Effect of Temperature on Pitting Corrosion Resistance of 316 Stainless Steel Coated by Cerium Oxide Film in 3.5% NaCl Solution

One of the main problems of stainless steel is its poor pitting corrosion resistance in the aggressive environment containing Cl-, such as seawater. In this paper we investigated the corrosion behavior of the 316 stainless steel coated by cerium oxide nanocoating prepared by sol-gel process. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） were used to study the corrosion behavior of cerium oxide nanocoatings in 3.5% NaCl solution. The microstructure of the cerium oxide was examined by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and the formed phases was identified by X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The pitting corrosion resistance of the cerium oxide nanocoating was found to be improved after heat treatment of the cerium oxide nanocoating at 300℃ for 30 min.

PREPARATION AND CORROSION RESISTANCE OF NiP/TiO_2 COMPOSITE FILM ON CARBON STEEL IN SULFURIC ACID SOLUTION

A NiP/TiO2 composite film on carbon steel was prepared by electroless plating and sol-gel composite process. An artificial neural network was applied to optimize the prepared condition of the composite film. Corrosion behavior of the NiP/TiO2 composite film was investigated by polarization resistance measurement, anode polarization, ESEM （environmental scanning electron microscopy） and EIS （electrochemical impedance spectroscopy） measurements. Results showed that the NiP/ TiO2 composite film has a good corrosion resistance in 0.5mol/L H2SO4 solution. The element valence of the composite film was characterized by XPS （X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy） spectrum, and an anticorrosion mechanism of the composite film was discussed.

Modification and Anticorrosion Property of Carbon Steel with TiO_2 Film

A new TiO2 modified film on carbon steel was prepared by electroless plating and sol gel composite process. An artificial neural net was used to optimize the preparing condition of the film. The optimized condition of the TiO2-modified film on carbon steel is as follows： plating time of NiP is 50 min, number of dip coating is 4, heat treatment time is 2 h, and the molar ratio of complexing reagent to Ti（OC4 H9）4 is 1.5 ： 1. Corrosion behavior of carbon steel with coating was investigated by polarization resistance measurement, anode polarization, EIS and ESEM measurement. XPS was used to characterize the element valence of the modified film. Results show that carbon steel with TiO2 modified film has good corrosion resistance in 0.5 mol/L of H2SO4 solution and 0.5 mol/L of NaCl solution. It is also found that the preparing condition of forming TiO2-modified film can be obtained easily by the artificial neural net.

Formation and capacitance properties of Ti-Al composite oxide film on aluminum

Al specimens were covered with TiO2 film by sol-gel dip-coating and then anodized in ammonium adipate solution.The structure,composition and capacitance properties of the anodic oxide film were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM),Auger electron spectroscopy (AES),X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).It was found that an anodic oxide film with a dual-layer structure formed between TiO2 coating and Al substrate.The film consisted of an inner Al2O3 layer and an outer Ti-Al composite oxide layer.The thickness of layers varied with the number of times of sol-gel dip-coating.The capacitance of anodic oxide films formed on coated specimens was at most 80% higher than that without TiO2.In film formation mechanism,it was claimed that the formation of composite oxide film was mainly affected by the structure of micro-pores network in TiO2 coating which had an influence on Al3+ and O2? ions transport during the anodizing.

Improved Corrosion Resisting Property of Magnetism Iron Fiber by SiO₂Coating

To improve the oxidation resistance property of iron fibers, a SiO2 coated iron fiber was prepared by sol-gel method, and its microstructure, element and phase composition, antioxidation property, and crystallization were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction and 3% CuSO4 solution dripping. It was found that the surface of the iron fiber can be fully covered with SiO2 by using Sol-Gel method. Our results also indicated that the time of iron begin to be corrupted in 3% CuSO4 solution drip increased from 30 s to 240 s, and the temperature increased from 200?C to 310?C. In addition, the oxidation and antioxidation mechanisms of the SiO2 coated iron fiber have also been discussed in this work.

Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide Thin Films Deposition by Sol-Gel Technique

In the present work, undoped (SnO2) and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) thin films were prepared by sol-gel process using a solution composed of (SnCl2, H2O), (NH4F), and ethanol mixture. The fluorine concentration effect on structural, optical and electrical properties of SnO2 films is investigated. The electrical properties of FTO films prepared by sol gel remain relatively lower than the ones deposited by other techniques. In present paper, we try to elucidate this difference. Films composition and the FTIR analysis, of films and formed precipitate during film growth, indicate that few amounts of fluorine are incorporated in SnO2 network, most of fluorine atoms remain in the solution. The films resistivity is reduced from 1.1 Ω·cm for undoped films to 3 × 10-2 Ω·cm for 50 wt.% doped FTO, but remains higher than the reported ones in the literature. This high resistivity is explained in terms of fluorine bonding affinity in the solution.

