NaF assisted preparation and the improved corrosion resistance of high content ZnO doped plasma electrolytic oxidation coating on AZ31B alloy

In the present research,the NaF assisted plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)is designed to fabricate the high-content ZnO nanoparti-cles doped coating on AZ31B alloy.The microstructure,phase constituents and corrosion behavior of the PEO coatings are investigated systematically.The results reveal that the introduction of NaF promotes the formation of MgF2 nanophases in the passivation layer on Mg alloy,decreasing the breakdown voltage and discharge voltage.As a result,the continuous arcing caused by high discharge voltage is alleviated.With the increasing of NaF content,the Zn content in the PEO coating is enhanced and the pore size in the coating is decreased correspondingly.Due to the high-content ZnO doping,the PEO coating protected AZ31B alloy demonstrates the better corrosion resistance.Compared with the bare AZ31B alloy,the high-content ZnO doped PEO coated sample shows an increased corrosion potential from-1.465 V to-1.008 V,a decreased corrosion current density from 3.043×10^(-5) A·cm^(-2) to 3.960×10^(-8) A·cm^(-2) and an increased charge transfer resistance from 1.213×10^(2) ohm·cm^(2) to 2.598×10^(5) ohm·cm^(2).Besides,the high-content ZnO doped PEO coated sample also has the excellent corrosion resistance in salt solution,exhibiting no obvious corrosion after more than 2000 h neutral salt spraying and 28 days’immersion testing.The improved corrosion resistance can be ascribed to the relative uniform distribution of ZnO in PEO coating which can transform to Zn(OH)2 and form a continuous protective layer along the corrosion interface.

Effect of Rolling Process on Comprehensive Properties of Corrosion Resistant Steel for Bottom Plate of Cargo Oil Tanks

A new kind of corrosion resistant steelfor cargo oiltanks（COT）was developed.The influences of finalrolling temperature,cooling rate,and finalcooling temperature on microstructure were investigated.The proper rolling process parameters were obtained through multi-pass thermalsimulation test.The finalrolling temperature is about 820 ℃,the finalcooling temperature is about 600 ℃,and the cooling rate should be controlled between 10 ℃/s and 20 ℃/s.Based on the above analysis of the results,three groups of rolling samples by thermo mechanicalcontrolprocess are prepared.The tensile strength,yield strength,and toughness of the corrosion resistant steelare measured,which meet the requirements of DH36 steel,it can instruct the actualrolling production.The corrosion behaviour is also researched by weight loss and electrochemicalimpedance spectroscopic method,and it is found that the steelhas good corrosion resistance performance,the best one is No.3 steel,the corrosion rate of which is about 1/4 of the accepted criterion.

Development of a Test Program for Assessing the SCC, Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Behaviour of Selected Corrosion Resistant Alloy Liner Materials for Clad Pipe for Offshore Applications

The development of an offshore gas field involves production of oil and gas from subsea wells. Design considerations for a particular subsea system have identified the maximum temperature for operations which is greater than 130 ~C. Consequently, for large diameter flowlines, this precludes the use of duplex stainless steels as CRA＇s （corrosion resistant alloys） for service under the expected operating conditions. Attention has therefore focused on alternative CRA＇s such as austenitic stainless steels and Ni based alloys as mechanically clad or lined clad pipe for carbon steel subsea gas flowlines. One design concern is the recognized temperature limit for CRA materials, such as 316L stainless steel and similar alloys in production fluids is taken to be 120 ~C. This then raises concerns surrounding their suitability for providing sufficient corrosion resistance/stress corrosion cracking resistance in gas environments containing COz and H2S at temperatures higher than 130 ~C. It was recommended that specific testing should be completed at temperatures greater than 133 ~C to establish that candidate materials are still corrosion resistant. The focus of this study was to develop, implement and assess a testing program that would predict the suitability of a series of CPA＇s alloys for use in mechanical clad/lined subsea gas flowlines, with respect to pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking. This paper will present the rationale adopted for this testing program to simulate the stringent operating conditions, the results from these findings and the overall assessment/integrity of the candidate alloys selected.

微量元素对ZA27合金腐蚀及老化性能的影响

ZA27合金是目前国内外发展迅速的新型材料。它具有优良的机械性能、耐磨性能和机械加工性能。该合金利用其价廉的优势,主要用于代替昂贵的青铜合金制作耐磨件。但ZA27合金与传统的锌合金一样,也有腐蚀和老化现象,这种现象历来是人们关注的问题,但迄今为止,其机理尚不清楚,也没能提出防止老化的根本措施。本文在研究ZA27于不同介质中的耐蚀性和人工时效时机械性能变化的基础上,探讨了微量Sn,Pb和RE元素对该合金腐蚀及老化性能的影响。

Properties of Al/Conductive Coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2-WC-ZrO2 Composite Anode for Zinc Electrowinning

The properties of Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2-WC-ZrO2 composite anode for zinc electrowinning were investigated. The electrochemical performance was studied by Tafel polarization curves（Tafel）, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS） and corrosion rate obtained in an acidic zinc sulfate electrolyte solution. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（EDXS） were used to observe the microstructural features of coating. Anodes of Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2, Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2-WC, Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2-ZrO2, and Pb-1%Ag anodes were also researched. The results indicated that the Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2-WC-ZrO2 showed the best catalytic activity and corrosion resistant performance; the intensity of diffraction peak exhibited the highest value as well as a new PbWO4 phase; the content of WC and ZrO2 in coating showed the highest value as well as the finest grain size.

