Correlation between Root Trait and Yield of Alfalfa

Growth traits of root system of 13 autumn-sowing alfalfa cultivars were analyzed. The results indicated that there were significant difference in growth pa- rameters of root system among alfalfa cultivars （ P 〈 0.05 ）. The cultivars, Prime and WI323, showed the highest root biomass （ higher than 32 g） ; cuhivar WI323 had the largest lateral root number （17.8 branches）. Cultivars Prime, WI323, Super7 and L90 had better root traits than other cultivars based on comprehensive evaluation. Among three times of mowing within a year, root growth and development of alfalfa had mutual promotion with the first and second time growth of abovegraund part, but had competition with the third time growth. Overwintering alfalfa root restricted the grass yield in the following year, especially the third-cut yield in the next year.

Variation Characteristics of Root Traits of Different Alfalfa Cultivars under Saline-Alkaline Stress and their Relationship with Soil Environmental Factors

Soil salinization is the main factor that threatens the growth and development of plants and limits the increase of yield.It is of great significance to study the key soil environmental factors affecting plant root traits to reveal the adaptation strategies of plants to saline-alkaline-stressed soil environments.In this study,the root biomass,root morphological parameters and root mineral nutrient content of two alfalfa cultivars with different sensitivities to alkaline stress were analyzed with black soil as the control group and the mixed saline-alkaline soil with a ratio of 7:3 between black soil and saline-alkaline soil as the saline-alkaline treatment group.At the same time,the correlation analysis of soil salinity indexes,soil nutrient indexes and the activities of key enzymes involved in soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus cycles was carried out.The results showed that compared with the control group,the pH,EC,and urease(URE)of the soil surrounding the roots of two alfalfa cultivars were significantly increased,while soil total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),organic carbon(SOC),andα-glucosidase activity(AGC)were significantly decreased under saline-alkaline stress.There was no significant difference in root biomass and root morphological parameters of saline-alkaline tolerant cultivar GN under saline-alkaline stress.The number of root tips(RT),root surface area(RS)and root volume(RV)of AG were reduced by 61.16%,44.54%,and 45.31%,respectively,compared with control group.The ratios of K^(+)/Na^(+),Ca^(2+)/Na^(+)and Mg^(2+)/Na^(+)of GN were significantly higher than those of AG(p<0.05).The root fresh weight(RFW)and dry weight(RDW),root length(RL),RV and RT of alfalfa were positively regulated by soil SOC and TN,but negatively regulated by soil pH,EC,and URE(p<0.01).Root Ca^(2+)/Na+ratio was significantly positively correlated with soil TN,TP and SOC(p<0.01).The absorption of Mg and Ca ions in roots is significantly negatively regulated by soilβ-glucosidase activity(BGC)and acid phosphatase activity(APC)(p<0.05).This study improved knowledge of the relationship between root traits and soil environmental factors and offered a theoretical framework for elucidating how plant roots adapt to saline-alkaline stressed soil environments.

Cytological Correlation Between Flower and Vegetative Shoot Development from Immature Embryo-Derived Calli in Wheat

In this paper, the traits of immature embryo culture from 45 genotypes of bread wheat were investigated in detail, and trait correlation analysis in combination with histomorphological examination was used to study the cytological origin of flower as well as the correlation between it and vegetative shoot development from the calli. The rate of floral development in the subculture was highly significantly and positively related to that of the differentiation culture, which reveals that the genetic system of floral development from immature embryo-derived calli in wheat was highly correspondent and stable. The rate of floral development was related neither to the traits in the dedifferentiation culture, nor to the vegetative shoot formation from the total induced calli, but significantly and positively related to that of the calli without leaf-like green spots in the differentiation culture. These findings indicate the partial correlation as well as differentiation between flower and vegetative shoot development. The floral development might only be associated with the genetic system controlling organ regeneration, while vegetative shoots formed from the two ways, including somatic embryogenesis and organ regeneration.

