The Origin of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

This paper explains the Olbers paradox and the origin of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) from the viewpoint of the quantum redshift effect. The derived formula dispels the Olbers paradox, confirming that the CMBR originates from the superposition of light radiated by stars in the whole universe, not the relic of the Big Bang. The dark-night sky and CMBR are all caused by Hubble redshift—the physical mechanism is the quantum redshift of the photon rather than cosmic expansion. So this theory supports the infinite and steady cosmology.

Dynamical Dark Energy in Light of Cosmic Distance Measurements.Ⅰ.A Demonstration Using Simulated Datasets

We develop methods to extract key dark energy information from cosmic distance measurements including the BAO scales and supernova(SN) luminosity distances.Demonstrated using simulated data sets of the complete DESI,LSST and Roman surveys designed for BAO and SN distance measurements,we show that using our method,the dynamical behavior of the energy,pressure,equation of state(with its time derivative) of dark energy and the cosmic deceleration function can all be accurately recovered from high-quality data,which allows for robust diagnostic tests for dark energy models.

The Derivation of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Peak Spectral Radiance, Planck Time, and the Hubble Constant from the Neutron and Hydrogen

Purpose: The cosmic microwave background radiation, CMB, is fundamental to observational cosmology, and is believed to be a remnant from the Big Bang. The CMB, Planck time, tP, and the Hubble constant, H0, are important cosmologic constants. The goal is to accurately derive and demonstrate the inter-relationships of the CMB peak spectral radiance frequency, tP, and H0 from neutron and hydrogen quantum data only. Methods: The harmonic neutron hypothesis, HNH, evaluates physical phenomena within a finite consecutive integer and exponential power law harmonic fraction series that are scaled by a fundamental frequency of the neutron as the exponent base. The CMB and the H0 are derived from a previously published method used to derive tP. Their associated integer exponents are respectively +1/2, −3/4, and −128/35. Results: Precise mathematical relationships of these three constants are demonstrated. All of the derived values are within their known observational values. The derived and known values are: νCMB, 160.041737 (06) × 109 Hz, ~160 × 109 Hz;2.72519 K, 2.72548 ± 0.00057 K, H0 2.29726666 (11) × 10−18 s−1, ~2.3 × 10−18 s−1;and tP 5.3911418 (3) × 10−44 s, 5.39106 (32) × 10−44 s. Conclusion: The cosmic fundamental constants tP, H0, and CMB are mathematically inter-related constants all defined by gravity. They are also directly derivable from the quantum properties of the neutron and hydrogen within a harmonic power law.

Natural Radiation Dose and Geomagnetic Effect

Earth keeps getting bombarded by high-energy particles that originate in the outer space and in Sun. Cosmic radiation in Earth’s atmosphere consists of a photon and directly ionizing component and a neutron component. Charged particles of cosmic radiation are deflected by the geomagnetic field that is more expressed at the equator than near the poles. Photon radiation was measured by Radiameter ESM FH 40G-L10 at 26 main meteorological stations in all parts of Croatia. The correlation between the photon dose rate and latitude was examined, as well as multiple correlations for the photon dose, latitude and altitude. The obtained positive correlation coefficients were statistically significant. The neutron component of the cosmic radiation was measured by series of nuclear track-etched detectors, at the same meteorological stations during one year period. The dependence of the neutron dose rate on the altitude was found and the associated equation of the linear regression was derived. Relation between the values of neutron dose N and altitude h, showed significant dependence of the neutron dose on altitude. However, the correlation of neutron dose and geographic (geomagnetic) latitude was not statistically significant, probably due to a small range of geographic latitudes for the measuring stations in Croatia.