Effect of surfactants on the structure and photoelectric properties of ITO films by sol-gel method

The Indium tin oxide（ITO） thin film possesses excellent photoelectric properties that enable it to act as an ideal transparent conductor.To obtain high-quality ITO films through sol-gel method, the ionic surfactant monoethanolamine and the non-ionic surfactant polyethylene glycol（PEG） were added to the ITO precursor slurry.The influences of surfactants on the structural and photoelectric properties of ITO film samples were investigated.XRD patterns indicated that surfactant monoethanolamine contributed to film predominant grain orientation along the（400） plane.The high transmittance（over 95%） was attributed to the preferred orientation and the grain size expansion of ITO films.SEM showed that the surface particle size and the morphology of ITO films were strongly dependent on the kind of surfactants used.Moving to the shortwave region, the absorption edge of the films exhibited the Burstein-Moss shift.

Microstructure and electrical properties of La_2 O_3-doped ZnO-based varistor thin films by sol-gel process

Microstructure and electrical properties of La2 O3-doped ZnO-Bi2 O3 thin films prepared by sol–gel process have been investigated.X-ray diffraction shows that most diffraction peaks of ZnO are equal,and the crystals of ZnO grow well.Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy results indicate that the samples have a good structure and lower surface roughness.The nonlinear V–I characteristics of the films show that La2 O3 develops the electrical properties largely and the best doped content is 0.3% lanthanum ion,with the leakage current of 0.25 mA,the threshold field of 150 V/mm and the nonlinear coefficient of 4.0 in detail.

Production of HfO_2 thin films using different methods: chemical bath deposition, SILAR and sol–gel process

Hafnium oxide thin films （HOTFs） were successfully deposited onto amorphous glasses using chemical bath deposition, successive ionic layer absorption and reaction （SILAR）, and sol-gel methods. The same reactive precursors were used for all of the methods, and all of the films were annealed at 300℃ in an oven （ambient conditions）. After this step, the optical and structural properties of the films produced by using the three different methods were compared. The structures of the films were analyzed by X-ray diffTaction （XRD）. The optical properties are investigated using the ultraviolet-visible （UV-VIS） spectroscopic technique. The film thickness was measured via atomic force microscopy （AFM） in the tapping mode. The surface properties and elemental ratios of the films were investigated and measured by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDX）. The lowest transmittance and the highest reflectance values were observed for the films produced using the SILAR method. In addition, the most intense characteristic XRD peak was observed in the diffraction pattern of the film produced using the SILAR method, and the greatest thickness and average grain size were calculated for the film produced using the SILAR method. The films produced using SILAR method contained fewer cracks than those produced using the other methods. In conclusion, the SILAR method was observed to be the best method for the production of HOTFs.

Structure and Waveguide Properties of Sol-Gel Derived Gd_2O_3 Films

Pure and rare earth doped gadolinium oxide (Gd 2O 3) waveguide films were prepared by a simple sol-gel process and dip-coating method. Structure of Gd 2O 3 films annealed at different temperature was investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Oriented growth of (400) face of Gd 2O 3 has been observed when the films were deposited on amorphous substrate. The refractive index and thickness of films were determined by m-lines spectroscopy. The laser beam (λ=632.8 nm) was coupled into the film by a prism coupler and the propagation length is about 3.5 cm. Luminescence properties of europium ions doped films were measured by waveguide fluorescence spectroscopy, which shows disordered environment for Eu 3+ at 400 ℃.

Preparation of CuGaO₂Thin Film by a Sol-Gel Method Using Two Kinds of Metal Source Combination

We prepare CuGaO2 thin films on SiO2 substrates by using the sol-gel spin-coating method with two combinations of Cu and a Ga source, Cu and Ga nitrate, or acetylacetonate. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the thin films prepared using nitrate sol that are annealed at a temperature of 850°C - 950°C show both c-axis-orientated peaks, (006) and a non-c-axis-oriented peak (012) with similar intensity;little dependence of signal intensity on annealing temperature is also shown. The films are opaque in appearance at these annealing temperatures. Scanning electron microscope observation reveals that the opaque appearance is due to the texture or cracks on the surface of the films. In contrast, the films prepared using acetylacetonate show a (006) peak with higher signal intensity than the (012) peaks. The films show more transparent appearance than that of the films by nitrate. The highest conductivity of the film is 5.7 × 10-4Ω-1·cm-1, obtained in the films by nitrate annealed at 850°C.

