An Intrusion Detection System for SDN Using Machine Learning

Software Defined Networking(SDN)has emerged as a promising and exciting option for the future growth of the internet.SDN has increased the flexibility and transparency of the managed,centralized,and controlled network.On the other hand,these advantages create a more vulnerable environment with substantial risks,culminating in network difficulties,system paralysis,online banking frauds,and robberies.These issues have a significant detrimental impact on organizations,enterprises,and even economies.Accuracy,high performance,and real-time systems are necessary to achieve this goal.Using a SDN to extend intelligent machine learning methodologies in an Intrusion Detection System(IDS)has stimulated the interest of numerous research investigators over the last decade.In this paper,a novel HFS-LGBM IDS is proposed for SDN.First,the Hybrid Feature Selection algorithm consisting of two phases is applied to reduce the data dimension and to obtain an optimal feature subset.In thefirst phase,the Correlation based Feature Selection(CFS)algorithm is used to obtain the feature subset.The optimal feature set is obtained by applying the Random Forest Recursive Feature Elimination(RF-RFE)in the second phase.A LightGBM algorithm is then used to detect and classify different types of attacks.The experimental results based on NSL-KDD dataset show that the proposed system produces outstanding results compared to the existing methods in terms of accuracy,precision,recall and f-measure.

Reliability Sensitivity-based Correlation Coefficient Calculation in Structural Reliability Analysis

The correlation coefficients of random variables of mechanical structures are generally chosen with experience or even ignored,which cannot actually reflect the effects of parameter uncertainties on reliability.To discuss the selection problem of the correlation coefficients from the reliability-based sensitivity point of view,the theory principle of the problem is established based on the results of the reliability sensitivity,and the criterion of correlation among random variables is shown.The values of the correlation coefficients are obtained according to the proposed principle and the reliability sensitivity problem is discussed.Numerical studies have shown the following results：（1） If the sensitivity value of correlation coefficient ρ is less than（at what magnitude 0.000 01）,then the correlation could be ignored,which could simplify the procedure without introducing additional error.（2） However,as the difference between ρs,that is the most sensitive to the reliability,and ρR,that is with the smallest reliability,is less than 0.001,ρs is suggested to model the dependency of random variables.This could ensure the robust quality of system without the loss of safety requirement.（3） In the case of ｜Eabs｜ρ0.001 and also ｜Erel｜ρ0.001,ρR should be employed to quantify the correlation among random variables in order to ensure the accuracy of reliability analysis.Application of the proposed approach could provide a practical routine for mechanical design and manufactory to study the reliability and reliability-based sensitivity of basic design variables in mechanical reliability analysis and design.

Relationship Between Plant Type and Grain Quality of Japonica Hybrid Rice in Northern China

Plant type and grain quality are two major aspects in rice breeding. Using canonical correlation analysis and canonical redundancy analysis, the relationship between plant type traits and rice grain quality traits was studied with 100 crosses derived from 10 sterile lines × 10 restorer lines. There was a complex relationship between parts of the traits of the two aspects. The angle of the 2nd leaf from the top and single panicle weight played important roles in plant type system and amylose content and grain length in grain quality system. The angle of the 2nd leaf from the top, plant height and single panicle weight had a great effect on grain quality traits, and amylose content, brown rice rate and translucency were easily influenced by plant type traits. Selection index model indicated that japonica hybrid rice in Northern China with good quality was characterized by broad flag leaf and 2nd leaf from the top, narrow and short 3rd leaf from the top, low plant height, short culm, long and more panicles and low single panicle weight.

An Efficient Ensemble Model for Various Scale Medical Data

Electronic Health Records(EHRs)are the digital form of patients’medical reports or records.EHRs facilitate advanced analytics and aid in better decision-making for clinical data.Medical data are very complicated and using one classification algorithm to reach good results is difficult.For this reason,we use a combination of classification techniques to reach an efficient and accurate classification model.This model combination is called the Ensemble model.We need to predict new medical data with a high accuracy value in a small processing time.We propose a new ensemble model MDRL which is efficient with different datasets.The MDRL gives the highest accuracy value.It saves the processing time instead of processing four different algorithms sequentially;it executes the four algorithms in parallel.We implement five different algorithms on five variant datasets which are Heart Disease,Health General,Diabetes,Heart Attack,and Covid-19 Datasets.The four algorithms are Random Forest(RF),Decision Tree(DT),Logistic Regression(LR),and Multi-layer Perceptron(MLP).In addition to MDRL(our proposed ensemble model)which includes MLP,DT,RF,and LR together.From our experiments,we conclude that our ensemble model has the best accuracy value for most datasets.We reach that the combination of the Correlation Feature Selection(CFS)algorithm and our ensemble model is the best for giving the highest accuracy value.The accuracy values for our ensemble model based on CFS are 98.86,97.96,100,99.33,and 99.37 for heart disease,health general,Covid-19,heart attack,and diabetes datasets respectively.