Effects of Genotype and Planting Density on Agronomic Traits and Storage Root of Sweetpotato

The effects ol different genotypes and planting densities on main agronomic traits, storage root traits and yield were studied with 6 high-quality sweetpotato varieties as study objects by 2-factor completely random design. The results showed that there were significant differences in stem diameter, length of the longest vine and top/root （T/R） between different genotypes, T/R differed significantly under dif- ferent planting densities, and number of basal branches decreased with planting density increasing. Genotype and genotype x density showed significant or very sig- nificant effects on fresh root yield per plant, dry matter content and fresh root yield per hectare, fresh root yield per plant gradually decreased with planting density in- creasing, while fresh root yield per hectare increased with planting density increas- ing. Numbers of storage roots in different sizes of the 6 sweetpotato cultivars all exhibited an order of number of large-sized storage roots〈number of medium-sized storage roots〈small-sized storage root; and there were very significant differences in ratio of large-sized storage roots between different genotypes. The number of large- sized storage roots, ratio of large-sized storage roots and number of commercial storage roots deceased with planting density increasing, while there were no signifi- cant differences in number of medium-sized storage roots, number of small-sized storage roots, ratio of medium-sized storage roots and ratio of small-sized storage roots between different densities. Correlation analysis showed that there was signifi- cant positive correlation between number of basal branches and fresh root yield per plant; dry matter content in storage roots was in significant positive correlation with stem diameter, and in significant negative correlation with length of the longest vine; fresh root yield per hectare was in significant positive correlation with fresh root yield per plant, and in very significant negative correlation with dry matter content; and ratio of large-sized storage roots was in very significant positive correlation with number of large-sized storage root and fresh root yield per plant, and in very sig- nificant negative correlation with ratio of medium-sized storage roots and ratio of small-sized storage roots. This experiment showed that under the planting density of 7.5×104 plants/hm2, the 6 sweetpotato cultivars all reached the highest numbers of commercial storage roots and fresh root yields per hectare.

Co-planted barnyardgrass reduces rice yield by inhibiting plant above-and belowground-growth during post-heading stages

Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa spp.) is the most common noxious weed in rice paddies as it inhibits rice growth and reduces grain yield.To date,little information is available on above-and belowgroundgrowth changes in rice due to neighboring barnyardgrass.This study aimed to investigate the changes in root traits and shoot growth of rice when it is grown with different kinds of barnyardgrass.Japonica rice plants (var.Nanjing 9108) were co-cultured with two varieties of Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.(EP,var.mitis (pursh) Petern;EH,var.zelayensis (H.B.K.) Hitchc),and E.colonum (L.) Link (EL) in the field in 2017 and 2018.Four treatments included control (i.e.,weed free rice plants) and co-cultures with each of three barnyardgrasses (EP,EH,and EL).The results revealed that EP,EH,and EL treatments significantly reduced rice grain yields by 30.6%–36.2%,42.5%–46.5%,and 10.6%–14.3%,respectively.Shoot growth including shoot dry weight,leaf photosynthetic rate,zeatin (Z) and zeatin riboside (ZR) in grains,and activities of key enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch conversion in grains and root traits,such as length density,root dry weight,total absorbing surface area,active absorption surface area,oxidation activity,and Z+ZR contents in roots were dramatically reduced during post-heading stages of rice when grown with the three kinds of barnyardgrass.Moreover,above-mentioned rice shoot growth indices were strongly and positively correlated with root traits.These results suggested the decrease in rice shoot growth and root traits during post-heading stages contributes to the reduction in the rice yield when it grows with barnyardgrass neighbors.