Quality control for bloom casting of YQ450NQR1 steel

To reduce surface depression of a bloom, the primary cooling intensity was decreased, and the water distribution of mold wide and narrow faces was optimized. The length of secondary cooling zones and the specific water flow were increased, and the water flow distribution among the secondary cooling zones was adjusted to eliminate central defects, such as center looseness, central segregation, and center line cracks. The operation showed that the proportion of surface depression decreased from 37.22% to 2.87%, whereas the proportion of center looseness for 〈1.0 increased from 79.71% to 90.70%, the proportion of central segregation for 〈0.5 increased from 1.45% to 44.19%, and the proportion of center line cracks that are free increased from 39.13% to 62.79%. The qualified blooms are delivered to produce 310 Z-beam, whose yield strength is greater than 450 MPa.

High Temperature Plastic Deformation Behavior and Brittle Mechanism of S450EW Steel

High-temperature tensile tests were conducted for high corrosion resistant weathering steel S450EW.The morphologies of fracture microstructures,dislocations and precipitates were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.The high-temperature plastic deformation behavior and brittle mechanism of S450EW steel were also studied.The experimental results show that the ductility troughs appear at 700-850℃ and 650-900℃ when the strain rates are 3×10^(-3)and 1.5×10^(-2)s^(-1),respectively.With the increase of strain rates,the ductility trough moves to the lower temperature side.The hot ductility is best when the cooling rate is 5℃/s before deformation at 750℃and the area reduction rate reaches 60.56%.Fine second phase particles and inclusions precipitated before and during deformation provide effective core positions for microcracks or microvoids formation during deformation process.It is also easy to cause stress concentration which results in microcracks or microvoids between grains during deformation and ultimately causes damage along the grain boundaries.The precipitated particles inhibit austenite dynamic recrystallization and therefore enhance intergranular fracture along austenite grain boundaries.The deformation induced proeutectoid ferrite films distribute along the austenite grain boundaries hinder the dynamic recrystallization.The deformation concentrated on network ferrite films produces damage of grain boundaries.

Influence of an irradiation of a liquid phase by nanosecond electromagnetic impulses (NEMI) on properties of metals and alloys

The results of research on influence of an irradiation of a liquid phase by nanosecond electromagnetic impulses(NEMI) on processes of crystallization and structurization,physicomechanical and operational properties of copper,aluminium and alloys on their basis(bronze and silumin) were presented.

Alloying OCTG pipes with tungsten

The mechanical and corrosion performance of low alloy steel tubular goods depends on the microstructure obtained as a result of the combination of alloying elements and manufacturing process parameters. The basic design philosophy for the selection of the alloying elements is ruled by the balance between the steel cost and the material performance.Following this approach the alloying sequence for the manufacturing of tubular components in oil country tubular goods(OCTG) application is generally Mn,C,r and Mo,used as substitutional elements in a total added weight concentration around 1%up to 3%.Other elements such as B,Ti,Nb and V are applied as strengthening microalloying elements forming fine precipitates. A lack of experience is found related to the use of Tungsten(W) on OCTG applications,although W is also a substitutional element that belongs to group 6 of the periodic table together with Cr and Mo.On the other hand W is widely added for steel pipes working in high temperature services such as power plant boilers,where creep resistance is needed.It is also applied for tool steels enhancing the hardness,wear resistance and cutting performance. Taken into consideration the similarity between Cr,Mo and W and the applications where W has been proven it was decided to analyze the feasibility of using W as an alternative alloying element for some OCTG applications. Another factor that drives this study is the fact that W could be a cost effective substitute of Mo,depending on the alloy market price. This paper is based on literature review and experimental activity done on laboratory steels in which 0.1%Mo was replaced by 0.2%and 0.4%W.The different findings in regards with manufacturing process considerations, material performance and the possible use of W alloyed steel for OCTG applications are summarized. (1 ) Opposed to the susceptibility shown by low carbon with high Cr-W content,hot cracks are not expected in medium C steels(0.2%-0.3%) with W addition up to 1%. (2) Microporosity-related defects could form if W <<0.4%. (3) An improvement in the oxidation resistance for typical rolling furnace atmospheres in the temperature range 1 200 - 1 340℃was detected if Mo is substituted by W. (4) Theoretically W is one half less efficient in regards with hardenability. (5) No differences were found in the grain size after austenitizing in the temperature range 920 - 1 050℃, independently on Mo and W contents. (6) Tempering resistance was similar to Mo steels and there was no effect on the cementite shape factor,which affects the performance in sour environments. (7) Both pitting and general corrosion resistance are improved by W addition.But W effectiveness in improving pitting resistance is about one half. (8) The use of W as a substitute of Mo has been proven to be feasible and it could be applied for the manufacturing of N80 or L80 OCTG steel grades as per ISO 11960/API 5CT.

A study on hot deformation behaviour of alloy Monel K-500

Thermal simulation tests were conducted at different deformation temperatures and degrees by a Gleeble simulator.The results show that the alloy has higher resistance to deformation;with an increase of the deformation temperature,the alloy’s flow stress and maximum value decrease;with an increase of the deformation degree,both the initial recrystallization temperature and the complete recrystallization temperature decrease sharply.When the deformation degree reaches 30%,60% and 80%,the initial recrystallization temperature is around 950℃,850℃ and 800℃,the complete recrystallization temperature is around 1 100℃,1 050℃ and 1 000℃ respectively.When the deformation temperature is higher than 1100℃,the deformation degree increases and the re-crystalized grains are significantly refined.The forging process parameters were established according to the regular pattern mentioned above.The microstructure of the bar forged in this pattern is uniform and the result is satisfying.