Single Parameter Model for Cosmic Scale Photon Redshift in a Closed Universe

A successful single parameter model has been formulated to match the observations of photons from type 1a supernovae which were previously used to corroborate the standard 𝛬 cold dark matter model. The new single parameter model extrapolates all the way back to the cosmic background radiation (CMB) without requiring a separate model to describe inflation of the space dimensions after the Big Bang. This single parameter model assumes that spacetime forms a finite symmetrical manifold with positive curvature. For the spacetime manifold to be finite, the time dimension must also have positive curvature. This model was formulated to consider whether the curvature of the time dimension may be related to the curvature of the space dimensions. This possibility is not considered in the more complex models previously used to fit the available redshift data. The geometry for the finite spacetime manifold was selected to be compatible with the Friedmann equation with positive curvature. The manifold shape was motivated by an assumption that there exists a matter hemisphere (when considering time together with a single space dimension) and an antimatter hemisphere to give a symmetrical and spherical overall spacetime manifold. Hence, the space dimension expands from a pole to the equator, at a maximum value for the time dimension. This is analogous to the expansion of a circle of latitude on a globe from a pole to the equator. The three space dimensions are identical so that any arbitrary single space direction may be selected. The initial intention was to modify the assumed geometry for the spacetime manifold to account for the presence of matter. It was surprisingly found that, within the error of the reported measurements, no further modification was necessary to fit the data. The Friedmann equation reduces to the Schwarzschild equation at the equator so this can be used to predict the total amount of mass in the Universe. The resulting prediction is of the order of 1051 kg. The corresponding density of matter at the current time is approximately 1.6 × 10-28 kg·m-3.

The Classical Description of the Meissner Effect: Theory and Applications

When we place a superconductor above a magnet, we observe a levitation of the superconductor above the magnet. But when placing a perfect diamagnetic material above a magnet, no levitation is observed. This difference in behavior between the superconductor and the perfect diamagnetic in the presence of an external magnetic field is explained by the classical description of the Meissner effect implemented in this article. We have shown here that the Meissner effect is nothing more than an electromagnetic interaction between the magnetic field created by the superconductor and the magnetic field of the magnet. This classical description of the Meissner effect also allowed us to give a more realistic explanation of the expansion of the universe. We have shown that this expansion is a phenomenon that simply results from a Meissner effect between superconducting dark matter and the magnetic fields of stars. We also pointed out that this expansion is accelerated because the gravitational force between dark matter and the stars around it decreases as these stars move away from the superconducting dark matter. We also used this classical description of the Meissner effect to propose a new method of remote sensing in space in which the superconducting satellite is in perpetual levitation on the night side of the earth and a new and more efficient way to discover new particles through a superconducting detector levitating in the upper atmosphere.

The Neutron Flux Variation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Depending on the Solar Proton Flux

The Earth is continually exposed to the cosmic radiation of both solar and galactic origin. Solar eruption and solar ac- tivity may affect cosmic radiation flux density which has a secondary effect on the flux of particles in the atmosphere as well. Such one event was recorded in the last week of October 2003, where the measured dose rate of the cosmic radia- tion in the aircraft ATR 42 was 1.8 times higher than the average value of the other measurements. Later we found the data on an unusual solar activity in the mentioned time interval. Analysis of the increasing solar proton flux during the solar flare, as well as the decreasing neutron flux in the atmosphere (representing the galactic radiation), on May 14 and 15, 2005, showed a nonlinear correlation with the exponential equation of regression;this one described galactic ray modulation by solar flux during the short term variation of cosmic radiation.

Research on the On-orbit Background of the Hard X-Ray Imager Onboard ASO-S

The space environment background of various particle fluxes of the Hard X-ray Imager(HXI), one of the payloads of the Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory(ASO-S) spacecraft, is investigated and presented. Different approaches are used to obtain the input information on various space environment particles(protons, alpha particles, electrons, positrons, neutrons, and photons). Some special regions(SAA and radiation belt) are also taken into account. The findings indicate that electrons are the primary background source in the radiation belt. Due to the large background flux generated by electrons, HXI cannot effectively observe solar flares in the radiation belt.Outside the radiation belt, primary protons and albedo photons are the main sources of background at low and high magnetic latitudes respectively. The statistical analysis of the flare and background spectra shows that the errors of the flare energy spectrum observation are mainly concentrated in the high energy band, and the detector still has a certain spectrum observation capability for flares of C-class and below in the low energy band of the non-radiation belt. The imaging observation of flares of C-class and below is significantly affected by the accuracy of background subtraction. The energy band with the best signal-to-noise ratio is from 10 to 50 ke V, which can be used to monitor the formation and class of flares.