大豆品种根系性状与地上部性状的相关性研究

采用盆栽方法 ,对黑龙江省和吉林省的 4 2份大豆品种的根系性状与地上部性状间的相关关系进行了研究。结果表明 :大豆品种根系性状与地上部性状存在相关关系 ,随生长进程的推进相关关系趋于明显。鼓粒初期所测 7个根系性状与地上部茎粗、冠鲜重、冠干重均呈中度 (以上 )相关关系 ,除主根长度与冠鲜重之间的相关系数在 0 .0 5水平上达到显著外 ,所测根系性状与茎粗、冠鲜重、冠干重之间的相关系数均在 0 .0 1水平上达到显著。判断根系是否发达的地上部主要指标顺序为 :茎粗 >冠干重 >冠鲜重 >株高 >分枝数。

水稻根系特征与地上部关系的研究初报

选用１２个不同穗型水稻品种为材料，对供试品种的根系特征与地上部性状关系进行了分析。研究初步表明：种子根特征受种子千粒重影响较大；每株不定根数与每株分维数和穗数呈显著正相关；不定根长度与穗长呈显著正相关；不定根直径与叶片宽度、茎宽、每穗一次枝梗数、每穗二次枝梗数、每穗总粒数呈显著正相关，与每株穗数呈显著负相关；根重与地上部干重的关系也非常密切。不同生育期之间的根数、根重和根直径的相关性均达显著水平。

超级稻协优9308衍生群体根系与地上部重要农艺性状的相关性

利用超级稻协优9308重组自交系及其双回交群体,结合水面无土栽培技术和大田栽培,获得水稻地上部分蘖数、抽穗期和单株产量等10个性状和根长、总根长和根干重等7个根系性状数据,采用DPS统计软件分析XBR、RIL和ZHR群体这些性状相关性。结果表明,这些性状双亲间表现出显著或极显著的遗传差异,且在3个群体中都呈连续分布和双向超亲分离。根长分别与总根长、根表面积、根干重等5个性状呈极显著正相关,根直径与其他6个根系性状呈不显著相关。抽穗期、株高和单株产量等6个性状分别与根长、总根长和根干重等6个性状呈极显著正相关,但分蘖数、穗数、结实率、百粒重等4个性状与根系呈不显著相关,10个地上部农艺性状均与根直径呈不显著相关。这些结果为水稻根系遗传与育种提供了有价值的信息。本文还对利用地上部农艺性状与根系间相关性间接选择强根系超级稻的育种策略进行了探讨。

长期定位施肥对砂姜黑土小麦根系性状和根冠比的影响

为了解长期定位施肥下砂姜黑土区小麦根系的生长发育状况,研究了5种长期不同施肥模式对该区小麦根系性状和根冠比的影响。结果表明,长期单施有机肥(M)小麦的总根长、总根表面积、总根体积、总根尖数、总根分叉数、根干重皆高于长期单施化肥(NPK),其中,开花期M处理小麦的总根体积、总根尖数、总根分叉数、根干重显著高于NPK处理,根直径M与NPK处理间差异不显著。长期有机肥与化肥配施传统施氮量(MNPK)与有机肥与化肥配施高施氮量(HMNPK)处理间小麦的总根长、总根表面积、平均根直径、总根体积、总根分叉数差异皆不显著,而MNPK处理小麦的总根尖数和开花期的根干重显著高于HMNPK处理。长期有机肥与化肥配施相对于长期单施化肥和有机肥可以明显改善小麦根系性状,其中,开花期MNPK和HMNPK处理小麦的总根长、总根表面积、总根体积、总根尖数、总根分叉数显著高于NPK和M处理,而MNPK和HMNPK处理小麦的平均根直径与M处理差异不显著。长期不施肥(CK)小麦的根系性状各指标显著低于其他各施肥处理。拔节期CK处理小麦的根冠比最低,其次为HMNPK,NPK、M、MNPK处理间的根冠比差异皆不显著,开花期HMNPK处理小麦的根冠比最低,其次为MNPK。研究认为,在改善根系性状方面,长期有机肥与化肥配施的效果最优,其次为长期单施有机肥、长期单施化肥;有机肥与化肥配施下施氮量偏高并不利于根系的改善,增加施氮量会降低根冠比。

