The high reliability of the communication system is critical in metro and mining applications for personal safety,channel optimization,and improving operational performance.This paper surveys the progress of wireless ...The high reliability of the communication system is critical in metro and mining applications for personal safety,channel optimization,and improving operational performance.This paper surveys the progress of wireless communication systems in underground environments such as tunnels and mines from 1920 to 2022,including the evolution of primitive technology,advancements in channel modelling,and realization of various wireless propagation channels.In addition,the existing and advanced channel modeling strategies,which include the evolution of different technologies and their applications;mathematical,analytical,and experimental techniques for radio propagation;and significance of the radiation characteristics,antenna placement,and physical environment of multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)communication systems,are analyzed.The given study introduces leaky coaxial cable(LCX)and distributed antenna system(DAS)designs for improving narrowband and wideband channel capacity.The paper concludes by figuring out open research areas for the future technologies.展开更多
In recent years, the measurements of cosmic-ray nuclei and electrons with higher accuracy have made it possible to study further the cosmic-ray propagation models. According to the current theories about cosmic-ray or...In recent years, the measurements of cosmic-ray nuclei and electrons with higher accuracy have made it possible to study further the cosmic-ray propagation models. According to the current theories about cosmic-ray origin, the energy spectra of nuclei and electrons are assumed to have the same shapes, i.e. q(E)=AE<sub>0</sub><sup>-γ</sup>, here A is a constant, E is the energy and γ<sub>0</sub> is the spectral index of source. However, the fittings to the data of nuclei and electrons in the single leaky box model give γ<sub>0p</sub>=2.0 for nuclei and γ<sub>0e</sub>=2.7 for electrons, respectively, which do not agree with the theories of cosmic-ray origin.展开更多
文摘The high reliability of the communication system is critical in metro and mining applications for personal safety,channel optimization,and improving operational performance.This paper surveys the progress of wireless communication systems in underground environments such as tunnels and mines from 1920 to 2022,including the evolution of primitive technology,advancements in channel modelling,and realization of various wireless propagation channels.In addition,the existing and advanced channel modeling strategies,which include the evolution of different technologies and their applications;mathematical,analytical,and experimental techniques for radio propagation;and significance of the radiation characteristics,antenna placement,and physical environment of multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)communication systems,are analyzed.The given study introduces leaky coaxial cable(LCX)and distributed antenna system(DAS)designs for improving narrowband and wideband channel capacity.The paper concludes by figuring out open research areas for the future technologies.
文摘In recent years, the measurements of cosmic-ray nuclei and electrons with higher accuracy have made it possible to study further the cosmic-ray propagation models. According to the current theories about cosmic-ray origin, the energy spectra of nuclei and electrons are assumed to have the same shapes, i.e. q(E)=AE<sub>0</sub><sup>-γ</sup>, here A is a constant, E is the energy and γ<sub>0</sub> is the spectral index of source. However, the fittings to the data of nuclei and electrons in the single leaky box model give γ<sub>0p</sub>=2.0 for nuclei and γ<sub>0e</sub>=2.7 for electrons, respectively, which do not agree with the theories of cosmic-ray origin.