The mass of a dark matter WIMP derived from the Hubble constant conflict

There continues to be good reason to believe that dark matter particles,which only"feel"the gravitational force,influence the local and distant Universe,despite drawing a complete blank in the search for such a particle.The expansion rate of the Universe is defined by the Hubble constant h.Measurements of the Hubble constant at different wavelengths produce different results,differing well beyond their errors.Here it is shown that the two precise but different values for the Hubble constant can be used to derive the mass of a weakly interacting massive particle(WIMP).An approximate mass of 1022 eV is determined with indications of why,so far,it has not been found and what is required to get positive confirmation of its presence.This result also indicates that the Hubble constant is the sum of more than one contribution with suggestions for experimental tests to determine,more precisely,the level of these contributions.

The interpretation of the CMBR

In the popular ACDM model,the cosmic microwave background radiation(CMBR)is thought to be the remnant of the early hot universe.An important precondition of this interpretation of CMBR is:after the last scattering surface formed,the high temperature ionized gases in the universe became low temperature neutral gases and so the universe has been completely transparent to the radiation which comes from the hot early universe.However,observations show that today most gases in the universe are still in a high temperature ionized state.The universe is not completely transparent to the radiation which comes from the hot early universe.According to the famous Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect,if the CMBR comes from the early hot universe and follows a perfect blackbody spectrum,the free electrons in the cosmic plasma will distort the perfect blackbody spectrum of the CMBR.In this case,the observed CMBR cannot be of a perfect blackbody spectrum.This is a fatal flaw in the interpretation of CMBR using the ACDM model.In order to overcome this fatal flaw,in this paper it is proposed that in the ACDM model frame,a better interpretation of CMBR is:The CMBR is a thermal equilibrium product between the high temperature ionized gases and the cosmic radiation field in the local universe space.

Cross-correlation of 21 cm and soft X-ray backgrounds during the epoch of reionization

The cross-correlation between the high-redshift 21 cm background and the Soft X-ray Background （SXB） of the Universe may provide an additional probe of the Epoch of Reionization. Here we use semi-numerical simulations to create 21 cm and soft X-ray intensity maps and construct their cross power spectra. Our results indicate that the cross power spectra are sensitive to the thermal and ionizing states of the intergalactic medium （IGM）. The 21 cm background correlates positively to the SXB on large scales during the early stages of the reionization. However as the reionization develops, these two back- grounds turn out to be anti-correlated with each other when more than - 15% of the IGM is ionized in a warm reionization scenario. The anti-correlated power reaches its maximum when the neutral fraction declines to 0.2-0.5. Hence, the trough in the cross power spectrum might be a useful tool for tracing the growth of HII regions during the middle and late stages of the reionization. We estimate the detectability of the cross power spectrum based on the abilities of the Square Kilometre Array and the Wide Field X-ray Telescope （WFXT）, and find that to detect the cross power spectrum, the pixel noise of X-ray images has to be at least 4 orders of magnitude lower than that of the WFXT deep survey.

Anisotropic power spectrum and the observed low-l power in PLANCK CMB data

In this work,we study a direction dependent power spectrum in anisotropic Finsler spacetime. We use this direction dependent power spectrum to address the low-l power observed in WMAP and PLANCK data. The angular power spectrum of the temperature fluctuations has a lower amplitude in comparison to the ΛCDM model in the multipole range l = 2-40. Our theoretical model gives a correction to the isotropic angular power spectrum Cl^TT ldue to the breaking of rotational invariance of the primordial power spectrum. We estimate best-fit model parameters along with the six ΛCDM cosmological parameters using the PLANCK likelihood code in Cosmo MC software. We find that this modified angular power spectrum fits the CMB temperature data in the multipole range l = 2-10 to a good extent but fails for the whole multipole range l = 2-40.