玉米根系性状与地上部性状的相关性研究

以玉米品种“掖单13”和“丹玉13”为材料,采用大田挖掘法,全生育期系统研究了玉米根系与地上部性状之间的相关关系。结果表明,整个生育期内,根系干重与地上部干重、根系干重与绿叶面积以及根系总吸收面积与绿叶面积均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。“掖单13”根系与叶片中硝酸还原酶(NR)活性呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而“丹玉13”的相关性不显著(P>0.05);两品种根系与叶鞘的NR活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),根系与叶片中的可溶蛋白含量、根系与叶鞘中的可溶蛋白含量均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。“掖单13”根系与叶片中的可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),“丹玉13”呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),“掖单13”根系与叶鞘中可溶性糖含量的相关性不显著(P>0.05),“丹玉13”则二者间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。

大豆耐旱种质鉴定和相关根系性状的遗传与QTL定位

从301份黄淮海和长江中下游地区代表性大豆地方品种和育成品种(系)中按根系类型选取59份,在苗期干旱胁迫和非胁迫条件下对地上部和地下部性状进行2年重复鉴定,发现材料间性状隶属函数值具有丰富遗传变异,以株高、叶龄、根干重和茎叶干重隶属函数的算术平均数为抗旱综合指标从中筛选出汉中八月黄、晋豆14,科丰1号,圆黑豆等强耐旱型(1级)和临河大粉青、宁海晚黄豆等干旱敏感型(5级)材料。比根干重、比总根长、比根体积与耐旱隶属函数平均值均呈极显著正相关,可作为耐旱性的根系性状指标。利用“科丰1号×南农1138 2”(1级×4级)衍生的RIL群体为材料,对耐旱相关根系性状采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分离分析法进行遗传分析并进行QTL定位。结果表明,该两亲本间比根干重、比总根长、比根体积的遗传均为两对主基因加多基因模型,后两者主基因间有连锁(重组率分别为4.30%和1.93%);主基因遗传率为62.26%～91.81%,多基因遗传率为2.99%～24.75%;耐旱相关根系性状各主要由1对主基因控制,另1对效应较小。QTL分析检测到5、3、5个QTLs分别控制比根重、比根总长、比根体积,位于N6 C2、N8 D1b+W、N11 E、N18 K连锁群上。3性状各有1个贡献率大的QTL(Dw1,Rl1,Rv1),而且均位在N6 C2的STAS8_3T STAS8_6T相同距离的区段上,其他QTLs效应均较小。分离分析与QTL定位的结果相对一致。

基因型和栽插密度对甘薯农艺性状及结薯习性的影响

【目的】探讨不同基因型和栽插密度对甘薯主要农艺性状、结薯性及产量的影响。【方法】以6个优质食用甘薯品种为研究对象,采用两因素完全随机设计方法。【结果】茎粗、最长蔓长和蔓薯比(T/R)在不同基因型间差异显著,T/R在不同栽插密度下差异显著,基部分枝随栽插密度增高而降低。单株鲜薯重、薯块烘干率和单位面积鲜薯产量等产量性状,在基因型、基因型×密度间均表现出显著或极显著差异,单位鲜薯重随栽插密度增加逐渐降低,单位面积鲜薯产量则随栽插密度升高而增加。本试验6个甘薯品种的结薯性均表现出大薯数<中薯数<小薯数,且不同基因型大薯率呈极显著差异;大薯和商品薯数、大薯率随栽插密度的升高而降低,中、小薯数,中、小薯率在不同栽插密度间无显著差异。相关性分析表明,基部分枝和单株鲜薯重呈显著正相关;薯块烘干率与茎粗呈显著正相关,与最长蔓长呈显著负相关;单位面积鲜薯产量与单株鲜薯重呈显著正相关,与烘干率成显著负相关;大薯率与大薯数、单株鲜薯重呈极显著正相关,与中、小薯率呈极显著负相关。【结论】栽插密度为7.5×104株/hm2,6个甘薯品种的商品薯数和单位面积鲜薯产量均达最高。

