不同。甜质型玉米的直链、支链淀粉含量较普通型玉米少 ,其中直链淀粉含量随籽粒发育而降低 ,支链淀粉含量则升高。

NTA对玉米体内Cu、Zn的积累及亚细胞分布的影响

通过向多金属复合污染土壤中加入螯合剂氨三乙酸(NTA)并运用差速离心法研究了NTA对玉米根、茎和叶中Cu、Zn亚细胞分布的影响.结果表明:Cu和Zn在玉米细胞内的分布特征与其吸收和富集重金属能力密切相关,NTA能显著促进Cu和Zn在玉米体内的吸收和积累并且影响重金属在细胞壁和液泡内的分布.在玉米细胞内,细胞壁是Cu的主要结合位点,其次为含液泡的细胞质部分,只有少量的Cu分布在叶绿体、线粒体、细胞核等细胞器组分中;Zn更趋向于分布在以液泡为主的细胞质中,并且在细胞器中也有较高的分布.在NTA诱导下,Cu和Zn在液泡内的分布呈强化趋势,有从细胞壁向细胞质转移的趋势,叶片中细胞器的重金属也部分向细胞质转移.

播期对夏玉米生长发育及产量影响的研究

为给河北省有限光热资源的合理利用和夏玉米产量的提高提供理论依据,本试验以‘郑单958’、‘农大108’、‘DH-3719’3个不同生育期品种为材料,研究了不同播期对夏玉米植株形态指标、生育进程、干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明：夏玉米提早播种,干物质积累量明显增加,株高、穗位高降低,茎秆变粗。播期对夏玉米产量影响明显,播期每提前1 d,灌浆时间延长0.74 d,千粒重增加10%~14.8%,产量增加9%~13.9%。在河北省光热资源条件下,夏玉米播期不应晚于6月15日,灌浆时间应保证在50 d以上。

苜蓿与玉米混贮质量研究

以玉米与苜蓿为原料,按不同比例混贮;通过发酵品质和营养成分分析,找出二者混贮的适宜配比。结果表明:1)各混贮处理发酵品质较苜蓿单贮均得到改善,达到优质青贮的目的;2)玉米与苜蓿3∶7混贮处理CP和Ash含量高于玉米单贮,低于苜蓿单贮,差异显著(P<0.05),而NDF和ADF含量低于玉米单贮,高于苜蓿单贮,差异显著(P<0.05);3)玉米与苜蓿5∶5、7∶3混贮处理pH值较苜蓿单贮显著降低(P<0.05);各混贮处理乳酸占总酸百分比均达到60%以上,乙酸、丙酸占总酸百分比较苜蓿单贮降低,丁酸产生较少;4)苜蓿青贮后乳酸菌数达到108cfu/g FM,玉米青贮前后乳酸菌数差异不明显,青贮后各处理大肠杆菌数明显下降。7∶3混贮处理发酵品质最佳。

作物根系分泌物对土壤团聚体大小及其稳定性的影响

采用土培试验将玉米和大豆植株根系分泌物添加到黑土中,25℃培养30 d,研究根系分泌物对土壤水稳性团聚体大小和稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,作物根系分泌物添加到土壤中,显著提高土壤有机碳矿化率、土壤水溶性糖和多糖含量及水稳性大团聚体(>1 mm)比例(P<0.05),显著提高水稳性团聚体稳定性(P<0.05)。玉米和大豆根系分泌物对土壤结构特性影响趋势基本一致,玉米根系分泌物提高土壤稳定性的幅度显著高于大豆根系分泌物。培养1 d时,添加玉米和大豆根系分泌物的土壤水稳性团聚体比例分别比对照增加2.38倍和1.71倍;培养30 d时,添加玉米和大豆根系分泌物的水稳性团聚体含量分别比对照增加52.0%和28.4%。因此,新鲜的作物根系分泌物能快速黏结土壤颗粒,避免遭水破坏,保护团聚体,从而提高团聚体稳定性。

不同品种玉米挤压膨化特性研究

以黄淮海平原玉米主产区53个玉米品种为材料,以德国布拉本德食品仪器公司DSE-25型双螺杆挤压膨化实验室工作站为膨化设备,系统研究了不同玉米品种籽粒的挤压膨化特性。结果表明,在相同挤压膨化工艺条件下(水分为17%,五区温度180℃,螺杆转速120 r.m in-1,喂料速度16 r.m in-1),不同玉米品种籽粒挤压膨化物的产品特性差异较大,而挤压膨化时的系统参数差异较小。与夏玉米品种相比,春玉米品种籽粒挤压膨化物具有较高的径向膨化率、吸水性指数和产量以及较低的水溶性指数和机械能耗。玉米品种挤压膨化物的径向膨化率平均为1.53,容积密度为0.196g.mL-1,水溶性指数为38.44%、吸水性指数为430.00%,扭矩为151.33 N.m、四区压力为26.66bar、五区压力为10.77bar,产量为2.27 kg.h-1,机械能耗为841.4 W.h.kg-1。玉米籽粒的挤压膨化特性与其理化特性有关。

球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体对亚洲玉米螟取食行为的影响

为明确球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体对亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食行为及取食选择性的影响,本文通过室内控制试验,采用培养皿叶盘法,研究了共生体对亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫和3龄幼虫的选择、非选择性取食的影响。结果表明,在48 h非选择性试验中,亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫在球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体叶片组织(处理组)上的取食率显著低于未接种球孢白僵菌玉米叶片(对照组),第48 h时在共生体和对照玉米上的幼虫取食率分别为35.7%和62.5%,差异极显著;3龄幼虫在共生体茎秆组织上的取食率与对照组玉米差异不显著。在48 h选择性试验中,初孵幼虫在共生体玉米叶片组织上的取食率显著低于对照组,共生体玉米叶片组织上的幼虫取食率随时间的增加呈下降趋势,第48h时在共生体和对照玉米上的幼虫取食率分别为6.3%和20.6%,差异极显著;3龄幼虫在共生体和对照组玉米茎秆组织上的幼虫取食率随时间的增加呈上升趋势,其中对照组幼虫取食率显著高于处理组,第48 h时在处理组和对照组玉米上的幼虫取食率分别为33.1%和45.6%,差异极显著。本研究初步表明,球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体对亚洲玉米螟幼虫的取食行为有显著的抑制和忌避作用。