Modeling and Calculation of Impact Friction Caused by Corner Contact in Gear Transmission

Corner contact in gear pair causes vibration and noise,which has attracted many attentions.However,teeth errors and deformation make it difficulty to determine the point situated at corner contact and study the mechanism of teeth impact friction in the current researches.Based on the mechanism of corner contact,the process of corner contact is divided into two stages of impact and scratch,and the calculation model including gear equivalent error-combined deformation is established along the line of action.According to the distributive law,gear equivalent error is synthesized by base pitch error,normal backlash and tooth profile modification on the line of action.The combined tooth compliance of the first point lying in corner contact before the normal path is inversed along the line of action,on basis of the theory of engagement and the curve of tooth synthetic complianceload-history.Combined secondarily the equivalent error with the combined deflection,the position standard of the point situated at corner contact is probed.Then the impact positions and forces,from the beginning to the end during corner contact before the normal path,are calculated accurately.Due to the above results,the lash model during corner contact is founded,and the impact force and frictional coefficient are quantified.A numerical example is performed and the averaged impact friction coefficient based on the presented calculation method is validated.This research obtains the results which could be referenced to understand the complex mechanism of teeth impact friction and quantitative calculation of the friction force and coefficient,and to gear exact design for tribology.

Improvements of corner frequency and scaling factor for stochastic finite-fault modeling

In this paper, three existing source spectral models for stochastic finite-fault modeling of ground motion were reviewed. These three models were used to calculate the far-field received energy at a site from a vertical fault and the mean spectral ratio over 15 stations of the Northridge earthquake, and then compared. From the comparison, a necessary measure was observed to maintain the far-field received energy independent of subfault size and avoid overestimation of the long- period spectra/level. Two improvements were made to one of the three models （i.e., the model based on dynamic comer frequency） as follows： （i） a new method to compute the subfault comer frequency was proposed, where the subfault comer frequency is determined based on a basic value calculated from the total seismic moment of the entire fault and an increment depending on the seismic moment assigned to the subfault; and （ii） the difference of the radiation energy from each suhfault was considered into the scaling factor. The improved model was also compared with the unimproved model through the far-field received energy and the mean spectral ratio. The comparison proves that the improved model allows the received energy to be more independent of subfault size than the unimproved model, and decreases the overestimation degree of the long-period spectral amplitude.

Dynamic corner frequency in source spectral model for stochastic synthesis of ground motion

The static comer frequency and dynamic comer frequency in stochastic synthesis of ground motion from fi- nite-fault modeling are introduced, and conceptual disadvantages of the two are discussed in this paper. Furthermore, the non-uniform radiation of seismic wave on the fault plane, as well as the trend of the larger rupture area, the lower comer frequency, can be described by the source spectral model developed by the authors. A new dynamic comer frequency can be developed directly from the model. The dependence of ground motion on the size of subfault can be eliminated if this source spectral model is adopted in the synthesis. Finally, the approach presented is validated from the comparison between the synthesized and observed ground motions at six rock stations during the Northridge earthquake in 1994.

超高速公路自动驾驶车辆换道轨迹规划策略

为提高自动驾驶车辆在超高速公路行驶的安全性,提出了一种换道轨迹规划策略。首先,采用5次多项式生成一般变道轨迹簇,以车辆动力学极限和周围交通车辆为约束,将轨迹规划问题量化为求解换道行为持续时间;接着,考虑车辆动力学约束,建立了车辆动力学模型和Brush轮胎模型,基于所建立汽车模型的轮胎侧向力数据求解轮胎侧偏刚度,辅以魔术轮胎模型,验证所求轮胎侧偏刚度;然后,引入质心侧偏角-横摆角速度相平面,得到高速车辆安全驾驶包络线,并给定多组车速和附着系数进行CarSim仿真训练,确定满足车辆动力学约束的最短换道时间;最后,考虑与周围交通车辆的避撞约束,分析3种典型的换道场景,基于单障碍车的位置,确定满足避撞要求的最短与最长换道持续时间,建立满足安全换道要求的换道持续时间阈值模型。经多参数安全换道域检验,所建立的车辆安全换道持续时间边界模型能够在给定参数下求解出安全可行的换道轨迹,为超高速公路换道行为提供轨迹参考,提高超高速公路换道行为的安全性。

贝叶斯三角帽法的GRACE/GRACE-FO组合模型及其不确定性

利用贝叶斯三角帽法将多个GRACE/GRACE-FO重构模型进行融合,提升基于深度学习的地表质量变化重构模型的精度,为高精度填补及重构GRACE/GRACE-FO数据提供参考。实验表明,组合模型估算的全球陆地水储量变化的不确定性最低,其结果在多数流域与参考模型的一致性更佳;较最优的重构模型,组合模型全球及流域的不确定性降低约15%,纳什效率系数(NSE)提升约5%,尤其在半干旱、半湿润及湿润区域,其精度提升更明显。