轻度干湿交替灌溉协调水稻根冠生长、提高产量及氮肥利用效率

【目的】干湿交替灌溉是水分高效利用的有效措施,但是适宜的干湿程度受多种因素的影响。因此,研究不同干湿交替灌溉下水稻根系及地上生长发育的差异,以探讨干湿交替灌溉对水稻产量及氮肥利用效率的影响及其机理。【方法】以‘徐稻3号’为材料进行盆栽试验,设置传统灌溉(保持2~3 cm浅水层,CI)、轻度干湿交替灌溉(−20 kPa,AWMD)和重度干湿交替灌溉(−40 kPa,AWSD)3种灌溉方式,研究干湿交替灌溉对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)根长、根重、根冠比、根系伤流量、根系细胞分裂素含量、地上部重量、叶片光合速率、非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)运转及籽粒中ATP酶活性的影响。【结果】轻度干湿交替灌溉显著增加了根长、根重、根冠比、根系伤流量、根中细胞分裂素含量,如抽穗期比传统灌溉分别提高13.3%、6.7%、10.8%、8.1%、7.4%;茎鞘中NSC向籽粒运转率提高23.3%,同时提高籽粒中ATP酶活性16.3%~18.4%、提升主要生育期叶片硝酸还原酶活性10.9%~44.0%,增加成熟期植株的吸氮量。最终水稻产量及氮肥利用效率显著增加,重度干湿交替灌溉则显著减少根长、根重,抑制根系活性及合成细胞分裂素的能力,如抽穗期分别比传统灌溉降低30.1%、20.8%、40.5%、34.4%,降低地上部的生长,显著降低主要生育期叶片的光合速率,抽穗期降低26.4%,虽促进NSC的运转,但是较低的花后干物质积累与籽粒库活性,导致水稻产量降低32.8%(2018年)与31.6%(2019年);同时重度干湿交替灌溉下,植株吸氮量显著减少,叶片硝酸还原酶的活性降低19.2%,氮肥吸收利用率、农学利用率及偏生产力分别降低18.0%、34.7%及31.8%。【结论】轻度干湿交替灌溉能够改善根系形态,提高根系代谢功能,协调地上部生长,提高水稻产量及氮肥利用效率。重度干湿交替灌溉不利于水稻根系生长,抑制代谢,不宜采用。

高产大豆品种的生理特征和产量性状研究

2009～2010年,以普通大豆品种九农21为对照,比较了其与高产品种长农13和吉育88的生长动态、主要农艺性状及产量,并对形态指标和产量构成因素进行了典型相关分析。结果表明:高产品种的叶面积指数、地上部生物量、根系指标(根系活力、伤流量、根系体积和干重)、产量以及株高、单株荚重、单株粒重和百粒重等主要农艺性状均高于对照品种,但主茎节数和分枝数低于对照;通过典型相关分析发现,单株粒重与R5期根系体积呈显著正相关,而与R6期叶面积指数呈显著负相关,表明合理调控鼓粒期的群体结构,有助于增产。

裸燕麦(Avena nuda L.)根冠关系的研究

为给裸燕麦(莜麦)的生产调控决策提供理论与技术依据,以品五(晚熟品种)和坝莜一号(早熟品种)2个裸燕麦品种为试验材料,对其不同时期地上部生物量的变化规律及其与根系干重的比值和相关性进行了研究。结果表明:早熟品种和晚熟品种的地上部生物量的变化趋势基本一致,大致分为2个阶段:拔节期至开花期的线性增长阶段与开花期至成熟期的缓慢增长阶段。随着生育期的推移,莜麦的根冠比呈下降趋势。莜麦中期根系干重与地上部总干重呈显著相关,后期相关不显著。

