Fast Remaining Capacity Estimation for Lithium-ion Batteries Based on Short-time Pulse Test and Gaussian Process Regression

It remains challenging to effectively estimate the remaining capacity of the secondary lithium-ion batteries that have been widely adopted for consumer electronics,energy storage,and electric vehicles.Herein,by integrating regular real-time current short pulse tests with data-driven Gaussian process regression algorithm,an efficient battery estimation has been successfully developed and validated for batteries with capacity ranging from 100%of the state of health(SOH)to below 50%,reaching an average accuracy as high as 95%.Interestingly,the proposed pulse test strategy for battery capacity measurement could reduce test time by more than 80%compared with regular long charge/discharge tests.The short-term features of the current pulse test were selected for an optimal training process.Data at different voltage stages and state of charge(SOC)are collected and explored to find the most suitable estimation model.In particular,we explore the validity of five different machine-learning methods for estimating capacity driven by pulse features,whereas Gaussian process regression with Matern kernel performs the best,providing guidance for future exploration.The new strategy of combining short pulse tests with machine-learning algorithms could further open window for efficiently forecasting lithium-ion battery remaining capacity.

Laser shaping and optical power limiting of pulsed Laguerre–Gaussian laser beams of high-order radial modes in fullerene C60

We study the strong nonlinear optical dynamics of nanosecond pulsed Laguerre–Gaussian laser beams of high-order radial modes with zero orbital angular momentum propagating in the fullerene C60molecular medium. It is found that the spatiotemporal profile of the incident pulsed Laguerre–Gaussian laser beam is strongly reshaped during its propagation in the C60molecular medium. The centrosymmetric temporal profile of the incident pulse gradually evolves into a noncentrosymmetric meniscus shape, and the on-axis pulse duration is clearly depressed. Furthermore, the field intensity is distinctly attenuated due to the field-intensity-dependent reverse saturable absorption, and clear optical power limiting behavior is observed for different orders of the input pulsed Laguerre–Gaussian laser beams before the takeover of the saturation effect;the lower the order of the Laguerre–Gaussian beam, the lower the energy transmittance.

Optical power limiting of ultrashort hyper-Gaussian pulses in cascade three-level system

Propagation of strong femtosecond hyper-Gaussian pulses in a cascade three-level molecular system is studied by solving numerically the Maxwell–Bloch equations by the iterative predictor-corrector finite-difference time-domain method.Optical power limiting behavior induced by strong nonlinear two-photon absorption is observed for different orders of the femtosecond hyper-Gaussian pulses. Pulses of a higher order temporal profile are found to have a wider power range of optical limiting but a larger output saturation intensity. Both the output saturation value and the damage threshold of optical power limiting decrease with pulse duration increasing. The decrease of the pulse area along the pulse propagation is much slower than that obtained from the two-photon area theorem due to invalidity of the slowly varying amplitude approximation and the monochromatic field hypothesis.

Influence of Initial Chirp on Propagation of Super-Gaussian Pulse inside Fiber

Under the condition of combined effects of group--velocitydispersion and self- phase modulation, the step Fourier method isused to simulate the propagation of initial chirped super-Gaussianpulses inside fiber. The initial chirp influences the shapes of superGaussian pulses in propagation process, and positive and negativechirps have different effects. For the existing of initial chirp, thesplits of pulses and the spreading speed move ahead and increase.When the amplitude of super-Gaussian pulses increases by 1.4 times,in the range of │C│<1.5, pulses can keep good shapes along theirpropagation distance.

Nonlinear Ionization of Molecules by Intense Transform-Limited Gaussian Laser Pulses

We present in this paper an investigation of the nonlinear process of above-threshold ionization. The process arises when an atomic or molecular system, exposed to an intense laser pulse, continues to absorb more photons than that needed for the ionization to occur. We trigger this nonlinear process in a simple molecular system by exposing it to an intense transform-limited Gaussian laser pulse of 267-nm wavelength which is the third harmonic of an 800-nm wavelength Tisapphire laser. We explore the characteristics of the process by analyzing the kinetic-energy spectra of the electrons ejected from the molecular system under different laser peak intensities.