Low-Temperature Formation of a WO₃Thin Film by the Sol-Gel Method Using Photo-Irradiation and Fabrication of a Flexible Hydrogen Sensor

Hydrogen has been recently attracted much attention with respect to high energy-conversion efficiency and low environmental burden. However, hydrogen gas is dangerous due to an explosive gas and a fast combustion rate. Therefore, the development of hydrogen sensor with high accuracy and reliability that can detect hydrogen easily is required. Especially, a flexible hydrogen sensor is useful because it has a high degree of freedom with respect to the shape of location in which the sensor is to be located. A flexible hydrogen sensor—namely, a WO3 thin film formed on a PET film by the sol-gel method using photo irradiation—based on gasochromism of WO3 was developed. By irradiating a thin film, which was prepared by using WO3 precursor solution synthesized by the sol-gel method, with ultraviolet rays, a high-purity WO3 film could be prepared on PET at low temperature. The sensor was structured as a polystyrene (PS) film containing palladium (Pd) laminated on a WO3 film. The WO3 layer was porous, so the PS containing Pd atoms solution penetrated the WO3 layer. WO3 reacted with hydrogen gas and instantly turned blue as the transmittance of the WO3 layer changed. The sensor showed high reactivity even for hydrogen concentration below 4% (1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, and 0.1%), which was the lower limit of hydrogen ignition, and a linear relationship between hydrogen concentration and change in transmittance was found. Moreover, the resistance of the WO3 film significantly and instantaneously changed due to hydrogen-gas exposure, and the hydrogen concentration and resistance change showed a linear relationship. It is therefore possible to quantitatively detect low concentrations of hydrogen by using changes in transmittance and resistance as indices. Since these changes occur selectively under hydrogen at room temperature and normal pressure, they form the basis of a highly sensitive hydrogen sensor. Since the developed sensor is flexible, it has a high degree of freedom with respect to the shape of location in which the sensor is to be

Sol-Gel法制备NiTiSMA/FC复合材料的界面结构研究

借助XRD、SEM研究了Sol-Gel法制备NiTiSMA/FC薄膜复合材料在650℃晶化退火处理后的界面结构.结果表明,陶瓷薄膜层的约束抑制了NiTiSMA基体的高温时效反应;由于NiTiSMA基体表面的高温氧化产生的TiO2过渡层,使NiTiSMA与铁电陶瓷两异质之间良好结合.

微量Mg掺杂对sol-gel制备Zn_(1-x)Mg_xO薄膜结构形貌及其透明导电性的影响

通过sol-gel旋涂法在石英玻璃衬底上制备了不同Mg掺杂含量的ZnO薄膜,并运用XRD、SEM、UV-VIS、四探针等测试手段分析研究了Mg含量对ZnO薄膜结构及透明导电性的影响。结果表明,掺Mg后薄膜仍保持六方纤锌矿结构并沿(002)方向择优生长,随着Mg含量的增加,结晶质量先变好,后变差,(002)峰位先向小角度方向移动,后又往大角度方向回升,薄膜晶粒尺寸变大,尺寸更加均匀,薄膜表面更加平整,当掺杂量增加至3 at%时,薄膜表面开始出现团聚现象;适量的Mg掺杂可提高薄膜可见光透过率和禁带宽度,透过率最高可达88.83%,增加至3 at%时,因散射和缺陷增多,透过率发生显著下降;由于Mg的金属性强于Zn而出现的burstain-Moss效应与缺陷带宽随着Mg含量而变化的共同作用,薄膜带隙出现先宽后窄再变宽的现象;四探针表征显示,Mg掺杂可降低ZnO薄膜的表面电阻,但仍具有较高的电阻率。

二氧化锡衬底上Sol-GelPLT膜的性能研究

用Sol-Gel钛酸镧铅 (PLT)溶胶 ,在CVD法沉积生成的二氧化锡 /玻璃衬底上旋转涂胶成膜。经快速热退火 (RTA)处理后 ,用X射线衍射 (XRD)测试了膜的结晶取向 ,用RT66A测试了膜的电学性能。结果表明 ,Sol-GelPLT膜在SnO2 衬底上能正常结晶 ,结晶温度与在Pt衬底上一致 ,结晶取向以〈10 0〉为主取向。 10V时 ,SnO2 衬底上厚度为 0 5 6μm的PLT膜的漏电约为 5 6× 10 - 7A/mm2 ,比Pt衬底上同等厚度的PLT膜高约一个数量级。膜的剩余极化强度Pr=2 4μC/cm2 ,比Pt衬底上的高。PLT/SnO2 的疲劳特性优于PLT/Pt结构。

Formation of TiO2 Modified Film on Carbon Steel

A new technique for preparing TiO2 modified film on carbon steel was accomplished by electroless plating and sol-gel composite process. The artificial neural network was applied to optimize the preparing condition of TiO2 modified film. The optimized condition for forming TiO2 modified film on carbon steel was that NiP plating for 50 min, dip-coating times as 4, heat treatment time for 2 h, and the molar ratio of complexing agent and Ti(OC4HZ9)4 kept 1.5:1. The results showed that TiO2 modified film have good corrosion resistance. The result conformed that it is feasible to design the preparing conditions of TiO2 modified film by artificial neural network.