Smoothing methods comparison for CMB E-and B-mode separation

The anisotropies of the B-mode polarization in the cosmic microwave background radiation play a crucial role in the study of the very early Universe. However, in real observations, a mixture of the E- mode and B-mode can be caused by partial sky surveys, which must be separated before being applied to a cosmological explanation. The separation method developed by Smith （2006） has been widely adopted, where the edge of the top-hat mask should be smoothed to avoid numerical errors. In this paper, we compare three different smoothing methods and investigate leakage residuals of the E-B mixture. We find that, if less information loss is needed and a smaller region is smoothed in the analysis, the sin- and cos-smoothing methods are better. However, if we need a cleanly constructed B-mode map, the larger region around the mask edge should be smoothed. In this case, the Gaussian-smoothing method becomes much better. In addition, we find that the leakage caused by numerical errors in the Gaussian-smoothing method is mostly concentrated in two bands, which is quite easy to reduce for further E-B separations.

Nonlocal Theory of the Photon Gas Evolution Beginning from the Planck Time

Evolution of the photon gas (PG) in the Planck period is considered as a particular case of the physical vacuum (PV) hydrodynamics. Nonlocal quantum hydrodynamic equations are applied for calculation of the photon gas evolution. In general case, PG hydrodynamics contains gravitation in the explicit form. Exact analytical solutions of PG hydrodynamics are obtained. Solutions show the exponential growth of gradient values for internal energy in time and space. In comparison with phenomenological General Relativistic Theory, Nonlocal quantum hydrodynamics (NQH) does not lead to contradictions in all limit cases. Theory of physical vacuum and the theory of photonic gas are related theories. These theoretical (analytical!) results confirm the result of direct observations (Arno Alan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson, Nobel Prize (1978) for their discovery of cosmic microwave background;John C. Mather and George F. Smoot. Nobel Prize (2006) for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation).

Origami multi-layer space shield for cylindrical space structure

The multidisciplinary space environment,encompassing orbital debris,cosmic radiation,and solar radiative heat,poses significant risks to spacecraft and astronauts,necessitating efficient and effective shielding solutions.A multi-layer shield with wide spacing has been proven to be an effective way to shield the spacecraft from space debris impact;however,due to the limited volume of the payload fairing,it was not feasible to apply a multi-layer shield to the spacecraft fuselage.Through the origami design,the shield maintains a compact form during launch and subsequently expands in outer space to enhance protection.Through geometric analysis,it has been confirmed that the deployable multi-layer space shield can occupy less space than conventional space shield structures while expanding into wider shield intervals and multiple layers.Through hypervelocity impact experiments,it was confirmed that as the bumper spacing of the multi-layer space shield expands,its ballistic performance becomes superior to conventional space structures.The deployable multi-layer space shield can reduce not only hypervelocity impacts but also solar radiative heat using the same mechanism as multi-layer insulation.Through cosmic radiation dose analysis,it has been confirmed that the multi-layer space shield is effective in cosmic radiation shielding compared to conventional space structures.

Cosmic ray energy spectrum from measurements of air showers

This review focuses on high-energy cosmic rays in the PeV energy range and above. Of particular interest is the knee of the spectrum around 3 PeV and the transition from cosmic rays of Galactic origin to particles from extra-galactic sources. Our goal is to establish a baseline spectrum from 1014 to 10^20 eV by combining the results of many measurements at different energies. In combination with measurements of the nuclear composition of the primaries, the shape of the energy spectrum places constraints on the number and spectra of sources that may contribute to the observed spectrum.