某内河航道整治工程凸角裁弯方案研究

结合实际工程案例,为确定转向角度大的两条航道交汇处的碍航凸角裁弯方案,在根据规范进行尺度论证的基础上,结合数学模型,对各方案的水沙条件变化情况进行预测分析。裁弯后,河段整体冲淤趋势未发生明显改变,裁弯附近河段随着挖深及疏浚面积的增大,回淤量随之增加,但总体回淤强度不大;横流明显减小,弯曲航道航行条件得到改善,船舶转弯半径更大,航行视路更开阔,有利于船舶操纵与航行安全。裁弯工程已按本文所荐及优化方案实施完成,可供类似工程借鉴和参考。

Strong ground motion simulation for the 2013 Lushan M_W6.6 earthquake, Sichuan, China, based on the inverted and synthetic slip models

It is well known that quantitative estimation of slip distributions on fault plane is one of the most important issues for earthquake source inversion related to the fault rupture process. The characteristics of slip distribution on the main fault play a fundamental role to control strong ground motion pattern. A large amount of works have also suggested that variable slip models inverted from longer period ground motion recordings are relevant for the prediction of higher frequency ground motions. Zhang et al. （Chin J Geophys 56：1412-1417, 2013） and Wang et al. （Chin J Geophys 56：1408-1411,2013） published their source inversions for the fault rupturing process soon after the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake in Sichuan, China. In this study, first, we synthesize two forward source slip models： the value of maximum slip, fault dimension, size, and dimension of major asperities, and comer wave number obtained from Wang＇s model is adopted to constrain the gen- eration of k-2 model and crack model. Next, both inverted and synthetic slip models are employed to simulate the ground motions for the Lushan earthquake based on the stochastic finite-fault method. In addition, for a comparison purpose, a stochastic slip model and another k-2 model （k 2 model II） with 2 times value of comer wave number of the original k-2 model （k 2 model I） are also employed for simulation for Lushan event. The simulated results characterized by Modified Mer- calli Intensity （MMI） show that the source slip models based on the inverted and synthetic slip distributions could capture many basic features associated with the ground motion patterns. Moreover, the simulated MMI distributions reflect the rupture directivity effect and the influence of the shallow velocity structure well. On the other hand, the simulated MMI bystochastic slip model and k 2 model II is apparently higher than observed intensity. By contrast, our simulation results show that the higher frequency ground motion is sensitive to the degree of slip roughness; therefore, we suggest that, for realistic ground- motion simulations due to future earthquake, it is imperative to properly estimate the slip roughness distribution.

THE FULLY PLASTIC J-INTEGRAL OF CORNER CRACKS AT A HOLE IN A PLATE

The line-spring model of surface cracks is applied to the fully plastic analysis of corner cracks at a hole in a plate. The generalized fully plastic constitutive relations and the fully plastic J-integral, as well as its coefficients in polynomial expressions are given. The model obtained is incorporated into a finite element program. The corner cracks at a hole in a plate subjected pure tensions are calculated by the present model. The fully plastic J-integral is then estimated. The results obtained show that the line-spring model is effective for the analysis of corner cracks. The influence of the crack depth and the hardening exponent on the fully plastic J-integral is also discussed.

沂沭断裂带小震震源参数特征分析

利用山东台网记录的2010-2020年沂沭断裂带范围内的地震波形资料,基于高频截止模型,以理论震源谱对观测震源谱之间的最小绝对残差值作为目标函数,使用稳健的最小二乘法估计模型参数,得到93个地震震源谱的特征参数和震源参数,对不同震源参数之间的定标关系及视应力的时空特征进行分析。研究结果表明,高频截止模型的理论震源谱对观测震源谱有较好的拟合效果,能够明显改善拐角频率识别效果,因此该模型更适用于观测震源谱;沂沭断裂带中小地震的拐角频率为2~15 Hz,与矩震级有较好的相关关系,震级越大,拐角频率越低;地震矩M_(0)与震级M_(L)在单对数坐标系下存在较好的线性关系,利用稳健函数线性拟合,可表示为logM_(0)=1.096M_(L)+9.78;地震视应力的时间分布特征表明,沂沭断裂带2012-2014年地震视应力偏高,地震强度和频次明显增加,2016年后地震视应力有所降低,地震强度和频次有所降低;沂沭断裂带地震多发生在高视应力内部和边缘地区,断裂带中南部的莒南-临沂和断裂带北段的安丘段存在明显高视应力集中区,这些区域为沂沭带未来可能发生中强地震的潜在震源区,有必要对高视应力区的地球物理特征进行监测。