Field-free molecular orientation steered by combination of super-Gaussian and THz half-cycle laser pulses

The molecular orientation created by laser fields is important for steering chemical reactions. In this paper, we propose a theoretical scheme to manipulate field-free molecular orientation by using an intense super-Gaussian laser pulse and a time-delayed terahertz half-cycle pulse(THz HCP). It is shown that the degree of field-free orientation can be doubled by the combined pulse with respect to the super-Gaussian pulse or THz HCP alone. Moreover, different laser intensities, carrier envelop phases, shape parameters, and time delays have great influence on the positive and negative orientations, with other conditions unchanged. Furthermore, it is indicated that the maximum degree and direction of molecular orientation can be precisely controlled by half of the duration of the super-Gaussian pulse. Finally, by adjusting the laser parameters of the super-Gaussian laser pulse and THz HCP, the optimal results of negative orientation and corresponding rotational populations are obtained at different temperatures of the molecular system.

Spectral anomalies of diffracted pulsed Hermite-Gaussian beams in dispersive media

This paper derives and uses the recurrence expressions for the power spectra of diffracted pulsed Hermite-Gaussian （HG） beams in dispersive media to study the spectral anomalies of pulsed HG beams in the far field. Numerical results are given to illustrate the dependence of spectral switches on the pulse parameters, truncation parameter and dispersive property of the medium. The potential application of spectral anomalies of ultrashort pulsed beams in information encoding and transmission is discussed.

Acceleration and radiation of externally injected electrons in laser plasma wakefield driven by a Laguerre-Gaussian pulse

By using three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, externally injected electron beam acceleration and radiation in donut-like wake fields driven by a Laguerre-Gaussian pulse are investigated. Studies show that in the acceleration process the total charge and azimuthal momenta of electrons can be stably maintained at a distance of a few hundreds of micrometers. Electrons experience low-frequency spiral rotation and high-frequency betatron oscillation, which leads to a synchrotron-like radiation. The radiation spectrum is mainly determined by the betatron motion of electrons. The far field distribution of radiation intensity shows axial symmetry due to the uniform transverse injection and spiral rotation of electrons. Our studies suggest a new way to simultaneously generate hollow electron beam and radiation source from a compact laser plasma accelerator.

Optimal parameter choice of CR–RC^m digital filter in nuclear pulse processing

CR–RCm filters are widely used in nuclear energy spectrum measurement systems. The choice of parameters of a CR–RCm digital filter directly affects its performance in terms of energy resolution and pulse count rate in digital nuclear spectrometer systems. A numerical recursive model of a CR differential circuit and RC integration circuit is derived, which shows that the shaping result of CR–RCm is determined by the adjustment parameter (k, it determines the shaping time of the shaper) and the integral number (m). Furthermore, the amplitude– frequency response of CR–RC^m is analyzed, which shows that it is a bandpass filter;the larger the shaping parameters (k and m), the narrower is the frequency band. CR–RC^m digital Gaussian shaping is performed on the actual sampled nuclear pulse signal under different shaping parameters. The energy spectrum of 137Cs is measured based on the LaBr3(Ce) detector under different parameters. The results show that the larger the shaping parameters (m and k), the closer the shaping result is to Gaussian shape, the wider is the shaped pulse, the higher is the energy resolution, and the lower is the pulse count rate. For the same batch of pulse signals, the energy resolution is increased from 3.8 to 3.5%, and the full energy peak area is reduced from 7815 to 6503. Thus, the optimal shaping parameters are m -3 and k -0.95. These research results can provide a design reference for the development of digital nuclear spectrometer measurement systems.