水、旱稻RIL系抽穗期根系性状的相关及通径分析

以水稻越富与旱稻IRAT109杂交获得的120个粳-粳重组自交系为材料,旱田种植在自建的根管中,考察抽穗期的根数、根基粗等6个性状,同时计算根茎比(地下部分鲜重/地上部分鲜重)。计算各性状间及其与根茎比之间的相关系数并进一步进行根系性状和地上部分生物重的通径分析。结果表明:根数与根茎比无相关性,根基粗与根茎比之间达极显著正相关,相关系数为0.317;根长与根茎比达到显著相关,相关系数为0.227;根鲜重、根干重和根体积与根茎比亦达到显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.631,0.447和0.488。对高根茎比和低根茎比株系根系进行比较,除根数外,其他性状的均值均为根茎比大的株系大于根茎比小的株系,说明根茎比可以作为作物根系抗旱性的一个指标;根鲜重、根干重和根长对地上部分生物重贡献较大。

大麦苗期根系和茎叶性状的QTL定位分析

以耐湿大麦品种泰兴9425与湿害敏感品种Franklin构建的DH系及亲本为材料,在湿害胁迫条件下,考察了大麦苗期与耐湿性相关的根长、根鲜质量、根干质量、茎叶鲜质量和茎叶干质量,各性状均表现为连续分布,且都存在一定数量的双向超亲遗传类型,为多基因控制的数量性状。结合已构建的分子连锁图谱,采用Windows QTL Cartog-rapher 2.5软件中的复合区间作图法进行QTL定位分析。5个根系及茎叶性状共检测到13个QTL,除第2、5染色体外,其他染色体上均有分布,LOD值为2.59-3.83,对表型变异的解释率为10.99%-20.7%。其中最大根长检测到2个QTL,控制根系鲜质量和干质量的QTL分别为2,3个,与茎叶鲜质量和干质量相关的均为3个。在第6、7染色体存在QTL成簇分布的现象,表明可能存在一因多效或QTL紧密连锁的情况。为大麦苗期耐湿相关根系性状的分子标记辅助选择育种奠定了基础。

大豆耐旱种质鉴定及其与根系的相关研究

从301份大豆品种中按根系类型选取黄淮海和长江中下游地区代表性材料59份,在苗期干旱胁迫和非胁迫条件下对地上部和地下部性状进行2年重复鉴定,发现材料间性状隶属函数值具有丰富遗传变异,以株高、叶龄、根干重和茎叶干重隶属函数的算术平均数为抗旱综合指标,从中筛选出汉中八月黄、晋豆14、科丰1号、圆黑豆等强耐旱型(1级)材料和临河大粉青、宁海晚黄豆等干旱敏感型(5级)材料。比根干重、比总根长、比根体积与耐旱隶属函数平均值均呈极显著正相关,可作为耐旱性的根系性状指标。

不同密度下大豆根部性状的研究

通过对3种密度下大豆根部性状的研究,分析了根部性状间的相关性。试验结果表明:根系宽、根体积、根干重及伤流量在耕层内表现出较明显的规律性,随密度增加而降低;根系宽与根干重、根体积之间,根体积与根干重之间,伤流量与根干重、根体积之间都存在着极显著的正相关,且均能拟合出显著或极显著的回归方程。常规条件下反映大豆根部性状最简单、准确的指标是根干重和根体积。

甜菜块根农艺性状的遗传变异及相关性和主成分分析

以25个新疆甜菜品系(种)为材料,对块根8个主要农艺性状进行变异系数、相关性和主成分分析。结果表明:根头长度的变异系数较大为29.14%,根宽的变异系数最小为7.86%。在相关性上,糖甜菜根宽、根颈周长、根头长与根重呈极显著正相关;甜菜含糖率与根体长度呈极显著的正相关。主成分分析结果表明,前3个主成分对含糖率变异的累计贡献率达到85.21%,对根重变异的累计贡献率达到88.53%。首先对变异大的性状进行选择是非常重要的,在含糖率性状选择上,应注意选择根颈长度、根颈周长、根体长度大,根沟较深的品系(种)。在根重性状选择上,应注意选择根宽、根颈周长、根颈长度大,根沟较浅的品系(种)。