Quality of correlation in quantum information

A strong and stable correlation in quantum information is of high quality for quantum information processing.We define two quantities,selective average correlation and ripple coefficient,to evaluate the quality of correlation in quantum information in a time interval.As a new communication channel,Heisenberg spin chains are widely investigated.We select a two-qubit Heisenberg XXZs pin chain with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in an inhomogeneous magnetic field as an example,and use the two quantities to evaluate the qualities of the correlation in quantum information with different measures.The result shows that,if the time evolutions are similar,there needs only evaluating one of them to know when the correlation has high quality for quantum information processing.

Apple leaf disease identification using genetic algorithm and correlation based feature selection method

Apple leaf disease is one of the main factors to constrain the apple production and quality.It takes a long time to detect the diseases by using the traditional diagnostic approach,thus farmers often miss the best time to prevent and treat the diseases.Apple leaf disease recognition based on leaf image is an essential research topic in the field of computer vision,where the key task is to find an effective way to represent the diseased leaf images.In this research,based on image processing techniques and pattern recognition methods,an apple leaf disease recognition method was proposed.A color transformation structure for the input RGB(Red,Green and Blue)image was designed firstly and then RGB model was converted to HSI(Hue,Saturation and Intensity),YUV and gray models.The background was removed based on a specific threshold value,and then the disease spot image was segmented with region growing algorithm(RGA).Thirty-eight classifying features of color,texture and shape were extracted from each spot image.To reduce the dimensionality of the feature space and improve the accuracy of the apple leaf disease identification,the most valuable features were selected by combining genetic algorithm(GA)and correlation based feature selection(CFS).Finally,the diseases were recognized by SVM classifier.In the proposed method,the selected feature subset was globally optimum.The experimental results of more than 90%correct identification rate on the apple diseased leaf image database which contains 90 disease images for there kinds of apple leaf diseases,powdery mildew,mosaic and rust,demonstrate that the proposed method is feasible and effective.

Pollinator-dependent evolution of floral trait combinations in an orchid herb

Aims As one of the most important agents driving floral evolution,pollinators shape the diversity of flowers in angiosperms.However,most previous studies have only quantified pollinators driving the evolution of a single floral trait,and experimental estimates of the potential role of pollinators in shaping the evolution of floral trait associations are relatively rare.Methods We experimentally identified and estimated the pollinator-mediated directional and correlational selection on single floral traits and trait combinations across 2 years in an orchid species,Spiranthes sinensis.Important Findings Pollinators mediated directional selection for an earlier flowering start date and larger corolla size.Pollinators mediated positive correlational selection on the combinations of floral display traits and negative correlational selection on the combinations of flowering phenology and floral display traits.In addition,the strength of selection differed over time.Our results highlight the potential role of pollinators in driving the evolution of floral trait combinations and suggest that it is necessary to consider floral character functional associations when seeking to understand and predict the evolutionary trajectory of flowers in angiosperms.

Measuring air traffic complexity based on small samples

Air traffic complexity is an objective metric for evaluating the operational condition of the airspace. It has several applications, such as airspace design and traffic flow management.Therefore, identifying a reliable method to accurately measure traffic complexity is important. Considering that many factors correlate with traffic complexity in complicated nonlinear ways,researchers have proposed several complexity evaluation methods based on machine learning models which were trained with large samples. However, the high cost of sample collection usually results in limited training set. In this paper, an ensemble learning model is proposed for measuring air traffic complexity within a sector based on small samples. To exploit the classification information within each factor, multiple diverse factor subsets（FSSs） are generated under guidance from factor noise and independence analysis. Then, a base complexity evaluator is built corresponding to each FSS. The final complexity evaluation result is obtained by integrating all results from the base evaluators. Experimental studies using real-world air traffic operation data demonstrate the advantages of our model for small-sample-based traffic complexity evaluation over other stateof-the-art methods.