Study of time-domain digital pulse shaping algorithms for nuclear signals

With the development on high-speed integrated circuit,fast high resolution sampling ADC and digital signal processors are replacing analog shaping amplifier circuit.This paper firstly presents the numerical analysis and simulation on R-C shaping circuit model and C-R shaping circuit model.Mathematic models are established based on 1st order digital differential method and Kirchhoff Current Law in time domain,and a simulation and error evaluation experiment on an ideal digital signal are carried out with Excel VBA.A digital shaping test for a semiconductor X-ray detector in real time is also presented.Then a numerical analysis for Sallen-Key(S-K) low-pass filter circuit model is implemented based on the analysis of digital R-C and digital C-R shaping methods.By applying the 2nd order non-homogeneous differential equation,the authors implement a digital Gaussian filter model for a standard exponential-decaying signal and a nuclear pulse signal.Finally,computer simulations and experimental tests are carried out and the results show the possibility of the digital pulse processing algorithms.

A new interpretation of TCM pulse diagnosis based on quantum physical model of the human body

Following the quantum theory-based physical model of the human body,a new interpretation of the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)principle of"Cunkou reads viscera"is presented.Then,a Gaussian pulse wave model as a solution to the Schrodinger equation is shown to accurately describe 19 different pulse shapes,and to quantitatively capture the degree of YinYang attributes of 13 pulse shapes.Furthermore,the model suggests using pulse depth and strength as leading-order quantity and pulse shape as first-order quantity,to characterize the hierarchical resonance between the human body and the environment.The future pulse informatics will focus on determining an individual’s unique quantum human equilibrium state,and diagnose its health state according to the pulse deviation from its equilibrium state,to truly achieve the high level of TCM:"knowing the normal state and reaching the change".

Dynamic of the Dielectric Nano-Particle in Optical Tweezer Using Counter-Propagating Pulsed Laser Beams

In this article, the dynamical process of the dielectric particle in the optical tweezer using the counter-propagating Gaussian pulses is investigated by the Langevin equation concerning the Brownian motion. The temporal stabilities of particle is simulated. The influence of the duration, repetition period and delay time between pulses on stability is discussed.

Laser pulse design for coherent control of Rydberg lithium atoms

Using time-dependent multilevel approach （TDML）, this paper studies the dynamics of coherent control of Rydberg lithium atoms and demonstrates that Rydberg lithium atoms can be transferred to states of higher principal quantum number by exposing them to specially designed frequency-chirped laser pulses. The population transfer from n=70 to n=75 states of lithium atoms with efficiency more than 90% is achieved by means of the sequential adiabatic rapid passages. The results agree well with the experimental ones and show that the coherent control of the population transfer from the lower n to the higher n states can be accomplished by the optimization of the chirping parameters and the intensity of laser field.

Effect of Initial Chirping and Pulse Shape on 10 Gb/s Optical Pulse Transmission in Birefringent Nonlinear Fibers

Numerical method to solve the problem related with the interactive effect of dispersion (both chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion) and nonlinearity on optical pulse transmission is present. Evolutions of pulses with various initial chirping and shape at bit rate of 10 Gb/s are simulated and compared. Gaussian pulse with appropriate prechirping is propitious for high bit rate transmission.

Generalized Thermoelasticity Problem of Material Subjected to Thermal Loading Due to Laser Pulse

This work is devoted to a study of the induced temperature and stress fields in an elastic half space in context of clas-sical coupled thermoelasticity and generalized thermoelasticity in a unified system of equations. The half space is con-sidered to be made of an isotropic homogeneous thermoelastic material. The bounding plane surface is heated by a non-Gaussian laser beam with pulse duration of 2 ps. An exact solution of the problem is first obtained in Laplace transform space. Since the response is of more interest in the transient state, the inversion of Laplace transforms have been carried numerically. The derived expressions are computed numerically for copper and the results are presented in graphical form.

NONCONTACT MEASUREMENT OF ULTRASONIC VELOCITY IN LIQUID USING PULSED PHOTOACOUSTIC TECHNIQUE

Based on the theory of the pulsed photoacoustic signal in liquid generated by a pulsed laser, a novel, optically noncontact, fast and accurate method for temperature-dependent ultrasonic velocities for ethanol and water has been demonstrated. The experiment results are in good agreemerit with literature values.