Analysis of the Micro-Rotation Compliant Mechanism Based on the Corner-Filleted Flexure Hinges

The purpose of this thesis is to derive the flexibility formula of the corner-filleted flexure hinge easily and conveniently and use it to design a micro-rotation compliant mechanism. Firstly,we get the corner-filleted flexure hinge flexibility formula by methods of symmetry transformation and coordinates translation. The correctness of this formula is validated on the basis of the finite element method and under the premise that the effects of shear stress are taken into consideration. Then a micro-rotation compliant mechanism is designed in accordance with the corner-filleted flexure hinge,and the deduction and analysis of its working moment/rigidity are conducted. Moreover,this theoretical formula is proved to be accurate and reliable through the finite element analysis and the experimental verification,based on which the structural design and optimization can be made on the rotating part of a micro adjustment device. The results illustrate that designing and optimizing the structures by the analysis model is convenient and reliable so that complicated 3D modeling and finite element analysis are not needed.

考虑车辆侧偏刚度变化的MPC稳定性控制方法

针对侧向行驶车辆易发生转向失稳,构建了一种考虑轮胎侧偏刚度变化的车辆稳定性控制方法,以避免轮胎侧向力饱和,提高行车安全性.采用前、后轴轮胎侧偏角分段拟合方法建立轮胎侧偏刚度拟合模型,将拟合过的侧偏刚度引入到车辆动力学模型中,准确描述车辆当前的动态性能.为了避免轮胎侧向力饱和引起的转向失稳,本文提出一种基于模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)算法的前后轴约束的轮胎侧偏角的车辆稳定性控制方法,以优化车辆的转向性能.仿真结果表明,车辆稳定性控制方法能够将前后轴的轮胎侧偏角抑制在一定范围内,根据侧偏刚度的变化,避免车辆侧滑现象的发生,提高了车辆的稳定性.

Degree elevation from Bzier curve to C-Bzier curve with corner cutting form

The existing results of curve degree elevation mainly focus on the degree of algebraic polynomials. The paper considers the elevation of degree of the trigonometric polynomial, from a Bezier curve on the algebraic polynomial space, to a C-Bezier curve on the algebraic and trigonometric polynomial space. The matrix of degree elevation is obtained by an operator presentation and a derivation pyramid. It possesses not a recursive presentation but a direct expression. The degree elevation process can also be represented as a corner cutting form.

基于有限元分析的汽车十二角半轴螺母冷镦工艺开发与应用

针对汽车十二角半轴螺母热镦成形工艺中存在的工序繁杂、生产效率低、产品性能差、材料利用率低和成本高等问题,设计了一种6工位自动化冷镦成形工艺对其进行替换。通过室温压缩试验建立了40Cr合金钢的Johson-Cook本构模型,同时,利用Deform-3D数值模拟软件完成了各工位的连续成形模拟,并根据螺母各阶段的金属流动规律、填充完整度、截面网格变形情况和断裂趋势等信息分析了冷镦成形工艺的可行性,基于载荷分析预测了成形力大小;然后根据分析结果和成形工艺完成了各工位模具的制作,并通过冷镦机进行了试模制件。结果表明,获得的十二角半轴螺母表面光洁,填充完整,无折叠和裂纹等缺陷,与模拟结果完全吻合,经测量检验,螺母各处尺寸均在公差范围内,符合使用要求,证实了冷镦工艺的可靠性,此冷镦工艺能够取代热镦工艺。

岩巷掘进中角柱形掏槽孔合理间距的分析与应用

为了提高岩巷掘进效率,对掏槽孔合理间距进行研究与分析,以便于爆破方案设计中掏槽孔间距的选择。从角柱形掏槽入手,结合补偿空间理论和柱形药包爆破机理,推导出最适孔间距的数学计算模型,得出175 mm为理论最适间距。结合理论推导和数值计算对岩巷掘进中角柱形掏槽孔的合理间距进行了分析,发现170 mm孔间距的模型爆破效果最好,且有效应力随着间距的改变先减小后增大,最适间距出现在有效应力最低处。结合数值计算和现场施工效果综合分析,发现采用最适间距的爆破方案能够使平均爆破进尺增加0.7 m,每循环消耗炸药量降低2.66 kg,振速平均降低0.12 cm/s,新方案大大降低了爆破用材,提高经济效益和掘进效率,并且减少了振动带来的危害。研究结果可为角柱形掏槽爆破参数设计提供参考,对类似施工条件的爆破方案设计具有一定的参考价值。