氧化石墨烯增强海藻酸钠——金刚石膜片机械强度研究

利用溶胶-凝胶(SG)技术制备氧化石墨烯增强的海藻酸钠-金刚石膜片。采用光学显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)等对膜片进行了研究,通过电子万能试验机对膜片的机械强度进行了测量,并分析了膜片拉伸样条的断口形貌。结果表明,金刚石粉末、海藻酸钠和氧化石墨烯能够混合在一起;当氧化石墨烯的浓度为0.05wt.%时,加入氧化石墨烯的海藻酸钠-金刚石膜片的拉伸强度比纯海藻酸钠-金刚石膜片提高了63.13%;对于未加入石墨烯的膜片断口出现毛糙分层现象,而加入石墨烯的膜片断口呈现较为整齐的断面。

Preparation and photocatalytic activity of PANI/TiO_2 composite film

A PANI/TiO2 composite film deposited on the glass surface was successfully prepared using sol-gel dip-coating technique and chemical oxidation method. The film was characterized using XRD, AFM, and UV. The result showed that the TiO2 film consists of both cuboid-shaped and anatase-phased TiO2 nanoparticles. The average grain size of TiO2 in the film was approximately 20 nm. After coating with PANI, the particle was changed into irregular spherical-shaped and the size was increased up to approximately 35 nm in diameter. UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis indicated that the coating of TiO2 with PANI would result in an enhancement of photocatalytic efficiency and an extension of the photoresponse of TiO2. The band gap of the PANI/TiO2 film was 3.18 eV. The photocatalytic property of the film was evaluated by the degradation of rhodamine-B. It was found that 67.1% and 83.2% of rhodamine-B could be degraded under sunlight and UV irradiation within 120 min using the PANI/TiO2 composite t-tim as photocatalyst.

Preparation and properties of organic-inorganic modified SiO_2 thin films

Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS),tetraethoxysilane(TEOS),ethyl alcohol(EtOH) and deionized water were main raw materials to prepare silicone-modified hybrid thin films using sol-gel method.The effect of the contents of H2O and PDMS on thin films was studied.When the volume ratio of H2O to TEOS is 0.5,the optimum quality of thin films is obtained.And the gelation time is affected slightly by H2O content.Uniform thin films are obtained when the volume ratio of PDMS to TEOS is 0.2.Yet,the sol would be inactive in 6 d.Various properties of thin films were studied,including hardness,adhesive quality,hydrophobic property,corrosion protection property,and abrasion resistance.Test results show that the pencil hardness is generally 3-6 H,and adhesive quality achieves the highest standard of 0.When the sintering temperature is below 400 oC,the contact angle is about 95° and hydrophobic films are obtained.The abrasion resistance of thin films is better than that of aluminum alloy when the sintering temperature is higher than 300 oC.And the excellent corrosion protective effect is obtained by single-layer coating when the sintering temperature is higher than 400 oC.

溶胶中Ti和Si物质的量比对TiO_(2)-SiO_(2)涂膜耐腐蚀性的影响

为提升20^(#)钢板的耐腐蚀性,采用溶胶凝胶法在20^(#)钢板表面制备了TiO_(2)-SiO_(2)涂膜,研究了溶胶中Ti与Si物质的量比对涂膜制备及其耐腐蚀性的影响规律。通过激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电镜观察涂膜的表面微观结构,通过X射线衍射表征涂膜的晶体结构,采用能谱仪测定涂膜表面化学成分,通过紫外-可见吸收光谱表征涂膜对亚甲基蓝的降解作用等。结果表明:溶胶中Ti与Si物质的量比对20^(#)钢板表面润湿性、有机物降解性和耐腐蚀性的影响很大。随着TiO_(2)-SiO_(2)涂膜中SiO_(2)成分的增加,材料由亲水性向疏水性转变,同时其耐腐蚀性提升,当溶胶中Ti与Si物质的量比为1∶1时,制备的TiO_(2)-SiO_(2)涂膜拥有最优的耐腐蚀能力,经95℃的3.5%NaCl溶液浸泡48 h后,涂覆有TiO_(2)-SiO_(2)膜层的20^(#)钢样品未被腐蚀,几乎保持浸泡前的形貌。