卷积型类高斯成形滤波算法研究及应用

高斯信号具有对称性和完备性,因此高斯滤波方法在核信号处理以及辐射能谱分析时得到大量使用。目前构造实时处理核脉冲信号的真高斯成形滤波器尚有难度,实际常用数字类高斯成形算法主要是基于模拟核电子学中Sallen-Key滤波器和CR-(RC)~n滤波器的电路微分方程推导而得到,其输出的类高斯脉冲信号对称性较差、单级使用时存在下冲等问题。本文提出一种卷积型类高斯成形滤波算法,它以梯形脉冲信号为基础,经过第一次卷积实现双极性脉冲成形,再次卷积进行累加求和从而得到左右对称的类高斯脉冲,利用Z变换方法推导出该算法的数字递推公式。通过仿真模拟研究了算法的有效性和成形参数对幅频特性的影响规律,成形参数n_a和n_c取值增大时,滤波器通频带减小,低频成分幅度相对增加,高频噪声抑制作用增强,但也导致成形脉冲变宽,增加了脉冲堆积概率。最后,利用搭建的X射线荧光测量系统实验平台获取实测核脉冲数据,分别应用类高斯成形算法和梯形成形算法进行离线处理,实验结果表明:该类高斯成形算法具有更好的堆积脉冲分离能力,在相同的X光管管压和管流条件下,设置相同的达峰时间,两者所得能谱的能量分辨率基本相当,但是类高斯成形的能谱具有更高的特征峰面积和总计数。

亚纳秒重频脉冲信号源设计与实验

亚纳秒前沿、数百伏幅度、近似高斯单周波的重频窄脉冲信号源在超宽带探测、电磁兼容测试等领域有着十分广泛的应用。设计了一种全固态Marx电路结构型重频脉冲信号源,选用云母电容、雪崩三极管、贴片电阻、电感等元器件,根据信号输出要求优化印制电路板(PCB)布局及微带线结构,调整匹配电路元件参数,在50Ω电阻负载上获得了脉冲峰值约1 kV、脉宽约650 ps、前沿约450 ps、后沿约700 ps的单极性负脉冲信号,脉冲波形前后沿相似且光滑陡峭,实现了10 kHz重频输出,波形峰值抖动和半高宽抖动均小于10%。

基于三角函数的核信号类高斯成形算法研究

高斯信号具有高信噪比、抗弹道亏损和易于提取幅度等优点。因此,在核辐射测量系统中,核信号的高斯成形被广泛应用于探测器输出信号的滤波和幅度提取。然而,目前实时高斯成形核脉冲信号仍然具有挑战性。常见的Sallen-Key滤波器和CR-(RC)^(m)滤波器输出的类高斯信号还存在对称性差和下冲等问题。本文提出了一种基于三角函数的双指数信号类高斯脉冲成形算法。该算法以三角函数为基础,通过平移和反转可得到左右对称的类高斯信号(1-cosx),采用Z变换方法推导了该算法的数字递推式。仿真和实测结果表明:在相同达峰时间条件下,相较于正弦函数(sin)脉冲成形,类高斯脉冲成形具有更好的滤波性能,信噪比(SNR)提升了8.95%。同时,类高斯脉冲成形所得能谱的能量分辨率较sin脉冲成形更优。与梯形脉冲成形相比,类高斯脉冲成形具有更好的堆积脉冲分离能力,展现出良好的应用前景。

Gaussian-Sinc脉冲的研究与计算机模拟

根据Fourier变换原理提出Gaussian-Sinc型选择性脉冲,应用Bloch方程对其频谱进行了计算机模拟.根据模拟结果,研究了脉冲中的参数对频谱选择性、边瓣和位相的影响,结合特形脉冲的优化设计方法分析讨论了Gaussian-Sinc脉冲的优点和局限性,得出一系列的相关结论.通过实验观察了Gaussian-Sinc脉冲的选择性与边瓣,其结果与计算机模拟结果基本吻合.