基于各向异性超弹本构的轮胎侧偏分析

为了准确描述帘线-橡胶轮胎侧偏的力学特性,基于单向纤维增强连续介质力学,给出了一种可用于仿真分析轮胎侧偏的帘线-橡胶复合材料各向异性超弹性本构模型。该模型中应变能被解耦为橡胶基体应变能、帘线拉伸应变能和橡胶与帘线之间的角剪切应变能;结合实验数据标定了模型参数,将标定后的各向异性超弹本构模型用于轮胎接地和侧偏分析;为各向异性超弹性复合材料本构模型的开发以及高精度帘线-橡胶轮胎模型研发提供了重要的研究基础。

计入线外啮合的风电齿轮动力学行为分析

为探究线外啮合对齿轮传动动态服役行为的影响规律,以一对风电高速级齿轮为例,基于齿轮啮合原理和冲击动力学理论计算不同负载和转速下线外啮入冲击力和时变啮合刚度。采用集中参数法建立计入线外啮合的直齿传动非线性动力学模型,数值求解不同激励下系统的动态特性。结果表明:在不同运行转速区,啮合冲击与啮合刚度对系统动态响应的贡献各不相同。在共振区,时变啮合刚度成为系统的主导激励;在超临界区,系统动载荷随转速升高而增大,这主要来源于啮合冲击的激励作用。

架空输电线走板与张力机之间的力学模型研究

在输电线张力放线过程中,走板过转角塔时易因其受力复杂导致其倾斜角与滑车倾斜角不一致而发生跳槽甚至翻转故障。针对此问题,本文建立张力机出口张力与走板倾斜角的数学模型,以便准确控制走板过转角塔时的倾斜角。首先,根据导线的牵展计算得到张力机出口张力控制值;然后考虑到走板在放线过程中的受力情况,建立走板力矩平衡方程;最后,获得张力机出口张力对走板倾斜角的控制模型,并提出张力机出口张力调整策略。在某实际输电线路工程中应用本文提出的力学模型进行仿真验证。结果表明,模型计算的张力机出口张力控制值与实际值误差在5%以内;并且,根据模型分析了走板尺寸、重量及转角塔的位置对走板倾斜角的影响,并结合走板期望倾斜角确定张力机出口张力的最佳调整策略,提高了放线施工的效率和安全。

长宽比对双进水管结构矩形圆弧角养殖池排污特性的影响

为探究长宽比参数(即L/W,L为养殖池长边,W为养殖池宽边)对双进水管结构矩形圆弧角养殖池排污特性的影响,构建了固-液两相流数值计算模型(DPM离散项模型与RNG k-ε连续相模型),定义了适用于较大长宽比养殖池排污模拟的粒子重叠撒布方式,在L/W为1.0~1.9工况下,对两种进水管布置方式(进水管布置在长边中心和宽边中心)的养殖池排污效果进行了数值模拟试验。结果表明:L/W=1.0~1.5时,两种进水管布置方式的养殖池内粒子排除率均可达95%以上,随着长宽比的增加,养殖池内的排污效果变差;L/W=1.6~1.8时,进水管布置在长边中心时,未能排除的粒子在养殖池内汇聚更为集中。研究表明,在实际矩形圆弧角养殖池建设过程中,为使养殖池具有良好的排污性能和提高场地利用率,可选择L/W=1.0~1.5的池形进行建造。

转角脉冲试验中横摆角速度误差注入与模拟

为使虚拟样机进行转角脉冲试验更加接近实车试验数据,根据陀螺仪传感器的构造和误差产生机理,对陀螺仪系统误差和随机误差的数学特性进行分析,并建立相应的误差模型,提出了系统—随机误差注入方法,对注入误差后的横摆角速度进行误差模拟。结果表明:误差注入方法可有效对动力学模型输出数据进行模拟,通过分布检验法进行验证,验证结果与注入误差的类型一致也表明了误差注入方法的有效性。

基于双目融合的场馆深度信息视觉交互仿真

采用目前方法对场馆深度信息进行交互时,由于未结合双目立体视觉结构获取目标物体的原始图像数据,使得最终获取的信息交互结果存在信息交互可信度较差、信息交互往返时延较长的问题。提出基于双目融合的场馆深度信息视觉交互仿真的方法,结合双目立体视觉结构获取目标物体同一水平不同位点的两组原始图像数据,并对原始图像数据进行预处理,获取基于优化数据的特征角点匹配图像,将征角点已匹配的目标物体图像输入以大数据背景下神经网络为基础建立的信息交互模型中,得到目标物体的三维几何深度信息,同时实现信息的交互。仿真结果表明,所提方法信息交互可信度较高、信息交互往返时延较短。